徐州市爬行动物市场贸易的初步调查

近几年 ,野生动物贸易日渐繁荣 ,甚至一些物种通过边境贸易出入国门。爬行动物不仅已是其中较为常见的贸易对象 ,而且需求量在不断增长。徐州地区自然分布的爬行动物种类很少 ,而本地各类市场里爬行动物及其产品的交易却较为火红。为了配合搞好野生动物保护并提供参考资料 ,我们从 1 994年起 ,对徐州市区和铜山新区内的花鸟市场、部分农贸市场及部分宾馆饭店进行了一些调查 ,现将调查及鉴定结果[1～ 7]报道如下。1　调查方法先后对 3处花鸟市场、6处农贸市场及 2 1家宾馆饭店进行明查暗访 ,了解掌握所交易的爬行动物种类、数量、来源及价格…     

九寨沟自然保护区的两栖爬行动物调查

采用编目法调查了九寨沟自然保护区的两栖爬行动物多样性概况,共有10种,隶3目8科,区系组成以横断山区特有种为主(60％)。根据两栖爬行动物的分布格局,确定九寨沟的两栖爬行动物重点保护区域和生境为：①低海拔的树正沟,主要保护动物为中华蟾蜍、华西蟾蜍、高原林蛙等两栖动物,重点保护生境为树正群海和翡翠河道;②高海拔的则查洼沟,主要保护动物为北方山溪鲵和西藏齿突蟾,重点保护生境为长海;③扎如沟,主要保护各种爬行动物,重点保护生境为河道两侧的灌丛。     

河北邢台太行山区两栖爬行动物资源调查

为了解两栖爬行动物物种组成、区系结构和保护状况等情况,利用样带法和样方法于2018年7和8月对邢台西部太行山区两栖爬行动物资源现状进行了调查,共记录两栖爬行动物2纲2目8科12属18种,其中两栖动物5种,爬行动物13种。该区域两栖爬行动物存在种类和数量相对贫乏,区域优势种明显,分布海拔较高等特点。区系组成以古北种为主。本次记录的18种两栖爬行动物中,河北省重点保护动物8种,\"中国脊椎动物红色名录\"收录濒危级(EN)1种,易危级(VU)3种,该区域两栖爬行动物具有一定的保护价值。     

海南岛爬行动物的八个月调查

1964年3至11月,作者受原四川医学院院长、已故刘承钊学部委员(院士)的派遣,率领一个小组到海南岛进行为期八个月的两栖爬行动物调查.当时海南岛隶属广东省,设海南行政公署管辖,该署卫生处派工作人员萧汉绮同志全程陪同调查.按照分工,调查结果的两栖动物部分已由刘承钊、胡淑琴等发表于<动物学报>1973年19卷4期; 爬行动物部分则仅先后发表了2个新种和1个中国新纪录种(<动物学报>1975年21卷4期)和另1个新种(Asiatic Herpetological Research, 1997年第7卷).该次采集共得爬行动物标本1909号,计76种,分隶56属16科2目.本文报道该次采集的爬行动物,其中大部分物种的部分标本在野外曾进行长度和体重的测量,文中一并加以报道.目前发表此文,谨以之奉献给组织和领导此次调查的刘承钊院士和胡淑琴教授,和自始至终参加八个月调查工作的王宜生先生,他们均已先后逝世.     

卧龙自然保护区两栖爬行动物的调查

卧龙自然保护区(以下简称卧龙)是以保护大熊猫、珙桐等珍稀动植物及其生态系统的重点保护区。1980年列入国际生物圈保护区。自第三纪以来,因受喜马拉雅山及周围地区强烈抬升的巨大影响,形成相对高差达5000米的复杂自然环境,为各类动物的生存繁衍提供了多种条件,对物种的分化发展、分布有强烈影响。但因受冰川期的影响较小,保存了一些古老的动植物。故对两栖爬行动物的研究,有一定的理论和实践意义。本文报告1976—1986年进行标本采集和观察的结果。自然概况卧龙位于东经102°52′—103°24′,北纬30°45′—31°25′。东西长60公里,南北宽63…     

