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1.
This paper examines certain colonial and contemporary texts for their representations of Amerindian cannibalism during the
Columbian period. Colonial texts from this period describe cannibalism as one of the Amerindians’ major “offences” against
humanity. Some contemporary studies criticize this depiction of Amerindian cannibalism as a “myth” perpetrated by colonizers
and their apologists to justify the enslavement and genocide of Amerindians. On the one hand colonial texts fall prey to an
ethnocentric view of cannibalism; on the other hand contemporary texts explain away this amply documented cultural phenomenon.
While the two positions appear to be at variance with each other, it is suggested that what they hold in common is a schema
of analyzing culture that does not easily admit the existence of a phenomenon that is “Other” without explaining it as a totalized
alterity or without explaining it away. Both positions thus help reinscribe the Wild Savage-Noble Savage stereotypes.
...each man calls barbarism, whatever is not his own practice ... Michel De Montaigne 相似文献
2.
Since the early 1970s, the French public health system has been accorded considerable responsibility for immigrants identified
by the educational, judicial or social service authorities as psychologically distressed or socially disruptive. In this paper
we discuss three models of healing embedded in constructs of “cultural difference” and addressed at specialized mental health-care
centers catering to immigrants in Paris: “cultural mediation,” transcultural psychiatry/ethnopsychiatry and clinical medical
anthropology. Based on observations and interviews at three specialized mental health centers in Paris, we explore how these
clinical approaches address migrant wellbeing and seek to resolve crises in migrant families, especially those of West African
origin. We suggest that the prevalent approaches to therapy creatively blend concepts and practices of anthropology, psychiatry
and psychology but, at the same time, confront challenges inherent in the use of a generic “African” healing modality. Cases
studies demonstrate that in order for such interventions to be perceived as effective by patients, “cultural difference” must
be acknowledged but also situated in broader social, political and economic contexts.
相似文献
Carolyn SargentEmail: |
3.
Jenks AC 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):209-235
The incorporation of “culture” into U.S. biomedicine has been increasing at a rapid pace over the last several decades. Advocates
for “cultural competence” point to changing patient demographics and growing health disparities as they call for improved
educational efforts that train health providers to care for patients from a variety of backgrounds. Medical anthropologists
have long been critical of the approach to “culture” that emerges in cultural competence efforts, identifying an essentialized,
static notion of culture that is conflated with racial and ethnic categories and seen to exist primarily among exotic “Others.”
With this approach, culture can become a “list of traits” associated with various racial and ethnic groups that must be mastered
by health providers and applied to patients as necessary. This article uses an ethnographic examination of cultural competence
training to highlight recent efforts to develop more nuanced approaches to teaching culture. I argue that much of contemporary
cultural competence education has rejected the “list of traits” approach and instead aims to produce a new kind of health
provider who is “open-minded,” willing to learn about difference, and treats each patient as an individual. This shift, however,
can ultimately reinforce behavioral understandings of culture and draw attention away from the social conditions and power
differentials that underlie health inequalities. 相似文献
4.
Dynamic role of “illite-like” clay minerals in temperate soils: facts and hypotheses 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Analysis of new data and reinterpretation of published information for clay minerals found in temperate climate soil profiles
indicates that there is often a gradient of “illite-like” clay minerals with depth. We used the term “illite-like” because
these observations are based on X-Ray Diffractogram patterns and not on layer charge measurements which allow to define properly
illite. It appears that “illite-like” layers are concentrated in the upper, organic - rich portion of the soil profile both
under grassland and forest vegetation. “Illite-like” layer quantity seems directly related to soil potassium status. Indeed,
intensive agriculture practises without potassium fertilization reduce “illite-like” content in surface soils, whereas several
years of potassic fertilization without plant growth can increase “illite-like” content. The potassic soil clay mineral, illite,
is particularly important in that it can be the major source of readily available potassium for plants. Spatial and temporal
dynamics of clay minerals should be related to the potassium cycle. We propose that the frequently observed general trend
of increasing exchangeable potassium in the top soil can be correlated with an increase in “illite-like” in the clays and
that the decrease of potassium caused by intensive agricultural practices leads to “illite-like” layer destabilization. This
vision of “illite-like” layer as a potassium reservoir refueled by plants and emptied by intensive cropping renews the concept
of potassium availability and indicates a need to be discussed as well in natural ecosystems as in cultivated ecosystems. 相似文献
5.
Robert J. Foster 《Dialectical Anthropology》2010,34(1):95-102
This article discusses the significance of the idea of “corporate oxymorons” for chartering an anthropology of corporations.
It argues that a critical anthropology must consider not only the representations of corporate practices that circulate in
public discourse and mass media, but also the specific features of the corporate form. These features include the structural
tension between dispersed shareholders and professional managers as well as the contested legal status of corporate personhood. 相似文献
6.
