共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Twenty males who scored relatively high on the rotor-pursuit motor skills task (High performance group) were given seven 2-minute trials to increase heart rate and seven 2-minute trials to decrease heart rate, as were 20 males who scored relatively low on the rotor-pursuit task (Low performance group). Visual analogue feedback was not provided during the first and last acceleration and deceleration trials but was presented during all other trials. Both groups of subjects were able to decrease heart rate significantly with and without feedback. Subjects in the High performance group were able to increase heart rate significantly with feedback and could generalize this increase to a no-feedback trial following feedback trials. Subjects in the Low performance group could not increase heart rate with or without feedback. Changes in respiration rate paralleled those noted for heart rate, but changes in chin electromyographic activity generally did not parallel the heart rate results. The heart rate data are discussed in terms of motor skills theories of self-regulation of heart rate. 相似文献
2.
Forty subjects participated in an experiment designed to test the effects of different feedback displays on instructed heart rate speeding and slowing. One group of subjects received information about interpulse interval length every beat. This display included specific information about when systole occurred, in addition to information about performance relative to a criterion. Two other groups received similar information about performance, but their displays were not triggered by systole; rather, information about average interpulse interval was presented either every second or every 6 seconds. A fourth group of subjects participated in a perceptual motor task in which no instructions were given to control heart rate.Results indicated that the instructed subjects generated significantly greater heart rate speeding than slowing. Groups receiving feedback produced greater changes when compared to the control group only during the speeding seassions. No differences among feedback groups were present in the slowing task. During speeding, the 1-second group's performance deteriorated dramatically in the second session. The results suggested that, in the context of a feedback task, it is information about the occurrence of systole that facilitates heart rate speeding. Real-time displays are less facilitating of heart rate change and may disrupt speeding performance when information is presented at certain critical frequencies. Slowing performance was again shown to be unrelated to information frequency or reinforcement rate. 相似文献
3.
David S. Goldstein Richard S. Ross Joseph V. Brady 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1977,2(2):107-125
Eighteen healthy human subjects participated in weekly sessions of five 10-minute trials of walking on a treadmill at 2.5 mph and 6% grade. Eight experimental subjects received beat-to-beat heart rate biofeedback during the exercise and were instructed to try to lower their heart rates; ten control subjects did not receive feedback. By the end of 5 weeks (25 trials), the experimental group showed a significantly lower mean heart rate (96.8 vs. 108.6 bpm), systolic blood pressure (114.0 vs. 131.3 mmHg), and rate-pressure product (11.0×103 vs. 14.3×103 bpm-mmHg) during exercise than the control group. These differences were maintained after crossover of the feedback provision for five more weeks. 相似文献
4.
Comparisons of high, medium, and low feedback sensitivity for the control of heart-rate acceleration
D A Williamson M P Jarrell J E Monguillot P Hutchinson 《Biofeedback and self-regulation》1983,8(1):39-44
Thirty-four student volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three feedback sensitivity conditions: high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, or low sensitivity. Each subject received four sessions of biofeedback training with instructions to accelerate heart rate. In each condition, analogue feedback was provided during heart-rate acceleration trials. In addition to heart rate, frontal EMG and digital skin temperature were also recorded. Results replicated and extended the findings of a previous study in that medium and low sensitivity feedback was found to be superior to high sensitivity feedback during the final training session. These results confirm previous findings that a high sensitivity feedback produces very poor control of heart-rate acceleration. These data were discussed in terms of motor skills theory and in terms of possible effects of feedback sensitivity upon the motivation of subjects. 相似文献
5.
The effect of biofeedback during brief periods of relaxation was examined. Two groups (10 subjects in each group) were asked to relax as completely as possible during a series of six 3-minute relaxation periods in each of two 1-hr sessions. One group received biofeedback based on finger pulse volume (FPV) during the relaxation trials, while the other group received no biofeedback. Measures of heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance level, and FPV were recorded during the sessions, and subjective ratings concerning relaxation were obtained after each session. The results showed that FPV scores for the groups differed during the relaxation trials of the second session, but other measures failed to distinguish between the groups. The group that received FPV feedback revealed a significantly higher level of FPV (relative to baseline) than the group that received no feedback. 相似文献
6.