湖北房县野人谷自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性调查

2004年7～8月,对湖北省房县野人谷自然保护区两栖动物和爬行动物进行专项调查.分别记录到两栖动物25种,隶属2目8科;爬行动物34种,隶属3目9科.对它们的物种组成、地理区系特点和保护等级进行了研究,并对保护区的两栖爬行动物资源提出保护建议     

广西底定自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种多样性调查

广西底定自然保护区地处南亚热带湿润气候区,两栖爬行动物物种多样性相当丰富。经实地调查及文献资料查阅,现已知两栖动物22种、爬行动物23种。两栖动物反映华中华南区系特征,优势科为角蟾科和蛙科,均有6种;爬行动物反映华南区系特征,优势科为游蛇科,有11种。就该保护区内两栖爬行动物多样性的保护与管理进行了简要探讨。     

广西六万大山爬行动物调查研究

从2002年6月至2008年11月对广西六万林场的爬行动物进行了调查研究,发现该地有爬行动物41种,隶属于3目12科34属.其中优势种4种,常见种11种,稀有种26种.区系成分以华南区、华中-华南区的成分占优势,兼有古北-东洋界(广布种)成分.物种组成与广西其他地区和广东肇庆七星岩地区有一定的相似性.     

湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

2002年6～9月对湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区的两栖、爬行动物资源进行了调查,结合文献资料,该保护区现已知有两栖、爬行动物80种,其中两栖动物38种,隶属2目9科22属;爬行动物42种,隶属2目11科31属.国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物大鲵Andrias davidianus、虎纹蛙Hoplobatrachus rugulosus 2种;湖北省重点保护动物35种,占湖北省重点保护两栖爬行动物的75%.被列入<中国濒危动物红皮书>的两栖、爬行动物有21种(极危物种1种,濒危物种6种,易危物种11种,依赖保护物种1种,需予关注物种2种).对两栖爬行动物的种类组成和区系进行了分析,并提出了保护措施.     

Mexico in the International Reptile Skin Trade: a Case Study

This paper examines the role of Mexico as importer, manufacturer, producer and distributor centre of reptile skins from non-native and native species, through a combination of documentary research and survey methods. A number of key findings were derived from this study. Although Mexico has adopted the “System for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife” (SUMA), the country still relies on reptile skins from non-native species. In contrast, the smaller numbers of skins used from native species mainly derive from captive breeding schemes that although biologically sustainable, provide no incentive for habitat conservation. Sustainable use of reptile skins from native species could positively encourage conservation in Mexico. However, as a megadiverse country with potential to produce wildlife, Mexico will have to implement an appropriate regulatory framework to support local communities to promote the sustainable use of native species.     

霜冻对昆明植物园维管植物危害的调查分析

2013年12月中旬昆明出现严重的霜冻天气,导致植物大面积受害,造成了巨大的损失。若了解各类植物对极端低温危害的抵抗力,可为科学合理地预防和降低霜冻等冻害天气对园林植物的危害提供一定参考。作者抽样调查了昆明植物园90科225种植物的受害情况．并对受害程度与植物系统分类、形态特征和产地分布等方面的关系进行统计分析。结果表明蕨类植物抗冻性较差,裸子植物抗冻性较强,不同科的被子植物抗冻性差异较大：多年生草本比一年生草本抗冻性差,常绿木本植物比落叶木本植物抗冻性更强;本地物种比引进物种抗冻性较强。根据调查结果,对已有园林植物的保护和新的园林绿化建设提出了一定的建议。即根据不同植物的抗冻性强弱,一方面要对园林植物给予积极有效的保护和采取预防霜冻危害的措施,另一方面要结合环境条件和植物特征选择适宜种植的物种。     

