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我国土壤线虫生态学研究进展和展望 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
土壤线虫生态学主要探讨土壤线虫群落和其周围环境(包括生物和非生物)的相互关系, 包括不同生态系统中土壤线虫群落的分布和结构组成、线虫群落与土壤环境及其他土壤生物之间的相互作用等。本文回顾了我国研究者近年来在土壤线虫生态学研究领域的研究现状, 包括不同生态系统土壤线虫群落的分布、组成和多样性及其影响因素, 土壤线虫群落与全球气候环境变化的关系, 土壤线虫群落的生态功能以及土壤线虫群落生态学分析方法的发展及应用。重点评述近年来我国土壤线虫生态学的发展现状, 同时分析和比较了国内外土壤线虫生态学的发展态势, 提出建设全国范围的监测网络的重要性。未来我国土壤线虫生态学的发展方向应继续加强小尺度下土壤微食物网联通性和大尺度下全球气候变化对土壤线虫群落影响的研究以及加强相关新的研究技术方法的应用。 相似文献
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Howard Ferris Bryan S. Griffiths Dorota L. Porazinska Thomas O. Powers Koon-Hui Wang Mario Tenuta 《Journal of nematology》2012,44(2):115-126
The purpose of this review is to highlight key developments in nematode ecology from its beginnings to where it stands today as a discipline within nematology. Emerging areas of research appear to be driven by crop production constraints, environmental health concerns, and advances in technology. In contrast to past ecological studies which mainly focused on management of plant-parasitic nematodes, current studies reflect differential sensitivity of nematode faunae. These differences, identified in both aquatic and terrestrial environments include response to stressors, environmental conditions, and management practices. Methodological advances will continue to influence the role nematodes have in addressing the nature of interactions between organisms, and of organisms with their environments. In particular, the C. elegans genetic model, nematode faunal analysis and nematode metagenetic analysis can be used by ecologists generally and not restricted to nematologists. 相似文献
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分子生态学研究进展 总被引:30,自引:3,他引:27
介绍了这个新学科的基本内容,其特征是DNA标记的应用。结合我国最近几年动植物自然种群的分子研究,介绍国际分子生态学各个领域的进展:①分子生态学的技术;②分子种群生物学;③分子环境遗传学;④分子适应。实验结果显示:只要方法灵敏,DNA具有最高水平的多样性。即使是原先认为遗传变异很少的大熊猫和野生大豆,使用灵敏的方法,也能证实生物个体遗传组成的唯一性。种群内DNA的高度多态性,不同景观生态类型种群之间低水平遗传分化,说明自然种群绝大多数多态DNA位点是中性、近中性突变。至今没有发现盐渍条件下植物个体耐盐性水平与多态DNA有相关性,更证实这一点。发现少数多态DNA位点与形态分化有关或呈明显的地理梯度,暗示其适应意义。自然种群这两种生态学功能不同的多态DNA的存在,说明有必要重新讨论遗传多样性研究和保存中的取样策略。分子遗传研究也指导生态系统和物种的保育。文章最后从分子生物学的方法论和已经阐明的生态过程的众多分子信息提出分子生态学的新思路。建议分解生态系统,找出一个或少数物种和环境构成生态系统的基本功能单位,研究所涉及的基因及基因对基因的相互作用。进一步提议首先分析最简单的生态系统里发生的专一过程的分子细节。 相似文献
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本文回顾了青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究取得的主要成就,包括能量代谢特征与环境适应性、适应性产热与体温调节、能量平衡与体重调节、生理极限值和种群能流估算等,总结了近年一些新兴领域的最新进展,包括双标记水方法测定能量消耗、肠道菌群的功能、地理生理学、种群生理学、植物次生代谢产物及其生理功能等。有些工作引领了中国动物生理生态学的发展,如生态能量学、适应性产热和生理适应等。本文对未来需要发展的领域和深入方面提出了建议,希望能建立青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学学科体系。 相似文献
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Environmental and climatic change is outpacing the ability of organisms to adapt, at an unprecedented level, resulting in range contractions and global ecosystem shifts to novel states. At the same time, scientific advances continue to accelerate, providing never‐before imagined solutions to current and emerging environmental problems. Synthetic biology, the creation of novel and engineered genetic variation, is perhaps the fastest developing and transformative scientific field. Its application to solve extant and emerging environmental problems is vast, at times controversial, and technological advances have outpaced the social, ethical, and practical considerations of its use. Here, we discuss the potential direct and indirect applications of synthetic biology to kelp forest conservation. Rather than advocate or oppose its use, we identify where and when it may play a role in halting or reversing global kelp loss and discuss challenges and identify pathways of research needed to bridge the gap between technological advances and organismal biology and ecology. There is a pressing need for prompt collaboration and dialogue among synthetic biologists, ecologists, and conservationists to identify opportunities for use and ensure that extant research directions are set on trajectories to allow these currently disparate fields to converge toward practical environmental solutions. 相似文献
