Revision of the Neotropical Genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini)

The genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921 is revised. Six species are recognized in the genus. Two new species are described, H. spirodiscus sp. n. from Bolivia and H. spangleri sp. n. from Argentina. A key for identifying the species is presented. The female genitalia are thoroughly illustrated and described for the first time for any species of Bidessini. Other important diagnostic structures are also illustrated including the male genitalia. A cladistic analysis is presented for 8 species (6 ingroup and 2 outgroup species) and 13 characters. A single most parsimonious cladogram was found.     

Systematics and biogeography of the New World species of Trichadenotecnum Enderlein (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocidae)

The taxonomy of the New World species of the genus Trichadenotecnum is revised. A total of 44 species, including 29 new species, were treated. These species are classified into 12 monophyletic species groups, eight of them newly proposed here. Two species previously assigned to Trichadenotecnum , T. pichincha New & Thornton and T. sylvaticum Turner, are recognized as not belonging to this genus. Phylogenetic relationships among 16 previously and presently proposed species groups are estimated based on a data matrix of 58 morphological characters. Trees from these analyses support monophyly of Trichadenotecnum and the proposed species groups. The New World species were divided into three major clades. Based on the phylogenetic hypothesis and distributional pattern of the species groups, the biogeographical history of the New World Trichadenotecnum is discussed.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 153 , 651–723.     

中国新记录种黑毛地蜂记述（膜翅目：地花蜂科：毛地蜂亚科）

对近来记述的古北区东部地区的毛地蜂属Panurginus Nylander全部14个种作了补充研究。中国对该属的研究较少,仅知2种：黑足毛地蜂Panurginus nigripes Morawitz 和黄跗毛地蜂Panurginus flavotarsus ? Wu。黑毛地蜂Panurginus niger Nylander为该属的模式种,分布于俄罗斯和蒙古,本文报道该种为中国新记录种。目前,中国已知该属3种,分属于2个组即niger-group和herzi-group。文中提供了中国已知种类检索表。     

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae,Ixodidae) of China

This paper presents results of an investigation and listing of tick species found in China during a survey in all 28 provinces. This will be a step towards a definitive list of tick species and their distribution. To date, the tick fauna of this area consists of 117 species in the following families: Argasidae-Argas (7 species), Carios (4 species) and Ornithodoros (2 species); Ixodidae-Amblyomma (8 species), Anomalohimalaya (2 species), Dermacentor (12 species), Haemaphysalis (44 species), Hyalomma (6 species), Ixodes (24 species) and Rhipicephalus (8 species). Some well known ticks carrying and transmitting many infectious agents to man and domestic animals are also found in China. These include Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma asiaticum. It is worth mentioning that Ixodes rangtangensis Teng and Haemaphysalis xinjiangensis Teng should be relegated to a synonym of I. moschiferi and Hae. danieli, respectively. The distribution of ticks over the provinces of China is also discussed. The information on ticks in some areas such as Henan is not exhaustive.     

Jaw musculature of the Meiglyptini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

The Meiglyptini comprise eight species of woodpeckers grouped into three genera, two of which contain three species ( Meiglyptes and Mulleripicus), while one genus includes two species ( Hemicircus). The purpose of this study is to describe the mandibular apparatus found in six species of Meiglyptini and to compare them with each other and with other woodpecker species. The results reveal a number of structures that are worth mentioning: (i) the components of the external mandibular adductor system of Hemicircus concretus, particularly the M. adductor mandibulae externus caudalis medialis, are underdeveloped compared with the other investigated species; (ii) the muscles of the internal mandibular system are structurally different among Meiglyptes species and are less developed, both in size and in structure, in H. concretus; (iii) the M . protractor quadrati is vestigial in Meiglyptes species; (iv) the muscles of the protractor system of the quadrate are relatively undeveloped in H. concretus; (v) most of the muscles of the pterygoideus system are structurally differentiated in Meiglyptes species. It appears that the complexity of the mandibular apparatus is associated with the type of food consumed, as the apparatus of the frugivorous species H. concretus is markedly different from that of the insectivorous species.     

Cranial osteology of Picini (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

The Picini is composed of 26 species of woodpeckers from the old world that are grouped into seven genera. Given the absence of detailed studies on the cranial osteology of the Picini, the purpose of this study is to describe the cranial osteology of 14 species of Picini from six genera and to compare these species with each other, with other species of woodpeckers and with other bird groups. The results of the analysis of the bone structures of the skull of the Picini indicate that there are seven outstanding characteristic of bones involved in the functional mechanistics of the jaw apparatus. In the ossa cranii, these include the frontal overhang, the postorbital process, the extension of the parietal versus the frontal region and the temporal fossa. In the ossa faciei, these include the rostral expansion of the pterygoid, the ventral palatine fossa and the orbital process of the quadrate bone. For all of the structures associated with the cranial osteology of the investigated species, there is a clear distinction between the species of the genus Picus and the other species studied. Blythipicus rubiginosus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, Reinwardtipicus validus, Gecinulus viridis and the species of the genus Dinopium exhibit additional particularities.     

Praon Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) of Southeastern Europe: key, host range and phylogenetic relationships

A review of species in the genus Praon Haliday, 1833 is presented. Twenty described species are keyed and illustrated with scanning electron micrographs and line drawings. The Praon species presented in this work have been identified from 67 aphid taxa occurring on 120 plant taxa. Furthermore, 87 original parasitoid–aphid–plant associations of the species mentioned in the key are presented. Phylogenetic relationships among Praon species are reconstructed using parsimony and cladistic distance methods. Praon abjectum is the sister taxon to the remaining Praon species. We recognized three species group: “Parapraon”, “dorsale-yomenae” and “rosaecola”. Monophyly is suggested for “Parapraon” species group and paraphyly for “dorsale-yomenae” group. Finally, by phylogenetic reconstruction, a close phylogenetic relationship between “Parapraon” and “dorsale-yomenae” species group was found.     