Feedback Mechanism-driven Mutation Reptile Search Algorithm for Optimizing Interpolation Developable Surfaces

Curvature lines are special and important curves on surfaces.It is of great significance to construct developable surface interpolated on curvature lines in engineering applications.In this paper,the shape optimization of generalized cubic ball developable surface interpolated on the curvature line is studied by using the improved reptile search algorithm.Firstly,based on the curvature line of generalized cubic ball curve with shape adjustable,this paper gives the construction method of SGC-Ball developable surface interpolated on the curve.Secondly,the feedback mechanism,adaptive parameters and mutation strategy are introduced into the reptile search algorithm,and the Feedback mechanism-driven improved reptile search algorithm effectively improves the solving precision.On IEEE congress on evolutionary computation 2014,2017,2019 and four engineering design problems,the feedback mechanism-driven improved reptile search algorithm is compared with other representative methods,and the result indicates that the solution performance of the feedback mechanism-driven improved reptile search algorithm is competitive.At last,taking the minimum energy as the evaluation index,the shape optimization model of SGC-Ball interpolation developable surface is established.The developable surface with the minimum energy is achieved with the help of the feedback mechanism-driven improved reptile search algorithm,and the comparison experiment verifies the superiority of the feedback mechanism-driven improved reptile search algorithm for the shape opti-mization problem.     

The sex ratio of wild Chinese alligators Alligator sinensis

The Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis is one of the most endangered crocodilian species, and typically exhibits temperature-dependent sex determination. It is extremely important to clarify the sex structure of Chinese alligators to implement recovery projects successfully. However, the sex ratio of wild Chinese alligators remains unknown. In this study, we collected 28 years of sex ratio data from Chinese alligators residing in the natural and artificial habitats of Changxing Nature Reserve, China, and examined the differences in the sex ratio dynamics between these two populations. We observed that the sex ratio of wild Chinese alligators is 1 male to 4.507 females, which was significantly lower compared to that of the captive population （1 to 2.040; P 〈 0.001）, and is significantly different to previously documented sex ratios for this species （all P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, we documented an annually stable （P = 1.000） female-biased sex ratio for wild alligators at hatching [1 male to 4.747 females; 0.174 （0.167~）.182）], in contrast to a dramatically fluctuating sex ratio （P 〈 0.001） in captivity [1 male to 1.674 females; 0.374 （0.246-0.593）], showing a potential mechanism for adjusting the sex structure. Finally, we found that the hatchling sex ratios were similar to that of the population sex ratio （P = 0.748）, with little correlation to air temperature values in the 60-70 day incubation period during the breeding season （July and August; both P 〉 0.05）. Overall, this study indicates that the stabilized female-biased sex ratio of Changxing Chinese alligators might result from selection pressure caused by local mate competition and major inbreeding .     

分离和克隆小鼠ES细胞集落的主要影响因素

目的　研究不同培养条件分离和克隆小鼠ES细胞集落的效率。方法　以PMEF饲养层、NIH3T3细胞饲养层或培养液中加入LIF为培养条件 ,分离和克隆昆明小鼠ES细胞集落 ,比较其效率。结果　饲养层的培养条件明显优于培养液中加入LIF的培养条件 ;有饲养层的培养条件下 ,桑椹胚的ES细胞集落出现率显著低于囊胚 ;两种饲养层培养囊胚 ,其ES细胞集落的出现率差异无显著性。结论　以PMEF或NIH3T3细胞作饲养层 ,培养昆明小鼠的囊胚 ,适时离散ICM ,是比较理想的分离ES细胞集落的方法。     

Marine Conservation versus International Free Trade: Reconciling Dolphins with Tuna and Sea Turtles with Shrimp