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The success of site-specific nematode management depends on a grower or advisor being able to afford to make a map of an infestation that is accurate enough for management decisions. The spatial dependence of nematode infestations and correlation of soil attributes with nematode density were assessed to investigate the scale of sampling required to obtain correlated observations of density and the use of soils data to reduce the cost of sampling. Nematodes and soil were sampled on a 76.2 × 76.2-m grid in two irrigated corn (Zea mays) fields for 2 years. Nematodes of each of three species were found in 36% to 77% of the cores from a field. Spatial dependence was detected for 10 of 16 distributions, and 22% to 67% of the variation in density within a field could be attributed to spatial correlation. Density was correlated to distances of 115 to 649 m in the directions of 0, 45, 90, and 135° from the crop row, and distances varied with direction. Correlations between nematode density and soil attributes were inconsistent between species and fields. These results indicate a potential for mapping nematode infestations for site-specific management, but provide no evidence for reducing the cost of sampling by substituting soils data for nematode counts when making a map. 相似文献
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海洋微生物的化学生态学研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来,海洋生物的化学生态学研究已成为国际化学生态学研究的亮点之一.该领域的研究不仅为生物进化研究提供了理论依据,也对海洋生态养殖、海洋生态环境保护以及海洋资源的可持续发展具有重要意义.本文从海洋动物、植物、微生物三方面综述了它们与海洋微生物之间的化学生态学关系.海洋动物与微生物的化学生态学作用主要包括抗菌、抗附着、共生3种关系.以发现具有生态学效应的化学信号物质的分子结构为主线,介绍了海洋植物和微生物方面的研究进展,并对该领域的关键性问题和发展方向进行了展望. 相似文献
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微生物分子生态学技术及其在环境污染研究中的应用 总被引:31,自引:8,他引:23
较为系统地概述了核酸探针检测技术、利用引物的PCR技术、DNA序列分析技术和电泳分离及显示技术在国内外的研究进展,并探讨了这些技术在环境污染研究中的应用及其方向。结果表明,这些被认为是重要的微生物分子生态学技术,在探索微生物与污染环境之间的相互关系中发挥了重要作用。促进了污染环境的微生物遗传适应进化机制的研究,污染物的微生物降解有关基因的定位及微生物工程菌的构建等方面的工作,从而推进了污染环境微生物修复的分子生态学的发展。 相似文献
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本文评述了近十年来利用分子标记研究玉米抗病虫性的进展。主要论述了抗病虫性基因定位中出现的问题、通过分子标记研究这些基因在基因组中的分布和基因组结构等,提出了玉米抗病虫性基因的标记和定位的发展方向和策略。 相似文献
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The EMBO Workshop on Glycoscience and Development, organised by Philippe Delannoy, Yann Guérardel, Tony Merry and Jean-Claude Michalski, was held in the picturesque, contemplative environment of Les Minimes, a converted seventeenth century Flemish convent in Lille, France, in December 2007. A cross-section of researchers, both confirmed ;glycomaniacs' and those newer to the field, discussed and debated recent advances in the field of glycobiology. Presentations ranged from the clinical applications of glycobiology to novel approaches for unravelling carbohydrate biosynthesis in developmental settings and models, such as the fruit fly, nematode and zebrafish. 相似文献
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Ecology in the service of biological control: the case of entomopathogenic nematodes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biological control manipulations of natural enemies to reduce pest populations represent large-scale ecological experiments
that have both benefited from and contributed to various areas of modern ecology. Unfortunately, economic expediency and the
need for rapid implementation often require that biological control programs be based more on trial and error than on sound
ecological theory and testing. This approach has led to some remarkable successes but it has also produced dismal failures.
This point is particularly well illustrated in the historical development and use of entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological
control of insect pests. Intense effort has focused on developing these natural enemies as alternatives to chemical insecticides,
in part because laboratory assays indicated that these nematodes possess a broad host range. This illusory attribute launched
hundreds of field releases, many of which failed due to ecological barriers to infection that are not apparent from laboratory
exposures, where conditions are optimal and host-parasite contact assured. For example, the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae is a poor choice to control scarab larvae because this nematode uses an ambusher foraging strategy near the soil surface whereas
the equally sedentary scarab remains within the soil profile, shows a weak host recognition response to scarabs, has difficulty
overcoming the scarab immune response, and has low reproduction in this host. Conversely, two other nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and S. glaseri, are highly adapted to parasitize scarabs: they use a cruising foraging strategy, respond strongly to scarabs, easily overcome
the immune response, and reproduce well in these hosts. Increased understanding of the ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes
has enabled better matches between parasites and hosts, and more accurate predictions of field performance. These results
underline the importance of a strong partnership between basic and applied ecology in the area of biological control.