This study was designed to examine underlying hemodynamic changes that accompany observed reductions in heart rate (HR) response to mental stress following HR feedback training. Twenty-five college males, assigned to either a HR feedback training group (FB+) or a control group (FB–), were presented with a videogame and mental arithmetic challenge, as HR, blood pressure, and impedance cardiography-derived measures of hemodynamic functioning were recorded. During training, the FB+ group received HR feedback and the FB– group was not provided with HR feedback while playing a videogame. At posttraining, results revealed that the FB+ group exhibited significantly lower HR, systolic blood pressure, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance responses to the videogame compared to that at pretraining. There was no evidence that the acquired skills generalized to a mental arithmetic task. These results suggest that HR feedback training is an effective method for reducing cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses to a mental stressor; however, the generalizability of this effect remains questionable. 相似文献
7.
Emily Franck Hoon 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1980,5(2):175-191
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of instructional set and biofeedback modality upon the ability of 23 females to achieve control over sexual arousal. Two levels of instructional set (increase, decrease) were completely crossed with three feedback modalities (audio, visual, no feedback). Changes in vaginal blood volume (VBV) and vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) were monitored by a vaginal plethysmograph and reduced on line by a microcomputer. During feedback trials, all subjects received audio- or visual feedback of the VBV response. Subjects participated in two sessions, each consisting of six 3-minute trials, one in each instruction/feedback combination. Order of trials was counterbalanced. Subjective levels of arousal, VBV, and VPA were significantly higher under increase instructions. Also, a significant feedback effect was noted in the subjective measure and the VBV measure, favoring visual feedback for overall control of sexual arousal. However, the feedback effect accounted for a small portion of the variance, and it was concluded that performance was not appreciably superior with or without feedback. Thus practical considerations may determine the feedback modality to be used for vaginal vasocongestion in future research. Higher positive correlations of subjective ratings with vaginal blood volume occurred during feedback trials, which suggests that biofeedback may be helpful in discrimination training to facilitate awareness of the feelings associated with different arousal levels and correct labeling of increased vasocongestion as sexual. Further research is necessary to see if sexually dysfunctional women can benefit from a biofeedback component in a comprehensive therapy program and to determine the effect of many training sessions on discrimination and self-control of arousal. 相似文献
8.
Biofeedback-assisted sexual arousal in females: a comparison of visual and auditory modalities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E F Hoon 《Biofeedback and self-regulation》1980,5(2):175-191
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of instructional set and biofeedback modality upon the ability of 23 females to achieve control over sexual arousal. Two levels of instructional set (increase, decrease) were completely crossed with three feedback modalities (audio, visual, no feedback). Changes in vaginal blood volume (VBV) and vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) were monitored by a vaginal plethysmograph and reduced on line by a microcomputer. During feedback trials, all subjects received audio- or visual feedback of the VBV response. Subjects participated in two sessions, each consisting of six 3-minute trials, one in each instruction/feedback combination. Order of trials was counterbalanced. Subjective levels of arousal, VBV, and VPA were significantly higher under increase instructions. Also, a significant feedback effect was noted in the subjective measure and the VBV measure, favoring visual feedback for overall control of sexual arousal. However, the feedback effect accounted for a small portion of the variance, and it was concluded that performance was not appreciably superior with or without feedback. Thus practical considerations may determine the feedback modality to be used for vaginal vasocongestion in future research. Higher positive correlations of subjective ratings with vaginal blood volume occurred during feedback trials, which suggests that biofeedback may be helpful in discrimination training to facilitate awareness of the feelings associated with different arousal levels and correct labeling of increased vasocongestion as sexual. Further research is necessary to see if sexually dysfunctional women can benefit from a biofeedback component in a comprehensive therapy program and to determine the effect of many training sessions on discrimination and self-control of arousal. 相似文献
9.
This study describes video-task acquisition in two nonhuman primate species. The subjects were seven rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and seven chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). All subjects were trained to manipulate a joystick which controlled a cursor displayed on a computer monitor. Two criterion
levels were used: one based on conceptual knowledge of the task and one based on motor performance. Chimpanzees and rhesus
monkeys attained criterion in a comparable number of trials using a conceptually based criterion. However, using a criterion
based on motor performance, chimpanzees reached criterion significantly faster than rhesus monkeys. Analysis of error patterns
and latency indicated that the rhesus monkeys had a larger asymmetry in response bias and were significantly slower in responding
than the chimpanzees. The results are discussed in terms of the relation between object manipulation skills and video-task
acquisition. 相似文献
10.
