Phytochemical Profile and Nutraceutical Value of Old and Modern Common Wheat Cultivars

Among health-promoting phytochemicals in whole grains, phenolic compounds have gained attention as they have strong antioxidant properties and can protect against many degenerative diseases. Aim of this study was to profile grain phenolic extracts of one modern and five old common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties and to evaluate their potential antiproliferative or cytoprotective effect in different cell culture systems.Wheat extracts were characterized in terms of antioxidant activity and phenolic composition (HPLC/ESI-TOF-MS profile, polyphenol and flavonoid contents). Results showed that antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH) is mostly influenced by flavonoid (both bound and free) content and by the ratio flavonoids/polyphenols. Using a leukemic cell line, HL60, and primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, the potential antiproliferative or cytoprotective effects of different wheat genotypes were evaluated in terms of intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and cell viability. All tested wheat phenolic extracts exerted dose-dependent cytoprotective and antiproliferative effects on cardiomyocytes and HL60 cells, respectively. Due to the peculiar phenolic pattern of each wheat variety, a significant genotype effect was highlighted. On the whole, the most relevant scavenging effect was found for the old variety Verna. No significant differences in terms of anti-proliferative activities among wheat genotypes was observed. Results reported in this study evidenced a correspondence between the in vitro antioxidant activity and potential healthy properties of different extracts. This suggests that an increased intake of wheat grain derived products could represent an effective strategy to achieve both chemoprevention and protection against oxidative stress related diseases.     

Antioxidant activity of wheat extracts as affected by in vitro digestion

Phenolic compounds from soft wheat and its milling fractions were extracted and their in vitro antioxidant activity evaluated. Non-hydrolyzed extracts were prepared by extracting phenolics into distilled deionized water. To make hydrolyzed extracts samples were first subjected to pH adjustments in order to simulate gastrointestinal pH conditions. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu's procedure. Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was determined using Trolox equivalents antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE). Antioxidant activity of wheat extracts was determined using the procedures of inhibition of beta-carotene bleaching, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and inhibition of oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The TPC and TAA of wheat extracts tested were significantly increased following hydrolysis. Similarly, the antioxidant activity, as determined by different procedures, was considerably increased when the samples were subjected to simulated digestion conditions.     

Effect of different conditioning treatments on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in two Sargassacean species: Comparison of the frondose Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt and the cylindrical Bifurcaria bifurcata R. Ross

The effects of different conditioning treatments (fresh, freezing, freeze‐drying, oven‐drying and greenhouse‐drying) on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of two brown algae, Sargassum muticum and Bifurcaria bifurcata, were investigated and compared. Phenolic compounds were extracted in a methanol/water (50:50) solution, and TPC was measured by the colorimetric Folin‐Ciocalteu assay. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH (2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and the β‐carotene bleaching method. The dried seaweeds showed lower phenolic contents and lower antioxidant capacities than the fresh and frozen ones, which suggests that the phenolic content and antioxidant activities are decreased by the drying treatments, especially, oven‐ and greenhouse‐drying. Relationships between TPC, antioxidant properties and conditioning treatments are discussed.     

Phenolic Compounds and Allelopathic Potential of Fermented and Unfermented Wheat and Corn Straw Extracts

Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of wheat and corn straw were determined. Germination bioassay was conducted with Abutilon theophrasti Medik. , Asclepias syriaca L., and Chenopodium album L. seed. Samples were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and changes in TPC, TFC, antioxidant, and biological activity were investigated. TPC and TFC were significant in both samples and after fermentation their recovery was improved. All samples contain mainly quercetin, cinnamic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. Fermentation changed the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, differently in each case. All tested extracts showed high DPPH activity with IC₅₀ being significantly lower for fermented samples. FRAP activity was also high. Crude straw extracts were overall more effective than fermented ones concerning inhibition of germination and seedlings growth, mainly without statistically significant differences between wheat and corn. Compared with mesotrione, extracts were more effective in germination and seedling growth inhibition of C. album and in seedling growth inhibition of A. theophrasti.     

