试论古生物系统分类的依据与原则

一、引言中国弓鳍角(Sinamia Stensi)最初发现于同山东蒙阴的蒙阴组(Stensi,1935),解放后,曾相继发现于陕西靖边县黑龙王庙沟及内蒙,也就是说,其地理分布以往仅限于华北地台一带。本文所描述的师氏中国弓鳍鱼Sinamia zdanskyi Stensi系1958年杭州莲花峯石料厂赠于地质博物馆的古生物标本的一部分,鱼化石采自浙江江浦县青山乡,与Sinamiazdanskyi 共生的鱼化石尚有中鲚鱼Mesoclupea showchangensis Ping et Yen。这些标本代表中国弓鳍鱼首次出现于华南地台,即进一步扩大了Sinamia 的分布领域,并对研究这一地层的时代,阐明华南地台的中鲚鱼(Mesoclupea)与华北地台的狼鳍角(Lycoptera)的关系,提供了新的线索。而且可以设想这时华南地台与华北地台的东部,是沟通的,并且属同一大沉积区和生物区(葛利普称为“华夏古洲”)。     

皖南晚侏罗世的弓鳍鱼类化石

1970年秋,我所安徽野外工作队在皖南屯溪、歙县一带调查中生代后期脊椎动物化石时,从歙县岩寺附近的“岩塘组”中采集到一批鱼化石。在歙县地区,岩塘组主要为一套黄绿色的砂页岩沉积,厚约81米,鱼化石产于上部页岩中;本组与上覆红层“桂林组”(K_I)呈不整合接触,与其下的火山岩系“石岭组”(J_3)呈假整合接触。关于岩塘组的时代,各家意见不一,其主要原因之一是因为过去在该层位中发现的化石较少,至于鱼化石则过去还未有过发现。此次采获的鱼化石较多,保存较好,经笔者鉴定,除绝大多数是属于和狼鳍鱼类很相近的原始真骨鱼类外,还有两块标本是属于弓鳍鱼目中的中华弓鳍鱼科(Sina-miidae)。这一新发现,不但有助于对中华弓鳍鱼的地理分布有进一步了解,而且大大丰富了我国东南部和华北地区中生代后期地层对比的依据。本文仅就中华弓鳍鱼化石加以记述和探讨。     

对“中国弓鳍鱼Sinamia zdanskyi Stensiö在华南地台的发现及其意义”一文的几点意见

古生物学报1963年第十一卷第一期,刊登了潘江同志的“中国弓鳍鱼Sinamia zdanskyi Stensi在华南地台的发现及其意义”一文。该文介绍了中国弓鳍鱼在浙江的发现,对研究华北、华南中生代后期鱼化石的相互关系,提供了新的线索。但另一方面,该文也还存在着不少严重缺点与疏忽之处,诸如在标本描述中,表现在对形态解剖认识上的错误,种的鉴定、地层时代的讨论均缺乏严格的科学分析。我们认为,有必要提出一些不成熟的意见,与该文作者商讨。     

辽宁西部晚中生代鱼群──辽宁西部晚中生代地层和鱼群研究之三

文中主要依据辽宁西部凌源、建昌、喀左、朝阳、北票、义县和阜新七个市县25个鱼化石点的新材料,对首次发现于辽西晚中生代地层中的古鳕类未定种、师氏中华弓鳍鱼、中华狼鳍鱼、三棵榆树狼鳍鱼、华夏鱼、副狼鳍鱼、聂尔库鱼和真骨鱼类未定种做了简单记述;对辽西已知的戴氏狼鳍鱼和室井氏狼鳍鱼的部分形态特征做了较详细的补充描述和订正。目前能较肯定地归入狼鳍鱼科的有狼鳍鱼、吉南鱼和固阳鱼三个属。亚洲鱼属与狼鳍鱼属仅在尾上骨的有无及尾鳍分叉鳍条的数目上有差异。狼鳍鱼属在辽西包含四个种──戴氏、室井氏、中华和三棵榆树狼鳍鱼。辽西的德永氏狼鳍鱼应为戴氏狼鳍鱼的同物异名。常氏鱼和辽西鱼均为吉南鱼的晚出异名。副狼鳍鱼的形态特征已与骨舌鱼科的现生种类很相近,可将其归入该科。山东的宁家沟谭氏鱼是张氏副狼鳍鱼的同物异名。     