Jonaki Bhattacharyya D. Scott Slocombe Stephen D. Murphy 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2011,39(5):613-625
Use of the terms “wild” and “feral” characterizes ongoing debate over management of free-ranging horses. However, the focus
on terminology tends to obscure complex differences in meanings and cultural perception. Examining a case study in the Chilcotin
region of British Columbia, we explore how the terms “wild” and “feral” distract from the underlying issues at stake in management
of horses and the landscape: different ways of valuing, understanding, and relating to land and animals. To be effective in
the long term, and to avoid an unwitting continuation of outdated culturally biased land management practices, future decisions
regarding management of lands and free-roaming horses in the Chilcotin would benefit from an integrated process informed by
both ecological and socio-cultural information. 相似文献
7.
The notion of “pressure” as an evolutionary “force” that “causes” evolution is a pervasive linguistic feature of biology textbooks,
journal articles, and student explanatory discourse. We investigated the consequences of using a textbook and curriculum that
incorporate so-called force-talk. We examined the frequency with which biology majors spontaneously used notions of evolutionary
“pressures” in their explanations, students’ definitions and explanations of what they meant when they used pressures, and
the structure of explanatory models that incorporated evolutionary pressures and forces. We found that 12–20 percent of undergraduates
spontaneously used “pressures” and/or “forces” as explanatory factors but significantly more often in trait gain scenarios
than in trait loss scenarios. The majority of explanations using “force-talk” were characterized by faulty evolutionary reasoning.
We discuss the conceptual similarity between faulty notions of evolutionary pressures and linguists’ force-dynamic models
of everyday reasoning and ultimately question the appropriateness of force-talk in evolution education. 相似文献
8.
Harvey TS 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(4):577-606
This work anthropologically applies the concept of ‘personhood’ to the Western biomedical patient role, and through cross-cultural
comparisons with wellness-seeker roles (e.g. among the Maya of Guatemala and others) it seeks to discern the implications
for global healthcare of assuming the universality of the “patient” role. Here, particular ethnographic attention is given
to the presumption of the “patient” role in places and situations where, because of cultural and linguistic variation in local
wellness-seeker roles and practices, there may be no “patient.” It is hoped that establishing the biomedical patient role
(with the clinical expectations, communicative and comportment practices that prefigure it) as acquired rather than intuitive, will help redirect cultural competence to the acquisition of patienthood, broadening it from an endless
accrual of cultural inventories by physicians. Also it aims to shift existing biomedical associations of cultural variations
in wellness-seeking away from a priori assessments of clinical defiance towards deeper understandings of the kinds of cultural
differences that may make the difference treatment outcomes.
相似文献
T. S. HarveyEmail: |
9.
Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira 《Biosemiotics》2012,5(2):269-289
In this paper architectural forms are presented as symbolic forms issued from the complex semiosis that characterises human cognition (Ferreira (2007, 2010)). Being semiotic objects, these symbolic forms are, consequently, context- dependent_they emerge and have meaning, i.e., they are assigned a functional and/or aesthetic value, in particular physical, social and cultural frameworks. As it happens with all semiotic objects, architectural forms, whatever their nature, are not static but highly interactive. In fact, they act as agents of specific semiotic processes, engaged in a permanent dialectic relationship with the environment they are embedded in. From this dialectics important physical, social, cultural and economic changes frequently arise, redefining this way the original framework for decades to come. As Pallasmaa (2009) points out: “Architecture is existentially rooted, and it expresses fundamental existential experiences, the complex condensation of how it feels to be human being in this world. Architecture grounds and frames existence and creates specific horizons of perception, understanding and identity.” Architecture happens in the context of particular landscapes both natural and man-made, individuating spaces, assigning them an identity, turning the frequently undifferentiated physical environment into “locus”, “place”, “site”, “ort”, definitely contributing to the definition of the mental map that individual minds are able to share collectively. The fundamental role played by architectural forms in the definition of “place” and identity and in the shaping or reshaping of a physical, social and cultural environment is analysed in this paper through a case study that observes the consequences of this dynamics in the development of the social and cultural tissue of a particular city. 相似文献
10.
11.
Populations of the Chalcolithic Levant as defined by archaeological excavations has in many cases reinforced the traditional
scheme that a number of “races” are present. This scheme is usually based not only on differential cultural traditions as
identified by archeologists, but also on the available skeletal evidence as discussed by physical anthropologists. Recently
this view has been challenged and it has been suggested that the metrical and anatomical range of variability as identified
within Chalcolithic populations can be subsumed into a single population or “racial” range. This paper examines both the available
biological and archaeological evidence from the Chalcolithic Levant and concludes that there is no strong archaeological or
biological evidence to support a multiple “racial” origin for the Chalcolithic of the Levant. 相似文献
12.
