温度对黄瓜钝绥螨发育历期的影响

恒温条件下测定了以茶黄螨(Polyphagotarsonemus latus)为食的黄瓜钝绥螨(Amblyseius cuc-umeris)发育历期与温度的关系。结果表明,黄瓜钝绥螨在18、20、23、25、28、30和31℃温度条件下整个世代的发育历期分别是13．02、9．61、5．96、5．26、4．65、4．78和5．80d,32℃条件下黄瓜钝绥螨卵不能孵化,该螨整个世代最低临界、最适和最高临界发育温度分别为12.77,23．87和33．50℃。     

Evaluation of the activity of filamentous fungi isolated from soils of the Pampa biome applied in the biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Experimental and Applied Acarology - Tetranychus urticae Koch and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks are mite species considered capable of attaining pest levels, damaging a range of agricultural...     

Biological studies of the Australian predatory mite Typhlodromalus lailae (Schicha) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract The biology of the Australian phytoseiid mite Typhlodromalus lailae is described from material collected in Western Australia and New South Wales in 1994. At 25°C, when fed on cumbungi ( Typha sp.) pollen, the life cycle is completed in approximately 6 days, with an intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r _m ), of 0.38. Female−male pairs produced a mean total of 44.6 eggs within 22 days of oviposition, with 39% of these females living in excess of 29 days. Females that were deprived of males after first mating stopped laying eggs after 4−9 days, but if another male was added they resumed egg laying and produced close to a full complement of eggs (mean 42 eggs). At 25°C, fecundity on a diet of cumbungi pollen or thrips larvae (first-instar Frankliniella schutzei Trybom) was high, averaging 3.71 and 3.33 eggs per day, respectively, over a 3-day period. The sex ratio was approximately 1.5 females to 1 male. Consumption rate of thrips was also high, with an average of approximately seven first-instar or two second-instar F. schultzei larvae eaten per day. The species was also observed to feed on broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), and tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee). No diapause was observed under conditions of 25°C 8 h light and 10°C 16 h dark. Eggs were sensitive to low humidity, with 50% failing to hatch below 71.1% relative humidity. This species is of interest as a candidate biological control agent for thrips, broad mite and tomato russet mite in protected crops.     

Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) for control of broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in mulberry

A study on 12 entomopathogenic fungi for controlling broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) in mulberry found that Metarhizium anisopliae CKM-048 was the most virulent strain in controlling both larvae and adult broad mites at the concentration of 2 x 10(8) conidia/ml. There was no ovicidal effect when tested with broad mite eggs. Median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) of M. anisopliae in killing larvae and adults were 8.7 x 10(6) and 1.3 x 10(7 )conidia/ml, respectively. Median lethal times (LT(50)) of larvae and adults were 2.4 and 3.8 days, respectively, at the concentration of 2 x 10(8) conidia/ml. The fungus was found to produce protease and chitinase. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were done to monitor the infection steps of the fungus on broad mites. A greenhouse test on mulberry trees revealed that M. anisopliae could reduce the broad mite population within 4 days after treatment. However, after 7 days, its efficacy was decreased significantly.     

Biological studies of the predacious mite Amblyseius swirskii,a predator of the broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus on pepper plants (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Tarsonemidae)

The predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) completed its lifespan when fed on females of the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). The development was the quickest and the number of prey consumed was highest when individuals were reared at 28?°C compared with 19?°C. The average number of eggs/female/day was 2.36 and 1.69, respectively. Life table parameters showed that the population of A. swirskii multiplied 16 and 20 times in a generation time of 22 and 18?days at 19 and 28?°C, respectively. Under these conditions, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.139 and 0.170 individuals/female/day, respectively.     

侧多食跗线螨实验种群繁殖特征生命表

研究了侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemuslatus (Banks)在 2 5℃ ,相对湿度 85 %～ 90 % ,取食辣椒条件下的种群繁殖特征生命表。结果表明 :该螨的内禀增长力为 0 2 94 8,周限增长率为 1 34 2 9,净增殖率为 2 5 4 94 4,种群世代平均周期为 1 3 85 0 9d ,种群加倍时间为 2 35 1 2d ,在理论年龄组配中 ,未成熟期(卵、幼螨、若螨 )占 70 1 781 % ,成螨占 2 9 82 1 9%。     

Dispersal of the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (=B strain of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) have many common host plants. It was found that broad mites can attach themselves to B. argentifolii adults and use them as a carrier for their dispersal. In a cage experiment, we observed that more than 80% of B. argentifolii adults had more than one broad mite attached within 4 h after B. argentifolii landed on broad mite-infested plants. Overall, 97.5% of the broad mites examined were attached to the legs, mostly on the tibiae and tarsi of B. argentifolii adults, and 99.5% of the broad mites attached to B. argentifolii were adult females. The successful dispersal of broad mite via B. argentifolii was also demonstrated with a cage experiment.     