东北晚白垩世鱼化石二新属——东北白垩纪鱼化石之二

1974年5月我所东北中生代鱼化石考察组在吉林省前郭尔罗斯蒙古族自治县哈玛采得一批鱼化石,除了少量标本因保存不好不能鉴定外,其余标本分别属于三个属、种:长头松花鱼(Sungarichthys longicephalus)、贪食吉林鱼(Jilingichthys rapax)和巨口哈玛鱼(Hama macrostoma)。本文只描述吉林鱼和哈玛鱼两个新属,这是中生代化石鱼类中比较进步的一些种类,在我国还是首次发现。这个发现不仅丰富了我国白垩纪鱼群的组成,而且对白垩纪鱼群的演化,以及东北地区白垩纪地层的划分对比和时代增添了新的资料。     

辽宁北票晚侏罗世鲟类一新科

本文所记述的鱼化石是1964年“五一”节前夕辽宁煤炭管理局潘广工程师送交我们鉴定的。在鉴定过程中,又收到南京地质古生物研究所东北中生代地层队陈丕基同志寄来的一批标本,依据标籤记载,其中有一部分是与上述那部分标本采自同一地点;在同一层位中还有狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera)化石。关于这一含鱼化石地层的地层划分问题,上述各调查采集人已分别给予详细论述。本文仅就鱼化石部分加以记述和探讨。     

内蒙古伊克昭盟白垩系中弓鳍鱼科一新属

本文记述的标本是1960年底由内蒙古自治区地质局送交中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所鉴定的。化石产于薄层浅灰色泥质砂岩中,保存的尚称完好;在同一层位中还有介形虫、昆虫和植物化石。据李龙云同志说,这一层以下约50米处还产有龟化石。这些龟化石经笔者观察,其系统位置应归属于弓鳍鱼科(Amiidae)。我国华北中生代晚期地层中曾发现过中华弓鳍鱼     

中国东南部中鲚鱼的新资料及其系统位置的讨论

1933年秉志、阎敦健研究了采自浙江寿昌东村的鱼化石,建立了一属(Mesoclupea)两种(M.showchangensis及M.globicephala),并将此属归入鲱科(Clupeidae),认为含鱼化石地层的时代是早白垩世。近年来,由于区测工作的开展,在浙江发现了大量中生代晚期鱼化石。我所陆续收到在浙江寿昌、建德、诸暨、淳安、临海等地采得的大批中鲚鱼化石。对合中鲚鱼地层的时代问题,各家也有不少争论。基于这些情况,我们认为有必要对中鲚鱼作进一步的观察和研     

宁夏狼鳍鱼科一新属

本文记述了狼鳍鱼科一新属,即同心鱼属(Tougxinichthys gen.nov.)化石产自宁夏同心县康家湾;海原县石峡口一带的六盘山群上部。同心鱼(Tongxinichthys)与狼鳍鱼(Lycoptera)很相似。后者被认为是我国华北地区晚侏罗世鱼群的主要成员。而同心鱼的某些特征较为进步。因此,同心鱼的生存时代有延续到早白垩世早期的可能性。同心鱼的发现,增加了狼鳍鱼类的新成员。对狼鳍鱼类的形态解剖,系统演化,及亲缘关系的深入研究,提供了新的资料。     

辽宁西部晚中生代地层研究之进展及存在问题——辽宁西部晚中生代地层和鱼群研究之四

辽宁西部晚中生代地层的综合层序为:义县组、九佛堂组、沙海组/张老公屯组、阜新组和孙家湾组.中西部朝阳—喀左—建昌以及凌源—三十家子盆地的义县组大致相当于东部阜新—义县—锦州盆地的狭义义县组及其底部的北票尖山含化石沉积夹层;中西部的九佛堂组则可与东部的金刚山、吐呼鲁和九佛堂三个岩组相对比;张老公屯组火山岩在层序上大部分可能位于九佛堂组和阜新组之间.以北票鲟、中华弓鳍鱼和狼鳍鱼为代表的鱼类化石普遍见于中国北方热河群及其相当岩群的下部河湖相地层中,以粒鳞鱼、固阳鱼和副狼鳍鱼为代表的鱼类化石多见于上部的扇三角洲和湖沼相含煤地层中.热河群及相当岩群时代的确定以及陆相侏罗—白垩系界线的厘定受制于目前地层和生物化石的研究程度.从鱼群的面貌看,义县—九佛堂组、沙海—阜新组及相当地层的时代可能分别为晚侏罗世晚期—早白垩世早期和早白垩世中期.     