Nathalie Gontier 《Evolution》2011,4(3):515-538
It is a popularly held view that Darwin was the first author to draw a phylogenetic tree diagram. However, as is the case
with most popular beliefs, this one also does not hold true. Firstly, Darwin never called his diagram of common descent a
tree. Secondly, even before Darwin, tree diagrams were used by a variety of philosophical, religious, and secular scholars
to depict phenomena such as “logical relationships,” “affiliations,” “genealogical descent,” “affinity,” and “historical relatedness”
between the elements portrayed on the tree. Moreover, historically, tree diagrams themselves can be grouped into a larger
class of diagrams that were drawn to depict natural and/or divine order in the world. In this paper, we trace the historical
roots and cultural meanings of these tree diagrams. It will be demonstrated that tree diagrams as we know them are the outgrowth
of ancient philosophical attempts to find the “true order” of the world, and to map the world “as it is” (ontologically),
according to its true essence. This philosophical idea would begin a fascinating journey throughout Western European history.
It lies at the foundation of the famous “scala naturae,” as well as religious and secular genealogical thinking, especially
in regard to divine, familial (kinship), and linguistic pedigrees that were often depicted by tree images. These scala naturae
would fuse with genealogical, pedigree thinking, and the trees that were the result of this blend would, from the nineteenth
century onward, also include the element of time. The recognition of time would eventually lead to the recognition of evolution
as a fact of nature, and subsequently, tree iconographies would come to represent exclusively the evolutionary descent of
species. 相似文献
13.
Julia Poralla Christa Neumeyer 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(5):469-479
In part I of this study (Kitschmann and Neumeyer 2005), goldfish categorized spectral colors only in the sense that wavelengths in a range of about twice as large as the just noticeable difference were treated as similar to a given training wavelength. Now, we trained goldfish on more than one wavelength to prevent very accurate learning. In one experiment goldfish were trained on six adjacent wavelengths with equal numbers of rewards, and, thus, equal numbers of learning events. Generalization tests showed that some wavelengths were chosen more often than others. This indicated that certain spectral ranges are either more attractive or more easily remembered than others. As this is a characteristic of the “focal” colors or centers of color categories in human color vision, we interpret the findings in goldfish accordingly. We conclude (Figs. 5 and 6) that there are four categories in spectral ranges approximately coinciding with the maximal sensitivities of the four cone types, and three categories in-between. Experiments with two training colors indicate that there is no direct transition between categories analogous to human “green” and “red”, but that there is a color analogous to human “yellow” in-between (Figs. 2, 3; Table 1). 相似文献
14.
Luca Trappolin 《Dialectical Anthropology》2005,29(3-4):335-348
In this article I will try to analyse the transformation regarding the italian regulation of prostitution on the grounds of
another issue, that is the building up of cultural borders for the definition of “national” and “european” gender identities.
The creation of cultural borders allows to outline the differentiation traits between social groups, while escaping plurality
and internal contradictions which on the other hand could only show continuity and vicinity traits. In my point of view, the
italian current debate on prostitution is a discoursive process that produces a “western” pattern of relation between men
and women, while referring internal tensions and contradictions to other cultures. The following analysis will use data and
information coming from national official statistics on immigration, estimates on prostitutions and findings from national
researchers on prostitution carried out by the research group called “Migration & Prostitutions” based at the Department of
Sociology of the Padua University. 相似文献
15.
Evidence for the presence of maize (Lea. mays, Poaceae) in India prior to traditional European contact is found in stone sculptures
of maize ears in the 12th and 13th century (and earlier) Hoysala temples in southern India near Mysore. These “ears” present
the morphology of maize in such intricate and specifically variable representations that it would have been impossible for
sculptors to have imagined the variability consistently and realistically without large numbers of actual maize ears as models.
No other natural model could supply this variability. We should search for other crops and cultural artifacts that would have
diffused with maize across the oceans before 1492 A.D. 相似文献
16.
We made a quantitative analysis of the responses of urban and rural residents in Sweden to arguments supporting and opposing
conservation of large carnivores. The most important arguments in favour of conservation were: “I want them [the large carnivores] to exist in Sweden, even if I will never see any of them”, “Sweden should share the responsibility of conserving the large
carnivores” and “We owe it [conservation of large carnivores] to future generations”. We found only small differences between rural and urban residents. For arguments opposing conservation,
the difference between rural and urban areas was slightly greater. The most important arguments opposing conservation of large
carnivores were: “They may have serious negative impact on livestock farming”, “They may have serious negative impact on reindeer
husbandry” and “May inflict suffering on injured livestock”. We conclude that there seems to be less support for direct use
values such as hunting, ecotourism or just experiencing large carnivores, this may imply that the minimum viable population
size can be used as a long-term management goal for large carnivore populations, possibly with an exception for bears. We
also conclude that a separate conservation or management plan is needed for each species, since the conflicts with human interests
vary greatly between the different carnivore species. 相似文献
17.
