Enzymatic Removal of Diacetyl from Beer: II. Further Studies on the Use of Diacetyl Reductase1

Diacetyl removal from beer was studied with whole cells and crude enzyme extracts of yeasts and bacteria. Cells of Streptococcus diacetilactis 18-16 destroyed diacetyl in solutions at a rate almost equal to that achieved by the addition of whole yeast cells. Yeast cells impregnated in a diatomaceous earth filter bed removed all diacetyl from solutions percolated through the bed. Undialyzed crude enzyme extracts from yeast cells removed diacetyl very slowly from beer at its normal pH (4.1); at a pH of 5.0 or higher, rapid diacetyl removal was achieved. Dialyzed crude enzyme extracts from yeast cells were found to destroy diacetyl in a manner quite similar to that of diacetyl reductase from Aerobacter aerogenes, and both the bacterial and the yeast extracts were stimulated significantly by the addition of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Diacetyl reductase activity of four strains of A. aerogenes was compared; three of the strains produced enzyme with approximately twice the specific activity of the other strain (8724). Gel electrophoresis results indicated that at least three different NADH-oxidizing enzymes were present in crude extracts of diacetyl reductase. Sephadex-gel chromotography separated NADH oxidase from diacetyl reductase. It was also noted that ethyl alcohol concentrations approximately equivalent to those found in beer were quite inhibitory to diacetyl reductase.     

Characterization and Application of a Robust Glucose Dehydrogenase from Paenibacillus pini for Cofactor Regeneration in Biocatalysis

Indian Journal of Microbiology - Glucose dehydrogenases are important auxiliary enzymes in biocatalysis, employed in the regeneration of reduced nicotinamide cofactors for oxidoreductase catalysed...     

重组枯草杆菌纤溶酶的酶学性质研究

对一种重组枯草杆菌纤溶酶 (rBSFE)的酶学性质进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 :酶作用最适温度为 35℃ ;最适反应pH为 8.0 ;酶活性能被PMSF抑制 ,是典型的丝氨酸蛋白酶。通过与尿激酶进行比较 ,发现该酶对纤维蛋白有直接降解作用 ,而对于纤维蛋白原的敏感性则低于尿激酶 ,提示该酶具有直接溶栓作用 ,又不致引起出血 ,是一种有潜力的新型溶栓剂。     

Studies on two isozymes of aconitase from Bacillus cereus T. III. Enzymatic properties.

The present communication describes a comparative study of some enzymatic properties of an early and a late aconitase (EC.4.2.1.3) present in $\text{Bacillus}\text{cereus}$ T cells of 5 and 12 hr culture age, respectively. The activity of both enzymes increased linearly with increase in enzyme concentration. They demonstrated similar pH *7.5) and temperature (30 C) optima, but differed in their activation energy and affinity for substrate. Late aconitase had higher activation energy (16,100 cal) as compared to early aconitase (9,200 cal). Early aconitase showed a Km value of 100 × 10^?4M for sodium citrate and 33.3 × 10^?4M for isocitrate. Late aconitase exhibited 5 to 7 times greater affinity for citrate and isocitrate yielding Km values 14 × 10^?4M and 7 × 10^?4M, respectively. On the basis of available evidence, it is suggested that early and late aconitase present in 5 and 12 hr aged cells of $\text{Bacillus}\text{cereus}$ T behave as isozymes, and may be designated as aconitase (EC.4.2.1.3) isozyme I and aconitase (EC.4.2.1.3) isozyme II, respectively. The significance of their plausible role during growth and sporulation has been discussed.     

Enzymatic sulfation of bile salts: III. Enzymatic sulfation of taurolithocholate in human and guinea pig fetuses and adults

The activities of bile salt sulfotransferase, the enzyme responsible for the sulfation of bile salts, were determined in fetal and adult livers of humans and guinea pigs. Fetal enzyme activities in guinea pigs were approximately one-tenth of the adult and increased gradually as the gestation progressed. The bile salt sulfotransferase activities were found in human fetal livers but only 14% of the adult fatty liver activity. The result indicates human or guinea pig fetuses are capable of sulfating lithocholate derived from the mother.     