Barske J Schlinger BA Wikelski M Fusani L 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2011,278(1724):3523-3528
Sexual selection was proposed by Darwin to explain the evolution of male sexual traits such as ornaments and elaborate courtship displays. Empirical and theoretical studies have traditionally focused on ornaments; the reasons for the evolution of elaborate, acrobatic courtship displays remain unclear. We addressed the hypothesis that females choose males on the basis of subtle differences in display performance, indicating motor skills that facilitate survival. Male golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) perform elaborate, acrobatic courtship displays. We used high-speed cameras to record the displays of wild males and analysed them in relation to male reproductive success. Females preferred males that performed specific display moves at greater speed, with differences of tens of milliseconds strongly impacting female preference. In additional males, we recorded telemetrically the heart rate during courtship using miniature transmitters and found that courtship is associated with profoundly elevated heart rates, revealing a large metabolic investment. Our study provides evidence that females choose their mates on the basis of subtle differences in motor performance during courtship. We propose that elaborate, acrobatic courtship dances evolve because they reflect motor skills and cardiovascular function of males. 相似文献
11.
1. Female feeding regime exhibited a cascade of effects on reproductive biology and behaviour in the mantid Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn). 2. Well‐fed females (High diet) consistently attained greater body mass, thicker abdomens, and higher fecundity than food‐limited females (Low diet) in four annual generations. Dorso‐ventral abdominal thickness strongly correlated with fecundity. 3. In an experiment in captivity, Low diet females were more likely to cannibalize males than High diet females. 4. High diet females attracted more males than Low diet females in several contexts. In terms of long‐range attraction, caged High diet females attracted more males in the field. In terms of short‐range attraction, males preferentially mounted and copulated with High diet females in captive paired choice trials. In naturally‐occurring pairs in the field, a preference for females with thick abdomens was evident. These results point to two possible explanations: male choice for well‐fed females and state‐dependent female pheromone emission. 5. Two years of field data indicate considerable variation in female feeding success, as measured by abdominal thickness. Average feeding success in nature appears to be relatively high, when comparing the rate of abdominal expansion in the field to captive females maintained on High diets. 6. In the field, nearly all mounts and copulations occurred in September in both years, when female feeding success is expected to be high. If mating activity occurs during a window of high female feeding success, so as to reduce the risk of cannibalism for males, then the female feeding regime may be implicated in the phenology of mating activity in cannibalistic species. 相似文献
12.
Werner Lutzenberger Dr. Niels Birbaumer Patricia Steinmetz 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1976,1(4):395-410
Following one base-line session, 20 normal subjects received four half hour sessions consisting of simultaneous feedback of heart rate and frontalis muscle (pretraining). Ten subjects received contingent (CF), the other ten noncontingent feedback (NCF). Subjects were asked to lower heart rate and frontal muscle tension (EMG). Heart rate within sessions decreased up to 19 bpm, with a mean of 4 bpm for the CF group. There was only a weak decrease over sessions, however, because of the strong habituation effect. The following events accompanied the heart rate decrease: (1) an increase of the variability of the heart rate, (2) a decrease of the variance of the EMG, (3) an increased correlation between heart rate slowing and EMG decrease, and (4) an increasing subjective experience of control of heart rate and EMG. After pretraining, subjects received eight sessions of auditory feedback of their frontal EEG theta activity (four sessions with CF and four sessions with NCF in balanced order). There was a weak increase of theta for the CF condition over sessions, but a decrease within the sessions. Pretraining on heart rate and frontal EMG control had no influence on the performance during theta training. It was hypothesized that control of heart rate slowing and theta control involve different mechanisms. 相似文献
13.