Three New Species of Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Venezuela

Three new species of Thraulodes from Venezuela are described. One species is known from male and female imagines, and the other two only from male imagines. With this, the known Thraulodes species for Venezuela are four. A key for the male imagines of the known species of Thraulodes from Venezuela is provided.     

Multiple interactions: An empirically suggested model

A modified version of Schoener's non-linear competition model is presented. The model describes the competitive dynamics of two species competing for a common resource. A second resource made available by species 1 for the exclusive use of species 2 is also present. This second resource is generated in an undefined way from the common resource. The presence of the exclusive resource serves to prevent the extinction of species 2 even when that species is at a great competitive disadvantage in obtaining the common resource. A feedback loop is established, dependent on the exclusive resource, making possible an increase in numbers of species 2 as the numbers of species 1 increase. This is represented as a reversal in the slope of the species 2 isocline. The behavior of the isoclines of both species is examined as certain key parameters are varied. The model is related to the results obtained from experiments involving Tribolium and Drosophila.     

A new Latuspina Monzen oak gallwasp species from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)

A new species of oak gallwasp, Latuspina manmiaoyangae sp. nov., is described in Taiwan. The species induces leaf galls on Quercus variabilis (Fagaceae). Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are given. This is the second known Latuspina species.     

Taxonomic review of Agraphydrus from Japan (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)

The Japanese species of the genus Agraphydrus are revised. Five species are recognized, including Agraphydrus ogatai sp. nov. from Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. The new species can be distinguished by the coarse ground punctures on the pronotum and elytra, and by the shape of parameres. All species except A. luteilateralis are redescribed. All species are diagnosed, relevant morphological characters are illustrated, distributional records are summarized and an updated key is provided.     

Species-pool hypothesis: Limits to its testing

The species richness of a community depends both on the pool of available species and on biotic mechanisms that lead to the exclusion of some of the species from a community. The method suggested byPärtel et al.,Oikos 75: 111–117, 1996 to test the effect of species-pool size on the species richness of a community is discussed in this paper. This method is based on the calculation of a correlation between the actual species richness of a community and the actual species-pool size, and compares the correlation found in the data with that simulated by a null model. In the null model, the species richness has a uniform distribution between zero and the size of the species pool. A correlation significantly higher than that in the null model is interpreted as evidence of the greater role of species pool than of local interactions in formation of community species richness (Zobel,Folia Geobot. 36: 3–8, 2001). It is shown that the interpretation of discrepancies between the null model and reality is difficult or impossible, because: (1) a null model with a uniform distribution of species richness is unrealistic, (2) both models based on the random selection of species from a species pool and models that include competitive interactions in the community predict a higher positive correlation of species richness and size of the species pool than the null model, and (3) local species richness might be affected by species-pool size, but a large species-pool size can also be a result of high local species richness. Caution is urged when interpreting the analyses based on the size of the filtered species-pool size.     

中国阔颈叶蝉属分类研究（同翅目：叶蝉科：缘脊叶蝉亚科）

阔颈叶蝉属现全世界已知2种,中国均有分布。本文记述1新种,新种模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

SPECIATIONAL HISTORY IN A DIVERSE CLADE OF HABITAT-SPECIALIZED SPIDERS (ARANEAE: NESTICIDAE: NESTICUS): INFERENCES FROM GEOGRAPHIC-BASED SAMPLING

This paper summarizes the results of an initial effort to reconstruct the speciational history of cave spiders (Nesticus) from the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. The Appalachian Nesticus fauna includes a large series of about 30 species distributed across islandlike cave and montane habitats. Many of the species are geographically restricted; all of the species are found in allopatry. Observed patterns of morphological variation and biogeographic evidence suggest that species diversification in this lineage may have occurred recently, perhaps in response to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. To address questions about the spatial and temporal dynamics of Nesticus speciation, while accounting for potential phylogenetic difficulties, I have gathered nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences for a sample of individuals from 81 populations representing 28 Nesticus species. Analyses of these data indicate that considerable genetic divergence exists within and among currently recognized morphological species. Consistent with relatively deep species divergences, most of which likely predate the Pleistocene, is a prevailing pattern of phylogenetic concordance between taxonomic species and monophyletic gene tree lineages. The few deviations from monophyly detected can be tentatively attributed to a peripatric mode of speciation. Although species limits as inferred by the molecular data are generally concordant with patterns of morphological continuity and discontinuity in genitalia, there is evidence to suggest that cryptic phylogenetic lineages exist within some morphologically continuous units. This observation, in combination with the general depth of species lineages, makes any argument about rapid evolution in Nesticus genitalic characteristics unnecessary.     

A new species of pelagic amphipod of the genus Lestrigonus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae) from eastern Australia

A new species of pelagic amphipod, Lestrigonus ducrayi sp. nov.,from eastern Australia, is described and illustrated. It isvery similar to Lestrigonus bengalensis Giles, 1887, but isreadily distinguished by a relatively shorter telson (aboutone-third peduncle uropod 3) and, in mature males, pereonites1–5 are fused as in females. The two species often occurtogether in the same plankton sample; the new species beingmore abundant inshore, although both species seem to preferinshore waters. A key to the species of Lestrigonus is provided.