Parasitism capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared under different temperatures on Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) eggs

The parasitism capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley strain bonagota on Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) eggs was studied under the temperatures of 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 32 degrees C. The number of days with parasitism, accumulated parasitism, total number of eggs parasitized per female and parasitoid longevity was evaluated. In the first 24h, parasitism ranged from 1.6 (32 degrees C) to 8.8 (22 degrees C) eggs of B. salubricola. Accumulated egg parasitism of B. salubricola reached 80% in 1st to 4th day at 20 degrees C to 32 degrees C, respectively, and in the 7th day at 18 degrees C. Temperatures from 18 degrees C to 22 degrees C were the best suited for the total eggs parasitized for female, resulting in 35.4 and 24.6 eggs/male respectively. T. pretiosum female longevity ranged from 7.8 to 2.5 days, at 18 degrees C and 32 degrees C, respectively. The results showed that T. pretiosum strain bonagota is better adapted to temperatures from 18 degrees C to 22 degrees C.     

Bionomics and control of the broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari:Tarsonemidae)

The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) was studied for one season (2009/2010) on three pepper cultivars (Travita, Top star and Habeba) in the nethouses in Egypt. The tarsonemid mite was fed upon by the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii (Athias–Henriot). Population abundance of the tarsonemid pepper prey was affected by climatic conditions and predation. A control measure of one preventive treatment in nursery and two successive curative treatments, applied mid-September, in nethouses seemed to be the most successful management of the harmful mite. The effect of constant different temperatures on P. latus development, reproduction and population growth was investigated. At 11?°C, all activity ceased and by 36?°C the adult began to slow down. Life table parameters varied greatly, especially at 21?°C and 75%?R.H.     

Effect of temperature on life history of the predatory mite Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Amblyseius (Neoseiulus) californicus is an indigenous mite in Japan that feeds on many spider mite species. We evaluated the development, survivorship and life-history parameters of A. californicus on a diet of eggs of Tetranychus urticae (red form). More than 97.3% of A. californicus eggs hatched and more than 81.6% of newly hatched larvae attained maturity at temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees C. Females oviposited at 37.5 degrees C, but no eggs hatched. At 40 degrees C, no females laid eggs. The lower threshold temperature from egg to oviposition was 10.3 degrees C and the thermal constant was 86.2 degree-days. Based on these data, the maximum number of generations that could complete development in a year under field conditions in Ibaraki, central Japan, would be between 21 and 28. At 25 degrees C, females laid a mean of 41.6 eggs during a mean oviposition period of 19.4 days. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (rm) were 0.173 at 20 degrees C, 0.274 at 25 degrees C and 0.340 at 30 degrees C.     

Biological studies of the Australian predatory mite Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a potential biocontrol agent for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Abstract The biology of the Australian phytoseiid mite Typhlodromips montdorensis is described from material collected in Queensland and South Australia in 1994−1996. At 25°C, when fed on cumbungi ( Typha sp.) pollen, the life cycle was completed in approximately 7 days, with an intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r _m ) of 0.32. Female−male pairs produced a mean total of 52.7 eggs within 28 days of oviposition. Females that were deprived of males after first mating stopped laying eggs after 7−19 days; however, if another male was added, they resumed egg laying and produced, on average, a total of 49.4 eggs. The sex ratio was 2.24 females to one male. At 25°C, fecundity on a diet of thrips larvae (first-instar Frankliniella schultzei Trybom) was high, ranging from 2.72 to 3.58 eggs per day on the third day, depending on previous diet. Consumption rate of thrips was also high, with an average of 7.23−14.44 first-instar larvae eaten per day on the third day, depending again on previous diet and also on number of thrips larvae made available. The species was also observed to feed on: (i) broad mite, Polyphago­tarsonemus latus (Banks); (ii) tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee); and (iii) two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. No diapause was observed under conditions of 25°C, 8 h light and 10°C, 16 h dark. Eggs were sensitive to low humidity, with 50% failing to hatch below 70.8% relative humidity. This species is of interest as a candidate biological control agent for thrips, broad mite and tomato russet mite in protected crops.     