Reexamination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bregmaceros lanceolatus</Emphasis> Shen, 1960 with description of a new species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bregmaceros pseudolanceolatus</Emphasis> (Gadiformes: Bregmacerotidae)

Based on our reexamination of the 9 specimens including the neotype, Bregmaceros lanceolatus is recharacterized and diagnosed by the following combination of features: caudal fin rounded; scales present on gill cover; dorsal surface of snout unpigmented or with a few chromatophores; isthmus pigmented with punctate chromatophores; two parapophyses on abdominal vertebrae; dorsal rays (D) 65–74; anal rays (A) 67–74; vertebrae (V) 58–61; longitudinal scales (LS) ca. 82–88; principal caudal rays (PC) 16–18; head length (HL)/standard length (SL) 14.0–15.5%; caudal peduncle depth/SL 3.2–4.2%. Based on 27 specimens, B. pseudolanceolatus sp. nov. is described. This species is closely similar to B. lanceolatus, but is diagnosed by the following combination of features: caudal fin rounded; scales present on gill cover; dense concentration of chromatophores on dorsal surface of snout; isthmus colorless; one board-like parapophysis on the last three abdominal vertebrae; D 58–64; A 58–67; V 52–55; LS ca. 68–77; PC 14–16; HL 15.5–18.4% SL; caudal peduncle depth 4.1–5.2% SL. Bregmaceros pseudolanceolatus is known from around the Taiwan Strait, southern East China Sea, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea, and eastern Bay of Bengal.     

A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama,with a key to the lower Central American species of the genus

Astyanax anai, a new species of characid fish, is described from the Sixaola River basin, eastern Costa Rica–western Panama, Central America. The new species can be distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters: premaxillary teeth 4–5 at the inner series and 4–6 at the outer series; maxillary teeth tricuspid, 2–4; predorsal scale series irregular and incomplete, with an unscaled space behind tip of supraoccipital process and 12–14 scales; lateral line scales 34–39; humeral region with a conspicuous black and rounded to horizontally ovate spot and two diffuse brown and vertically elongate bars (the first through the rounded to horizontally ovate spot, the second 2–4 scales behind the first); body depth 36·6–42·3% of standard length (L_S); midlateral stripe formed by a series of 10–14 anteriorly‐directed dermal herringbone, or chevron‐shaped, marks, most apparent in juveniles and in preserved specimens, extending above the lateral line from the black humeral spot or just behind it (from the second vertical bar) to the caudal peduncle; scale rows from lateral line to base of first dorsal‐fin ray 8–9; scale rows from lateral line to base of pelvic fin 7–8; pre‐anal distance 53·9–61·9% of L_S; total anal‐fin elements 29–33; caudal spot elongated, rhomboid or rectangular, with its anterior margin surpassing the middle of the caudal peduncle, usually reaching the anal‐fin insertion, posteriorly covering 4–7 principal caudal‐fin rays and not extending onto the ventral and dorsal margins of the caudal peduncle, covering 3–5 horizontal scale rows. In order to test the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon in relation to the other North and Central American species of the genus, a new phylogenetic hypothesis based on a reanalysis of the morphological matrix by Schmitter‐Soto (2016) is proposed. A key to the lower Central American (southern Nicaragua to eastern Panama) species of Astyanax is also provided.     