Received: 15 July 1996 / Accepted: 5 November 1996 相似文献
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21世纪初农业生态系统健康研究方向 总被引:38,自引:3,他引:38
农业生态系统健康是指农业生态系统免受发生“失调综合症”,处理胁迫的状态和满足持续生产农产品的能力,目前,农业生态系统健康研究范围主要涉及农业生态系统健康评价方法,土壤质量和水质与农业生态系统健康的联系,农业生态系统健康与人类健康的关系,害虫生态管理对农业生态系统健康的贡献,杂草综合管理在农业生态系统健康中的作用,从生态病理学到农业生态系统健康,线虫群落作为农业生态系统健康指示生物的研究,转基因作物对农业生态系统健康的生态影响评价,农业投入政策对农业生态系统健康的影响,景观生态学在农业生态系统健康评价中的应用,农业生态系统健康与绿色食品开发等,首先论述了农业生态系统健康研究的现状,介绍了农业生态系统健康研究实例-土壤健康的生物指标,最后提出了今后农业生态系统健康的研究方向,为保障农产品安全和增进人类健康提供依据。 相似文献
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Construction of mathematical simulation models helps to organize current information and extend inferences from available
data. During the past two decades, microbial ecology has undergone rapid developments in both quantity and quality of available
data. In particular, considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of microbial food web dynamics in the Duplin River
watershed at Sapelo Island, Georgia. Here we provide examples of how modeling and microbial ecology have interfaced. In the
early 1970s, construction of a 14-compartment model of carbon flow through a salt marsh ecosystem aided in directing method
development and field experiments on the sediment microbial community. In turn, the results of field experiments corroborated
the model's postulated controls on the community. Also, during the past 12 years we have developed a series of simulation
models reflecting the growing information on the aquatic microbial food web. Early models provided evidence for the microbial
loop but illustrated the paucity of knowledge concerning controls for bacterial growth on detritus. Results from newer methods
in microbial ecology and studies from the Duplin River have allowed us to construct a model which provides realistic simulations
but is also highly sensitive to certain parameter value changes (e.g., in organic matter availability and grazing by protozoans).
Thus improvements in model structure and corroboration of the models with extant data have been closely tied to methodological
and conceptual advances in microbial ecology. The relationship is viewed as synergistic, as needs for model parameter values
and equation forms have directed further development of methods, experimentation, and field observations. 相似文献
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无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念 总被引:74,自引:5,他引:69
无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念刘庆钟章成(中国科学院成都生物研究所,610041)(西南师范大学生物系,重庆630715)AdvancesinEcologicalResearchofClonalPlantPopulationandSomeRe... 相似文献
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ANDREW D. B. LEAKEY ELIZABETH A. AINSWORTH STEPHANIE M. BERNARD‡ R. J. CODY MARKELZ DONALD R. ORT SARAH A. PLACELLA§ ALISTAIR ROGERS¶ MELINDA D. SMITH ERIKA A. SUDDERTH†† DAVID J. WESTON‡‡ STAN D. WULLSCHLEGER‡‡ SHENGHUA YUAN 《Global Change Biology》2009,15(5):1201-1213
The use of genomic techniques to address ecological questions is emerging as the field of genomic ecology. Experimentation under environmentally realistic conditions to investigate the molecular response of plants to meaningful changes in growth conditions and ecological interactions is the defining feature of genomic ecology. Because the impact of global change factors on plant performance are mediated by direct effects at the molecular, biochemical, and physiological scales, gene expression analysis promises important advances in understanding factors that have previously been consigned to the 'black box' of unknown mechanism. Various tools and approaches are available for assessing gene expression in model and nonmodel species as part of global change biology studies. Each approach has its own unique advantages and constraints. A first generation of genomic ecology studies in managed ecosystems and mesocosms have provided a testbed for the approach and have begun to reveal how the experimental design and data analysis of gene expression studies can be tailored for use in an ecological context. 相似文献
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Pristionchus pacificus has been developed as a nematode satellite organism in evolutionary developmental biology. Detailed studies of vulva development revealed multiple differences in genetic and molecular control in P. pacificus compared to the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. To place evolutionary developmental biology in a comprehensive evolutionary context, such studies have to be complemented with ecology. In recent field studies in western Europe and eastern North America we found 11 Pristionchus species that are closely associated with scarab beetles and the Colorado potato beetle. However, P. pacificus was not commonly found in association with scarab beetles in these studies. Here, we describe the results of a similar survey of scarab beetles in Japan. Pristionchus pacificus was the most common Pristionchus species on scarab beetles in Japan, with 40 out of 43 (93%) isolates. The other Pristionchus isolates represent three novel species, which we refer to as Pristionchus sp. 11, Pristionchus sp. 14, and Pristionchus sp. 15. Thirty-seven of the established P. pacificus strains were found on the oriental beetle Exomala orientalis. Laboratory studies with the sex pheromone (Z)-7-tetradecen-2-one of the oriental beetle revealed that P. pacificus shows strong olfactory attraction to the beetle's sex pheromone, which provides a potential mechanism for the recognition and interaction of P. pacificus and E. orientalis. Together, this study identifies P. pacificus as the most common Pristionchus nematode in field studies in Japan, identifies E. orientalis as an important host species, and provides the basis for the ecology of P. pacificus. 相似文献
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Response of soil nematodes to elevated temperature in conventional and no-tillage cropland systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1