Influence of temperature on the development, reproduction and longevity of Ceratothripoides claratris (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomatoes

Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) is a serious pest attacking tomatoes in Thailand. Temperature-dependent development of C. claratris was studied at seven constant temperatures, i.e. 22, 25, 27, 30, 34, 35 and 40 degrees C. Pre-adult survivorship was greatest (95%) at 25 and 30 degrees C and shortest at 22 degrees C. Egg-to-adult time decreased within the range of 20 to 30 degrees C and at 34 degrees C it started to increase. The lower thermal threshold for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 16 and 18 degrees C by linear regression and the modified Logan model, respectively. The optimum temperature for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 32-33 degrees C by the modified Logan model. The influence of temperature on reproduction and longevity of C. claratris was determined at 25, 30 and 35 and 40 degrees C. Both inseminated and virgin females failed to reproduce at 40 degrees C. Virgin females produced only male offspring, confirming arrhenotoky. The sex ratio of the offspring of fertilized females was strongly female-biased, except at 25 degrees C. Mean total fecundity per female and mean daily total fecundity per female were highest for both virgin and inseminated females at 30 degrees C. Female longevity was longest at 25 degrees C and shortest at 40 degrees C. Male longevity was longest at 30 degrees C and shortest at 40 degrees C. The net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was greatest at 30 degrees C while, mean generation time (G) and the doubling time (t) were highest at 25 degrees C. The finite rate of increase (lambda) was fairly constant (1.1-1.5 days) over the three temperatures tested. The pest potential of C. claratris for tropical Asia is discussed.     

环境因子对温室白粉虱携播 侧多食跗线螨的影响

侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus(Banks)能够附着在温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum胫跗节上进行远距离扩散,即携播。笼罩试验表明：温室白粉虱对侧多食跗线螨的携播是它们在正常情况下普遍发生的一种现象,18～25℃,50%～75%RH是其发生的最适条件;高温(32～39℃)虽能加速携播,使得1～2 h达到携播高峰,但携播率低,白粉虱不易存活;光照强度对携播率没有显著影响。适温高湿有利于温室白粉虱携带多个跗线螨,随着螨密度的增加,温室白粉虱的携播率和携螨数明显增大。85%携播螨采取翘式附着(呈45°)。显微镜照片清晰显示,携播中侧多食跗线螨的口针插入温室白粉虱足内。     

Life Tables of Phytoseiulus Macropilis (Banks) (Gamasida: Phytoseiidae) at Different Temperatures

The biology of Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied at different temperatures. The total development times averaged 7.5, 5.7, 4.2, 4.2 and 5.6 days at 20, 25, 28, 30 and 32°C, respectively at 78 ± 2% RH and 16 h photoperiod daily. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m) and the net reproduction (R _o) reached maximum values 0.47 and 88.9, respectively, at 28°C. The mean generation time decreased (20.0-8.8 days) with increasing temperature 20-28°C.     

Dispersal of the broad mite,Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Heterostigmata: Tarsonemidae), by the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was found to disperse the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Heterostigmata: Tarsonemidae). Mite presence on whiteflies was highly aggregated. This is the second whitefly species reported to disperse the broad mite, suggesting some recognition of the insects by P. latus.     

Development, survival, and reproduction of the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at different constant temperatures

Development, survival, and reproduction of the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans Oudemans were studied at constant temperatures in the range from 15 to 35 degrees C under laboratory conditions. Larval developmental rate for both males and females increased gradually from 15 to 35 degrees C and decreased at higher temperatures. Lactin's nonlinear model described with adequate accuracy the relationship between developmental rate and temperature. The model predicted that lower and upper threshold temperatures for preimaginal development ranged from 9.8 to 11.8 degrees C and from 37.2 to 39.8 degrees C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) at the different temperatures ranged from 0.0442 to 0.1575, with the highest value recorded at 25 degrees C. At 33 degrees C a negative rm value was estimated. The rm values determined at different temperatures were fitted to Lactin's nonlinear model, and the lower and upper threshold and the optimal temperatures for population increase were 10.5, 32.4, and 27.6 degrees C, respectively. These data indicate that K. aberrans may be better adapted to intermediate temperatures around 27 degrees C and, therefore, could be a useful biocontrol agent of spider mites during spring and early summer when such temperatures are prevalent in northern Greece. The results could also be useful in developing a population model for K. aberrans under field conditions.     

Comparative demography of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) at constant temperatures.

We measured reproductive and population parameters of adult sand flies, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae), in environmental chambers maintained at temperatures of 15, 18, 20, 25, 28, and 32 degrees C. Based on cohorts of adults at each temperature regime, horizontal life tables were constructed using established laboratory colonies initiated from specimens collected in Sanliurfa Province, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. The fecundity and longevity of the insects were both highly variable, depending on the temperature. At 15 degrees C, all of the cohort females died before laying eggs, so the construction of a life table for this temperature regime was not possible. Within a range of 18 to 32 degrees C, the longevity of adult P. papatasi increased as the temperature decreased; at 15 degrees C, the mean survival times of females and males were 19.04 +/- 6.94 days (9-35) and 17.84 +/- 7.11 days (9-33), respectively. While the highest number of eggs was found in the cohort at 28 degrees C (44.08 +/- 7.79), this was only 3.60 +/- 1.55 in the cohort at 32 degrees C and 2.8 +/- 0.9 in the cohort at 18 degrees C. This result showed that extreme temperatures negatively affect the fecundity of this species. The cohort reared at 28 degrees C exhibited the highest intrinsic rates of population increase (r(m)) for P. papatasi. The r(m) ranged from 0.098 at 28 degrees C to 0.007 at 18 degrees C. The cohort placed at 28 degrees C was found to be significantly different (P < 0.01) from the other cohorts producing the fewest progeny in terms of net reproductive rate, R(0), (15.87). The values for mean generation time (T) were estimated to vary from 36 days to 271 days depending on temperature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed results from the previous studies that the cohort at 28 degrees C orientated and clustered as a distinct group along the first two PCs.     