A new anthiine fish (Perciformes: Serranidae),Holanthias kingyo, from the Ryukyu Islands

A new anthiine fish,Holanthias kingyo sp, nov., is described on the basis of two specimens (male and female) from the Ryukyu Is., Japan. The new species is most similar toH. natalensis (Fowler, 1925), known only from South Africa, in having the following characters: dorsal fin soft rays 16 or 17, anal fin soft rays 9, pored lateral line scales 46 or 47, scale rows above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 9 1/2 or 10 1/2, and gill rakers 10 or 11 +24 or 25=34–36. It differs from the latter in having more scales below the lateral line to the origin of the anal fin (27 1/2 vs. 18–24), a U-shaped caudal fin with paddle-like lobes (vs. deeply forked caudal fin with each lobe ending in a long slender filament), the outer margin of the soft anal fin vertical (vs. gently convex) and brown spots on the body in female (vs. spots absent in females).     

A new miniature species of the genus Triplophysa (Balitoridae: Nemacheilinae) from Yunnan, China

During a re-examination of museum specimens of Triplophysa species, some specimens that had been collected from the Jialonghe River in Yunnan Province, China, in April 1975, were identified as a new species. Triplophysa parvus n. sp. can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: dorsal fin rays 3, ; anal fin rays 3, ; pectoral fin rays 1, 11; scales absent; two saddle-like blotches with fuzzy borders cranial to the dorsal fin and four saddle-like blotches caudal to the dorsal fin; distal margin of the dorsal fin emarginate; pelvic fin reaching caudally almost to the anus; anus located immediately cranial to the origin of the anal fin; caudal fin forked; caudal chamber of air bladder reduced to a small free protuberance; head slightly laterally compressed, head deeper than wide at nape; length of caudal peduncle being 18.0–20.0% of standard length; depth of caudal peduncle being 7.8–8.4% of standard length; eye diameter 17.6–21.4% of head length; body depth being 60.7–70.2% of head length; caudal peduncle depth being 39.1–45.0% of caudal peduncle length; and body width at the base of caudal peduncle 59.0–68.0% of the body depth at the base of caudal peduncle. These characters allow a distinction from the similar species of T. nasobarbatula, T. nandanensis, and T. macromaculata.     

Redescription of a rare bothid,Asterorhombus bleekeri (Macleay), and description of a new species ofAsterorhombus from northwestern Australia (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes)

A rare Australian bothid flounder.Asterorhombus bleekeri (Macleay), is redescribed from the holotype and ten additional specimens from the east coast of Qeensland, Gulf of Carpentaria and Rowly Shoal (Western Australia). The species is transferred fromArnoglossus Bleeker toAsterorhombus Tanaka because of the lack of obvious sexual dimorphism in the interorbital width and pectoral fin length, the lack of rostral and orbital spines, the yellow-white blind side body coloration, and the deeply cleft parhypural and hypural plates. The definition ofAsterorhombus was emended as follows: the first dorsal fin ray continuous with or separated from remaining fin rays and gill rakers slender or stubby, with or without serrations.Asterorhombus osculus sp. nov., formerly briefly described in the literature as unidentified species ofEngyprosopon, was described from eight specimens from the northwestern coast of Australia. The new species is most similar toA. bleekeri in lacking sexual dimorphism, and having the caudal skeleton with deep clefts, two or three rows of teeth on the upper jaw and a pair of conspicuous black spots on the caudal fin, in addition to a similar general appearance, but is distinguished from the latter by shorter gill rakers, a very small mouth and feebly ctenoid scales on the ocular side. Both species clearly differed fromA. intermedius andA. fijiensis in having two (or three) rows of teeth on the upper jaws, slender gill rakers without serrations, first dorsal fin ray continuous with the other fin rays, and a pair of conspicuous black spots on the caudal fin.     

Owstonia kamoharai (Perciformes: Cepolidae), a new bandfish from Japan

A new owstoniine bandfish, Owstonia kamoharai, is described based on six specimens (147–402 mm in standard length) collected from off southern Japan: Shikoku Island, Kii Peninsula, and Suruga Bay. The new species differs from its congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays III, 21; anal-fin rays I, 14; pectoral-fin rays 21–23; total caudal-fin rays 17 (branched 13); vertebrae 28–29; gill rakers on first arch 39–40; cheek with 88–123 scales in 8–10 rows; lateral line without branch, not forming loop in front of dorsal fin, ending below 8th–10th dorsal-fin soft rays; scales in longitudinal rows 53–56; lower margin of preopercle smooth; pelvic fin short, not reaching to anus; posterior margin of caudal fin rounded; uniformly reddish coloration with black markings on membranes of both jaws; and white margins of vertical fins.     