The results of psychological examinations on 298 adult male probands with various inherited EEG variants are described. They may be summarized as follows: 1) The low-voltage (N) group scored high in intelligence tests, especially in spatial orientation. Personality scores revealed this group as 'normal', extravert, group-dependent, and not very energetic. 2) The borderline low-voltage (NG) group showed slight weakness in abstract thinking, short-time memory, and motor skills and a relatively strong tendency to have 'neurotic' complaints. Reaction time and motor skills were poor. 3) The occipital fast alpha-variants (BO) group performed very well in tests of abstract thinking and motor skills. 4) The monotonous alpha (R) group showed average performance in most intelligence scores but above-average in short-time memory and in precision under stress conditions. Personality scores indicated high spontaneous activity and toughmindedness. 5) The BG (fronto-precentral beta-group) category showed very low MMPI scores, indicating little neurotic tendency. Intelligence could be above average. 6) The diffuse beta (BD) group scored low in intelligence tests, especially in spatial orientation, and had a high error rate in tests measuring concentration and precision. Most differences were relatively small; the whole range of test scores could be found in all EEG groups. 相似文献
14.
This study examined the independent and combined importance of aerobic fitness and body fatness on physiological tolerance and exercise time during weight-bearing exercise while wearing a semipermeable protective ensemble. Twenty-four men and women were matched for aerobic fitness and body fatness in one of four groups (4 men and 2 women in each group). Aerobic fitness was expressed per kilogram of lean body mass (LBM) to eliminate the influence of body fatness on the expression of fitness. Subjects were defined as trained (T; regularly active with a peak aerobic power of 65 ml x kg LBM(-1) x min(-1)) or untrained (UT; sedentary with a peak aerobic power of 53 ml x kg LBM(-1) x min(-1)) with high (High; 20%) or low (Low; 11%) body fatness. Subjects exercised until exhaustion or until rectal temperature reached 39.5 degrees C or heart rate reached 95% of maximum. Exercise times were significantly greater in T(Low) (116 +/- 6.5 min) compared with their matched sedentary (UT(Low); 70 +/- 3.6 min) or fatness (T(High); 82 +/- 3.9 min) counterparts, indicating an advantage for both a high aerobic fitness and low body fatness. However, similar effects were not evident between T(High) and UT(High) (74 +/- 4.1 min) or between the UT groups (UT(Low) and UT(High)). The major advantage attributed to a higher aerobic fitness was the ability to tolerate a higher core temperature at exhaustion (the difference being as great as 0.9 degrees C), whereas both body fatness and rate of heat storage affected the exercise time as independent factors. 相似文献
15.
The present study aimed to elucidate whether the type of feedback influences the performance and the motor cortical activity when executing identical visuomotor tasks. For this purpose, time to task failure was measured during position- and force-controlled muscular contractions. Subjects received either visual feedback about the force produced by pressing a force transducer or about the actual position between thumb and index finger. Participants were instructed to either match the force level of 30% MVC or the finger position corresponding to the thumb and index finger angle at this contraction intensity. Subjects demonstrated a shorter time to task failure when they were provided with feedback about their joint position (11.5 ± 6.2 min) instead of force feedback (19.2 ± 12.8 min; P = 0.01). To test differences in motor cortical activity between position- and force-controlled contractions, subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (subTMS) was applied while executing submaximal (20% MVC) contractions. SubTMS resulted in a suppression of the first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI) EMG in both tasks. However, the mean suppression for the position-controlled task was significantly greater (18.6 ± 9.4% vs. 13.3 ± 7.5%; P = 0.025) and lasted longer (13.9 ± 7.5 ms vs. 9.3 ± 4.3 ms; P = 0.024) compared to the force-controlled task. The FDI background EMG obtained without stimulation was comparable in all conditions. The present results demonstrate that the presentation of different feedback modalities influences the time to task failure as well as the cortical activity. As only the feedback was altered but not the mechanics of the task, the present results add to the body of evidence that suggests that the central nervous system processes force and position information in different ways. 相似文献
16.
The ability of glycine and of serine to protect rats from ethanol induced motor impairment was determined by pretreating the animals with these drugs, administering ethanol 30 minutes later, and evaluating the rats' performance on a rotor-rod test at 30 minutes and 2 hours post-ethanol. Performance of the glycine and serine-pretreated rats was significantly superior to that of controls at the 30-minute post-ethanol trial, but not at the 2-hour trial. Blood-alcohol levels measured at the times of the trials corresponded with the behavioral performance. The levels were significantly depressed during the 30-minute post-ethanol trials for both the glycine and serine-pretreated groups. These findings provide evidence that glycine and serine-induced protection against the described motor impairments caused by ethanol may be due to a suppression of the rate of absorption of ethanol from the gastrointestinal tract. 相似文献
17.