Thermal requirement for development of Sancassania rodionovi (Acari: Acaridae) on mushrooms

The free-living mite species Sancassania rodionovi (Zachvatkin) (Acari: Acaridae), is a serious pest of mushrooms in Iran. Studies were conducted to examine the development of this mite in relation to temperature on two mushroom species: Agaricus bisporus Lange (button mushroom) and Pleurotus ostreatus Kummer (oyster mushroom). The developmental time of this acarid mite was studied at eight constant temperatures, ranging from 5 to 40 degrees C, and developmental rates were modeled as a function of temperature. Sancassania rodionovi completed immature development in 17.35 +/- 0.58 and 20.17 +/- 0.88 d at 25 degrees C on button and oyster mushrooms, respectively. When the mite fed on button mushroom, the rate of development increased gradually from 10 to 35 degrees C. Using a linear model, the developmental zero was estimated to be 3.50 degrees C with a thermal constant of 357.14 degree-days. The Logan 10, Briere 1, and Thermodynamic models adequately described the data for this mite and yielded R2 values >0.95; these models provided estimates of optimum temperature for development of 33.244, 32.145, and 32.148 degrees C, respectively. Understanding the influence of temperature on development of S. rodionovi is discussed with respect to pest management in mushroom production.     

The prepatent period and cercarial production of Schistosoma haematobium in Bulinus truncatus (Egyptian field strains) at different constant temperatures

The developmental time of Schistosoma haematobium in Bulinus truncatus snails (field strains) was determined in the laboratory at different constant temperatures between 18 and 32 degrees C. The basic relationship between the length of the minimum prepatent period (y, in days) and the temperature (x, in degree C) is given by the hyperbolic formula y = 295/(x-15.3), 15.3 being the theoretical "developmental null point" and 295 the constant time-temperature product. The shortest prepatency was 17-19 days at 30, 31 and 32 degrees C; at 18 degrees C, cercarial development required at least 106-113 days. The maturation time frequently exceeded the possible minimum by several weeks. No schistosome matured in our experiments at 17 degrees or 33 degrees C. The cercarial release per snail at weekly exposures showed a maximum at 25 degrees C with a geometric mean of 109 cercariae (95% confidence limits 79-149), decreasing to 8 (2-30) at 18 degrees C and 62 (38-100) at 32 degrees C. The absolute maximum of cercariae shed by one snail during 5 h "stimulation" was 2,150 in a 25 degrees C batch, 48 at 18 degrees C and 529 at 32 degrees C. The epidemiological application, the prognosis of the transmission period and the estimation of the transmission potential in relation to climatic conditions are discussed.     

Biology and thermal requirements of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing eggs of Diaphania hyalinata L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The development and parasitism of Diaphania hyalinata L. eggs by Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner and its thermal requirements were studied at the temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33 degrees C. Thirty eggs of D. hyalinata were exposed to three females of T. atopovirilia for 5h at 25 degrees C and incubated at the different temperatures. The developmental time from egg exposure to adult, parasitism viability, number of adults per parasitized host egg and progeny sex ratio were monitored. The developmental time from egg to adult emergence of the parasitoid exhibited inverse relationship to the temperature, lasting 24.12 days at 18 degrees C and 7.36 days at 33 degrees C. Parasitism viability at 24, 27 and 30 degrees C was higher than 90%. The ratio of T. atapovirilia adult produced per egg and its sex ratio were not affected when using D. hialynata as host. The lowest threshold temperature (Tb) and estimated degree-days over Tb required by T. atopovirilia to develop on eggs of D. hyalinata was 11.99 degrees C and 130.42 masculine C, respectively. Considering the temperature regimes of two areas where cucurbitaces are cultivated in Bahia State (Rio Real and Inhambupe County) it was estimated that T. atopovirilia can achieve more than 32 generation per year. The results suggest that T. atopovirilia has potential to control D. hyalinata eggs with better chance of success under temperature regimes ranging from 24 to 27 degrees C that meets the suitable field conditions for cropping cucurbitaces.