A new species of Triplophysa (Nemacheilidae: Cypriniformes), from Guangxi, southern China

A new species, Triplophysa huapingensis, is described from the Hongshuihe River, Guangxi, China. The new species is distinguished from other species of Triplophysa by the following combination of characters: body covered with scales, lateral line complete, eyes not degenerate, dorsal fin truncate, caudal fin forked, tip of pelvic fin not reaching anus, eight branched rays of dorsal fin, six branched rays of pelvic fin, 16 branched rays of caudal fin, grey and black diffused blotches on dorsal and lateral head and body. A key to all recorded species of Triplophysa in the Xijiang River system is provided.     

圆尾鱼属(■Cyclurus,Amiidae,Pisces)在中国的首次发现(英文)

记述了弓鳍鱼亚科一新种:Cyclurus orientalis(东方圆尾鱼),标本采集于中国湖南省湘乡市下湾铺早始新世至中始新世下湾铺组。化石因具有以下特征而被归入弓鳍鱼亚科(Ami-inae):尾前椎为双椎型;除第一尾椎和第一尾下骨外,其余尾椎和尾下骨均一对一愈合;无膜质尾骨;背鳍长。因其第一冠状骨上的牙齿顶端圆钝,而被归入Cyclurus属。本新种与Cy-clurus属中其他种的区别在于:背鳍鳍条较少;身体短而高;脊椎和椎体较少。在始新世淡水鱼类的跨太平洋分布达到鼎盛时,由于弓鳍鱼亚科并非仅分布于太平洋两岸的类群,因此不能作为跨太平洋分布的指示类群。弓鳍鱼亚科在北半球的分布范围更广,与某些其他淡水鱼类群例如狗鱼科(Esocidae)和骨舌鱼科(Osteoglossidae)相似,这种现象只能用有别于形成跨太平洋分布的地质背景来解释。     

Pseudanthias calloura (Teleostei: Perciformes), a new serranid fish from Palau, Central Pacific

A new anthine fish, Pseudanthias calloura, is described on the basis of three specimens from Palau. The new species differs from other congeners in having a complicated color pattern of the caudal fin and the following characters: moderately forked caudal fin; dorsal fin with 10 spines, the anterior ones being shorter than the rest, and with 16 soft rays; second anal spine shorter than the third; 19 pectoral rays; scales on lateral line 51 (holotype) to 53 (paratypes) in number; tongue without teeth; circumorbital rim with several fleshy projection on posterior part; a row of fine scales occurring asymmetrically behind alternate dorsal spines on both left and right sides; preopercle margin finely serrated; interopercle and subopercle margins smooth. Received: June 9, 1999 / Revised: September 23, 2000 / Accepted: February 23, 2001     

Atrosalarias hosokawai, a new species of blenny (perciformes: Blenniidae) from the western pacific

A new species of blenny,Atrosalarias hosokawai is described on the basis of 15 specimens from the western Pacific. It is distinguished from the only known congeneric species,A. fuscus (=A. fuscus fuscus+A. fuscus holomelas), by the following: supraorbital cirrus broad and flat (vs. slender and thread-like inA. fuscus); dorsal fin broadly contacting caudal fin (vs. narrow contact); anal fin narrowly contacting caudal fin (vs. usually free or (rarely) very narrow contact); posteriormost dorsal and anal fin rays long (vs. short); first or posteriormost soft dorsal fin ray shortest (vs. posteriormost ray shortest); first soft anal fin ray shortest (vs. posteriormost ray shortest); caudal fin rays branched in specimens over 36.0 mm SL (vs. unbranched); a large dark spot on base of pectoral fin absent (vs. present or absent); a red margin on anterior dorsal fin absent (vs. present). Futhermore,A. hosokawai differs fromA. f. fuscus in having a lower number of dorsal fin spines (ten vs. eleven) and geographical distribution (western Pacific Ocean vs. Indian Ocean and Red Sea). AlthoughA. hosokawai occurs sympatrically withA. f. holomelas, it can be further distinguished from the latter in lacking a large dark spot on base of pectoral fin.