猪骨胶原蛋白酶解物中血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的提纯

将猪骨胶原蛋白粗提物用胰蛋白酶水解,经阳离子交换树脂层析,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２５柱凝胶过滤,以及数次反相高效液相层析,最终获得一具有抑制血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）活性的单一峰值的多肽。其氨基酸组成为Ｉｌｅ,Ｈｉｓ,Ｓｅｒ,Ｇｌｙ,Ａｌａ,Ｐｒｏ,Ｔｙｒ,Ｌｅｕ,Ａｓｐ．以Ｈｉｐ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｙ为底物,在ｐＨ为７．１的条件下,此肽对猪肺ＡＣＥ的Ｉ＿（５０）值为２６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

灰色链霉菌RX-17溶菌酶R2的纯化及其酶学鉴定

从灰色链霉菌 (Streptomycesgriseus)RX 1 7的发酵液中 ,通过硫酸铵分级沉淀 ,CM SephadexC 5 0和CM SepharoseFastFlow离子交换层析 ,纯化得到了溶菌酶R2 .该酶分子量约为 2 4 8kD ,等电点约为 9 7,N端 1 5个氨基酸的顺序为DTSGVQGIDVSHWQG .R2酶溶解变链球菌Ingbritt(StreptococcusmutansIngbritt)的最适作用温度为 5 5℃ ,最适pH为 7 0 .5 0℃处理 1h ,R2酶残存酶活74 % ,碱性条件 (pH >9)下该酶保持稳定 .Zn2 + 、Cu2 + 、Fe2 + 、Cd2 + 、Pb2 + 可使酶完全失活 ,螯合剂、盐酸羟胺、溴替丁二酰亚胺及离子型去垢剂SDS抑制R2酶的溶菌作用 ,而非离子型去垢剂TritonX 1 0 0等则能促进溶菌 .R2酶溶菌谱广泛 ,能够溶解多种鸡卵清溶菌酶不能作用的革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌 .从对金黄色葡萄球菌 (Staphylococcusaureus)的高活性来看 ,该酶应分类为 β 1 ,4 N ,6 O 二乙酰胞壁质酶 (β 1 ,4 N ,6 O diacetylmuramidase) .     

Preparation of rat liver cells : III. Enzymatic requirements for tissue dispersion

Isolated perfused rat livers were dispersed by a two-step procedure of Ca²⁺ removal (probably including the removal of a Ca²⁺-dependent adhesion factor) followed by enzymatic treatment. Collagenase, crude or purified, converted all of the parenchymal tissue to a suspension of cells which were 95% intact. Other enzymes such as hyaluronidase, lysozyme and trypsin were ineffective. Since hypoxic conditions during enzymatic treatment did not affect cellular viability, the oxygenation apparatus can be omitted to facilitate sterile preparation of cells.Purification of the parenchymal cells by differential centrifugation reduced contamination by non-parenchymal cells from 10–20% initially to 1–2% finally, with 40% of the parenchymal cells recovered and no loss in viability. The purified cells were 20% binucleated and had the same biochemical composition as intact liver tissue. The cells were active in the synthesis of RNA, protein, glycogen and various metabolites, and showed sensitivity towards steroid and polypeptide hormones. Many of the freshly isolated cells had marked constriction furrows which disappeared upon incubation.     

Tissue, Subcellular, and Submitochondrial Distributions of Semidehydroascorbate Reductase: Possible Role of Semidehydroascorbate Reductase in Cofactor Regeneration

The immediate product of ascorbate oxidation coupled to dopamine-beta-hydroxylation is not dehydroascorbate, as previously thought, but rather semidehydroascorbate. For this reason, the possible participation of the enzyme semidehydroascorbate reductase (SDR) in cofactor regeneration was investigated. In the adrenal medulla, the primary subcellular localization of this reductase was shown to be in the mitochondria. Submitochondrial fractionation studies indicated that SDR is an outer membrane protein. Thus, although dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and SDR have different subcellular localizations, a physiological role for SDR in beta-hydroxylation still appears plausible through reduction of cytosolic semidehydroascorbate. The specific activities of SDR in various rat and guinea pig tissues appear to parallel their ascorbate contents, suggesting a similar participation of SDR in ascorbate metabolism in other tissues.     