草莓中黄酮类物质的测定以及与抗氧化活性之间的相互关系

报道草莓中黄酮类物质含量的测定方法,并比较了总抗氧化成分与抗氧化活性(DPPH,FRAP)之间的相互关系.黄酮类物质的水解随着HCl浓度和水解时间的不同发生较大的差异,结果表明,总多酚类物质和总黄酮类物质之间有很高的相关关系,总多酚类物质和总黄酮类物质对DPPH有很高的相关关系,而且总多酚类物质和总黄酮类物质对FRAP的相关关系各为r=0.958, P ＜0.05和r=0.936, P ＜0.05,从结果可以推测:草莓体现出很强的抗氧化活性,这与草莓中的总多酚类物质成分密不可分.     

Quantification of Flavonoid Compounds from Strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa) and Correlation Effects with Antioxidant Activities

The amounts of flavonoid (myricetin , quercetin and kaempferol), antioxidant contents ( total phenolic and total flavonoid) and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) were analyzed in strawberry. Quantitative analysis of conjugated flavonoid contents were obtained after different hydrolysis concentration and reaction period . The highest yields of myricetin and quercetin were found with 1.0M HCl and a reaction period of 0.5 hr, however , for kaempferol was 1.0M HCl and a reaction period of 1hr , respectively. In the study, we also estimated the correlation coefficient of TPC, TFC, DPPH and FRAP. In addition , a positive correlation was observed ( r = 0.980, P < 0.05) between TPC and TFC, TPC and TFC are correlated to the DPPH activity (r = 0.913, P < 0.05 and r = 0.899 , P < 0.05 , respectively) , and to the FRAP activity ( r = 0.958, P < 0.05 and r = 0.936, P < 0.05, respectively), respectively. These results pointed out that strawberry generally possesses a high level of antioxidant activities, which could be linked to the levels of phenolic compounds in the fruit.     

Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Saptarangi (Salacia chinensis L.) fruit pulp

Salacia chinensis L. has various beneficial properties including antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. The S. chinensis fruit pulp (SCFP) was extracted with four different solvents (Methanol, ethanol, acetone and water) and was screened for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AOA). The AOA was assessed by evaluating the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal chelating assay. Methanolic SCFP extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (3.20?±?0.12 mg GAE/g FW) whereas, ethanolic extract showed highest flavonoid content (0.31?±?0.68 mg RE/g FW). The methanolic extract possesses highest antioxidant activity towards DPPH (92.44 %), FRAP (1.939 O.D) and metal chelating activity (74.16 %). AOA (DPPH and FRAP) was significantly correlated with TPC. The results indicated that SCFP is a good natural source of antioxidant compounds for use in food and pharmaceutical industry.     

Characterization of saponins and phenolic compounds: antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase in different varieties of colored quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the contents of saponins and phenolic compounds in relation to their antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition activity of 7 colored quinoa varieties. The total saponin content was significantly different among 7 varieties and ranged from 7.51 to 12.12 mg OAE/g DW. Darker quinoa had a higher content of phenolic compounds, as well as higher flavonoids and antioxidant activity than that of light varieties. Nine individual phenolic compounds were detected in free and bound form, with gallic acid and ferulic acid representing the major compounds. The free and bound phenolic compounds (gallic acid and ferulic acid in particular) exhibited high linear correlation with their corresponding antioxidant values. In addition, the free phenolic extracts from colored quinoa exhibited higher inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase than the bound phenolic extracts. These findings imply that colored quinoa with abundant bioactive phytochemicals could be an important natural source for preparing functional food.     

Modulation of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of maize by solid state fermentation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thamnidium elegans</Emphasis> CCF 1456

Thamnidium elegans CCF 1456, a filamentous fungus, was used to enhance the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of maize via solid-state fermentation. Thamnidium fermented maize (TFM) and unfermented maize (UFM) grains were extracted with 65% ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Total phenolic content (TPC), and radical scavenging capacity — determined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and radical cations of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS^·+) found for TFM — were significantly (P < 0.05) higher on the 5^th day of incubation than that of UFM extracts. A linear correlation was observed among TPC, DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, and also among TPC and various carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes (α-amylase, β-glucosidase and xylanase), suggesting that this? strategy may help to enrich? TFM with improved phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities.     