I. Opatowski 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1945,7(4):161-180
A mathematical theory applicable to the biological effects of radiations as chain processes is developed. The theory may be
interpreted substantially as a “hit theory” involving the concepts of “sensitive volume” or “target area”. The variability
of the sensitivity of the organism to the radiation and its capacity of recovery between single hits is taken into account.
It is shown that in a continuous irradiation of a biological aggregate in which the effect of each single hit cannot be observed,
recovery and variation of sensitivity are formally equivalent to each other so that a discrimination between these two phenomena
is possible only by discontinuous irradiation or by using different radiation intensities. Methods for the calculation of
the “number of hits” and for the determination of the kinetics of the processes from “survival curves” or similar experimental
data are given. The relation between the recovery and the Bunsen-Roscoe law is discussed. The case in which the injury of
the organism is dependent on the destruction of more than one “sensitive volume” is also considered. 相似文献
18.
We report a phylogenetic analysis of “core” Malvales (Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae, and Malvaceae) based on morphological,
anatomical, palynological, and chemical features. The results of the analyses lead to the conclusion that Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae,
and Bombacaceae, as variously delimited, are paraphyletic; only the Malvaceae are likely monophyletic. The genera of “core”
Malvales form a well-defined clade. Genera of “Tiliaceae” constitute the basal complex within “core” Malvales. The “Sterculiaceae”
(most genera)+ “Bombacaceae” + Malvaceae form a clade on the basis of a monadelphous androecium; “Bombacaceae”+ Malvaceae
also form a clade, which is diagnosable on the basis of monoloculate anthers. It is clear that the traditional classification,
with its arbitrarily delimited evolutionary grades, is unsatisfactory, especially if one seeks to reflect phylogeny accurately.
Thus, Malvaceae is redefined to refer to the most recent common ancestor of plants previously considered to be “Tiliaceae,”
“Sterculiaceae,” “Bombacaceae,” and Malvaceae, and all of the descendants of that ancestor. This broadly circumscribed Malvaceae
can be diagnosed by several presumed synapomorphies, but we draw special attention to the unusual floral nectaries that are
composed of densely packed, multicellular, glandular hairs on the sepals (or less commonly on the petals or androgynophore). 相似文献
19.
The taxonomic treatment for the grasses of southern Africa was one of the first to be based on computerised data and the DELTA
system. These data, based on over 70,000 herbarium records, are amenable for analysis of species parameters including abundance,
frequency and distribution. This information is suitable for the allocation of species into the seven categories of rarity
proposed by Rabinowitz using a combination of habitat specificity (“Narrow” or “Broad”), population structure (“Sparse” or
“Abundant”) and distribution (“Restricted” or “Widespread”). We compare the species lists obtained for each combination of
these three aspects to published Red Data Lists (RDLs) for southern and South Africa. Ninety-three species are placed in the
most sensitive or potentially threatened category (Narrow habitat, Sparse populations and Restricted distributions; RSN).
This is substantially more than the number of species listed in current RDLs for the region. Chi-square tests indicate a statistically
significant bias in taxa from the Fynbos Biome for three of the categories (RSN, RAN and WSN), from the Savanna Biome for
the WAN category and from the arid Succulent Karoo and Desert Biomes for the RAB category. Analyses of habitat requirements
indicate that many grasses listed (especially those associated with a “Narrow” habitat) are found in some form of wetlands
(ephemeral or permanent), especially those at higher altitudes (montane). Despite concerns about the subjective nature in
determining the boundaries between the categories, this method is shown to provide a meaningful and valuable list of taxa
that require prioritisation for more detailed assessment according to the IUCN criteria. 相似文献
20.
Sarah S. Richardson 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(5):823-841
This paper describes, analyzes, and critiques the construction of separate “male” and “female” genomes in current human genome
research. Comparative genomic work on human sex differences conceives of the sexes as like different species, with different
genomes. I argue that this construct is empirically unsound, distortive to research, and ethically questionable. I propose
a conceptual model of biological sex that clarifies the distinction between species and sexes as genetic classes. The dynamic
interdependence of the sexes makes them “dyadic kinds” that are not like species, which are “individual kinds.” The concept
of sex as a “dyadic kind” may be fruitful as a remedy to the tendency to conceive of the sexes as distinct, binary classes
in biological research on sex more generally. 相似文献