Mechanisms of Hatching in Fish: Secretion of Hatching Enzyme and Enzymatic Choriolysis

SYNOPSIS. Mechanisms of two constituent steps of the hatchingprocess, i.e., secretion of hatching enzyme from the gland cellsand enzymatic choriolysis, in the Medaka, Oryzias latipes, aredescribed. The ultrastructural changes of the hatching glandcells occurring at the initiation of electrically induced secretionas well as of natural secretion were the swelling of each glandcell and the separation of joints of the epithelial cells coveringthe gland cells, followed by a resultant exposure of the apicalpart of the gland cells. These changes, though their triggeringmechanisms are not sufficiently clarified, suggest an interventionof some mechanical stimuli in the initiation of secretion. Decreasein electron density of the secretory granules also occurredimmediately prior to the initiation of secretion. The secreted hatching enzyme was found to dissolve the innerlayer of chorion by attacking the scleroprotein of the innerlayer at some restricted sites and liberating a group of solubleglycoproteins of high molecular weights. This selective digestionappears to be the reason why choriolysis proceeds efficientlyduring a short period of time at hatching.     

The Influence of Hemicellulose and Lignin Removal on the Enzymatic Digestibility from Sugarcane Bagasse

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pretreated with liquid hot water (LHW) and aqueous ammonia (AA), with the objective of investigating the influence of hemicellulose and lignin removal on the enzymatic digestibility and sugar recovery. The experimental results show that LHW and aqueous ammonia have a good performance in terms of hemicellulose dissolution and lignin removal respectively. The biggest xylan recovery of 74.3 % was obtained for LHW pretreatment at 160 °C, 5 %?w/v for 20 min with the xylan dissolution of 83.1 %. And the biggest lignin removal of 84.0 % was obtained for aqueous ammonia pretreatment at 160 °C, 10 %?w/v for 60 min. Moreover, the aperture and surface area of the sample were enlarged by the liquid hot water, which improves the accessibility of the substrate to the enzyme. The lignin removal caused by aqueous ammonia pretreatment can reduce the absorption of enzyme. In addition, the correlation between the compositional change and the enzymatic digestibility indicates that the removal of hemicellulose was more effective than lignin for destruction of the hemicellulose–lignin–cellulose structure.     

A New Enzymatic Reaction: Enzyme Catalyzed Ammonolysis of Carboxylic Esters

A new enzymatic reaction of carboxylic esters and ammonia (ammonolysis) was studied. This reaction provides a synthetically useful and mild alternative for the synthesis of amides. Several lipases and one esterase acted as catalyst. Ammonolysis of esters of chiral carboxylic acids gave higher ee values than hydrolysis under comparable reaction conditions. Furthermore, consecutive enzymatic esterification and ammonolysis provided a convenient one-pot synthesis of carboxylic amides from carboxylic acids.     

毁灭柱孢菌中一种人参皂苷Rb1水解酶的纯化及酶学性质研究

通过DEAE-纤维素阴离子交换层析、30％～80％（NH3）2SO3盐析、Sepharose CL-6B凝胶过滤层析和Mono Q HR5／5阴离子交换层析,从毁灭枉孢菌培养液中部分纯化出一种能够水解人参皂苷Rb,的β-葡萄糖苷酶F-I。F—I具有较好的pH稳定性和热稳定性,在pH4．0～11．0范围内和55℃以下表现出良好的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,其最适pH为5．0,最适温度为55℃。EDTA、Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋对该酶活性有较强的抑制作用。底物专一性分析表明,F—I能高特异性水解人工合成的底物pNPG,还能水解β-葡萄糖苷键连接的二糖如纤维二糖和龙胆二糖,说明此酶为一种β-葡萄糖苷酶。F—I对人参皂苷Rb1表现了较强的水解活性,而对人参皂苷Rb2和Rc的水解活性较低。该酶水解人参皂苷Rb1的路径为Rb1→Rd→F2→C—K。F—I对人参皂苷Rb1的这种高效水解为稀有人参皂苷的工业制备奠定了基础。     

The Frog Tongue: III. Histogenesis and Regeneration Following Complete and Partial Extirpations of Anlagen

Tongue anlagen from which the anterior, posterior, right or left lateral halves had been extirpated generally regenerated completely within 15–30 days in Rana catesbeiana and R. clamitans. Regeneration was most rapid and greatest in posterior and median regions. Removal of anterior-posterior and left-right middle thirds and of anterior, posterior, right or left dorsal or ventral quarter anlagen (R. catesbeiana) showed similar regenerative gradients. Regeneration never occurred when entire anlagen were removed. Extirpations of early and half-developed lingual cornua were made in metamorphosing and young adult R. catesbeiana, R. clamitans R. palustris and R. pipiens. Regeneration occurred where preoperative cornua did not exceed 1.5 mm, but never when they exceeded this length. It is concluded that anuran tongue anlagen, at the stages operated on, possess considerable reorganizing powers following partial extirpations.