Van Gelder LH Bartz SD 《Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association》2011,25(11):3014-3021
Static stretching (SS) has shown decreases in many areas including strength, anaerobic power, and sprinting time. Dynamic stretching (DS) has shown increases in anaerobic power and decreases in sprinting time. Research on the effects of stretching on agility performance is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SS and DS on performance time of a sport agility test. Sixty male subjects consisting of collegiate (n = 18) and recreational (n = 42) basketball athletes volunteered for the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups: SS, DS, or no stretching (NS). All groups completed a 10-minute warm-up jog followed by a 3-minute rest. The SS and DS groups then completed an 8.5-minute stretching intervention. Next, all subjects completed 3 trials of the 505 agility test with 2-5 minutes of rest between trials. A 2-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (Stretch group, athlete category, group × athlete interaction) was used to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05). A Tukey post hoc test was performed to determine differences between groups. For all athletes, the DS group produced significantly faster times on the agility test (2.22 ± 0.12 seconds, mean ± SD) in comparison to both the SS group (2.33 ± 0.15 seconds, p = 0.013) and NS group (2.32 ± 0.12 seconds, p = 0.026). Differences between the SS and NS groups revealed no significance (p = 0.962). There was a significant difference in mean times for the type of athlete (p = 0.002); however, interaction between the type of athlete and stretching group was not significant (p = 0.520). These results indicate that in comparison to SS or NS, DS significantly improves performance on closed agility skills involving a 180° change of direction. 相似文献
18.
Mark E. McKinney David Geller Dr. Robert J. Gatchel Gail Barber Joan Bothner M. Elaine Phelps 《Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback》1980,5(4):407-416
Eight subjects were taught to decrease their heart rates via biofeedback training. Four of these received contingently faded, beat-by-beat analogue feedback and contingent reinforcement each time their performance met a specified and adjusting criterion. The other four received continuous, beat-by-beat analogue feedback, but not the contingent reinforcement. Subjects in the two groups were yoked to ensure equal densities of reinforcement. Subjects in the first group were asked to decrease heart rates 15% from baseline and were then trained using only 75%, 50% and 25% of beat-by-beat feedback. It was hypothesized that the immediate reinforcement of appropriate behavior and the contingent fading(following mastery) of feedback would aid in the generalization of the response. Following completion of all criterion steps or 10 training sessions, whichever came first, all subjects were tested with no feedback and no contingent reinforcement. The group receiving contingently faded feedback training showed a significantly greater heart rate decrease in the training sessions and also the test session. These results were interpreted as indicating that biofeedback can be conceptualized as an operant conditioning paradigm, and that the use of operant techniques may help subjects produce clinically significant changes.This research was supported in part by a grant to Robert J. Gatchel from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Grant No. NIH HL 21426-01). 相似文献
19.
Johnston and Lethem (1981) have hypothesized that when subjects attempt to decrease their interbeat interval (i.e., increase their heart rate) maximally, then interbeat interval feedback has a purely motivational role, but when they attempt to decrease their interbeat interval by a precise amount, such feedback has a primarily informational role. This was tested by comparing the performance of 16 subjects on both types of task. It was predicted that additional monetary incentives would reduce the difference between feedback and no-feedback conditions when subjects were attempting to reduce interbeat interval maximally but not when attempting to reduce it by a specific amount. This prediction was not supported. Incentive was found to aid performance on the maximal interbeat interval decrease task, but this was independent of the effects of feedback. Only feedback effects were detected on the specific interbeat interval decrease task. 相似文献
20.
The purpose of this study was to determine if normal subjects could be trained to attenuate their cardiovascular responses while exercising on a bicycle ergometer. Ten young, untrained subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer for five sessions. Half of the group was asked to slow their heart rate while exercising with heart rate feedback during exercise. Their average heart rate increase was 20% less than that of the control subjects, who exercised without feedback. The control subjects subsequently also received feedback during exercise and they were able to attenuate their heart rate responses comparably. Systolic blood pressure was not affected by feedback training. Changes in rate-pressure product paralleled changes in heart rate. These data show that autonomically mediated adjustments to exercise can be brought under experimental control through the use of appropriate behavioral techniques. 相似文献