During the 1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) rejected as impermissible unilateral efforts by the United States to promote conservation of endangered marine species through trade sanctions against other governments. These acts of unilateral economic coercion were held to be discriminatory tactics done in unfair restraint of international trade. But in so doing, the WTO findings aroused the ire of environmentalists worldwide. These findings by the WTO became portrayed not as decisions upholding free trade, but as mandates against marine conservation and environmental protection. Even so, this denial of lawful permissibility to use unilateral economic coercion to protect endangered species internationally does not signal the demise of national efforts to conserve living marine resources. Rather, these WTO findings point up the manner in which potential trade and marine conservation disputes should be handled, i.e., through means of peaceful settlement. The key to future international marine conservation relies on a multilateral rather than a unilateral approach. Thus, environmentally conscious governments, such as the United States, should continue to encourage global adoption of marine conservation policies without impinging on international norms and standards of international commercial transactions.     

昆明野生草本干燥花资源及开发利用

调查了昆明野生干燥花植物的资源情况、适生环境、生活习性及采集时期,筛选出49种有开发潜力的干燥花植物,对其进行了使用器官、干燥方法和用途的分析研究。     

昆明昭觉林蛙可利用食物资源季节变化

对昆明呼马山昭觉林蛙可利用食物资源研究表明:环境中可利用食物资源以节肢动物门昆虫纲和蛛形纲动物为主,其中昆虫纲主要由双翅目、直翅目、鞘翅目、同翅目、半翅目、膜翅目和鳞翅目等组成。可利用食物资源组成和数量都有着明显的季节变化。影响可利用食物资源季节变化的主要因素是气候。选择种类丰富和满足其生理需求适宜性较大的食物是昭觉林蛙利用资源的两种方式。     

人轮状病毒感染昆明小鼠乳鼠模型的建立

目的建立人轮状病毒G3型709株感染4d龄昆明小鼠乳鼠模型。方法通过灌胃病毒的方式造模,观察乳鼠被病毒攻击后不同时间其临床表现、小肠组织病理改变、小肠组织上皮细胞超微结构改变。酶联免疫吸附法检测轮状病毒抗原在乳鼠粪便中的表达,免疫荧光法检测轮状病毒在乳鼠小肠组织中的表达。结果4d龄昆明小鼠乳鼠被轮状病毒攻击24h后出现腹泻表现和小肠组织病理改变,72h最严重,之后腹泻率下降,病理改变减轻,第7天腹泻停止,病理改变消失。乳鼠小肠上皮细胞出现糖、脂肪代谢紊乱,其粪便和小肠组织中都可以检测出轮状病毒抗原表达。结论4d龄昆明小鼠乳鼠被人轮状病毒A组G3型709株经口攻击后病毒能够在其体内复制,出现腹泻表现。该病毒感染腹泻过程具有自愈特点。     

Captive Reptile Mortality Rates in the Home and Implications for the Wildlife Trade

The trade in wildlife and keeping of exotic pets is subject to varying levels of national and international regulation and is a topic often attracting controversy. Reptiles are popular exotic pets and comprise a substantial component of the live animal trade. High mortality of traded animals raises welfare concerns, and also has implications for conservation if collection from the wild is required to meet demand. Mortality of reptiles can occur at any stage of the trade chain from collector to consumer. However, there is limited information on mortality rates of reptiles across trade chains, particularly amongst final consumers in the home. We investigated mortality rates of reptiles amongst consumers using a specialised technique for asking sensitive questions, additive Randomised Response Technique (aRRT), as well as direct questioning (DQ). Overall, 3.6% of snakes, chelonians and lizards died within one year of acquisition. Boas and pythons had the lowest reported mortality rates of 1.9% and chameleons had the highest at 28.2%. More than 97% of snakes, 87% of lizards and 69% of chelonians acquired by respondents over five years were reported to be captive bred and results suggest that mortality rates may be lowest for captive bred individuals. Estimates of mortality from aRRT and DQ did not differ significantly which is in line with our findings that respondents did not find questions about reptile mortality to be sensitive. This research suggests that captive reptile mortality in the home is rather low, and identifies those taxa where further effort could be made to reduce mortality rates.