In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants

Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of 26 species extracts from 20 botanical families grown in north-western Himalaya were investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds was also carried out by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using diode array detector (DAD). Major phenolics determined using RP-HPLC in analyzed species were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Antiradical efficiency (1/EC₅₀) determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay ranged from 0.13 to 5.46. FRAP values ranged from 8.66 to 380.9 μmol Fe(II)/g dw. Similarly, the total phenolic content in the analyzed species varied from 3.01 to 69.96 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight. Gallic acid was found in the majority of the samples, being most abundant compound in Syzygium cumini bark (92.64 mg/100 g dw). Vanillic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Picrorhiza kurroa root stolen (161.2 mg/100 g dry weight). The medicinal plants with highest antioxidant activities were Taxus baccata and Syzygium cumini. A significant positive correlation, R ²?=?0.9461 and R ²?=?0.9112 was observed between TPC determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and antiradical efficiency and FRAP values respectively, indicating that phenolic compounds are the major contributor of antioxidant activity of these medicinal plants.     

Antioxidant properties and phenolic profiling by UPLC-QTOF-MS of Ajwah,Safawy and Sukkari cultivars of date palm

Date palm (P. dactylifera) plays a vital role in ethnomedicinal practices in several parts of the world. There are over 2000 cultivars of date palm that differ in chemical composition and extent of bioactivity. The present study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant potential of three cultivars of date palm (Ajwah, Safawy and Sukkari) from Saudi Arabia and analyze their phenolic constituents in order to draw a rationale for their activity. Antioxidant activities of the date cultivars were evaluated by different quantitative methods including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and tannin content (TTC), while qualitative phenolic composition was determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadropole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). All the three date extracts showed good DPPH radical scavenging (IC₅₀ 103–177 μg/mL) and hydroxyl radical scavenging (IC₅₀ 1.1–1.55 mg/mL) activity and total antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ 87–192 μg/mL). The reducing power was also comparable to that of ascorbic acid, used as standard in above experiments. All the three samples contain significant amount of major antioxidant components (phenolic, flavonoid and tannin) that successfully correlates with the results of radical scavenging assays. UPLC-QTOF-MS revealed a total of 22 compounds in these date cultivars classified into common phenolics, flavonoids, sterols and phytoestrogens. Significant variation in the degree of antioxidant activity of these three date cultivars can be attributed to the difference in the content and composition of phenolic compounds.     

Antioxidant content of oil and defatted meal obtained from borage seeds by an enzymatic-aided cold pressing process

Polyphenols content (as catechin equivalents) and tocopherol content were determined in borage defatted meal and borage oil, respectively. In addition, antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from borage defatted meal was evaluated. A cold pressing process was used for the extraction of Borago officinalis oil, resulting in a defatted meal (by-product). Polyphenols from this defatted borage meal were extracted using several solvents. An extract containing highly soluble solids and phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity (as free radical-scavenging, DPPH) was obtained when methanol was used. The tocopherol content was higher in oil extracted by cold pressing than in oil extracted with petroleum ether as organic solvent. An enzymatic treatment was applied (45 °C, 20% moisture, 0.25% E/S ratio, 1:1 Olivex:Celluclast enzymatic mixture) previously to borage oil extraction, which improved the antioxidant content in the borage defatted meal by three-folds, as compared to the values obtained by a nonenzyme-aided process.     

加工因素对橄榄叶提取物抗氧化活性的影响

研究在橄榄叶加工过程中,加工因素对橄榄叶提取物中抗氧化活性的影响,这些因素包括:(1)干燥方式(微波炉干燥,烘箱干燥,低温冷冻干燥和熏蒸及烘箱结合干燥);(2)提取方式(超声波提取和搅拌式提取);(3)提取溶剂的酸度(pH 4、7、10).实验将总多酚含量和清除自由基活性作为衡量提取物抗氧化有效成分和活性的指标.研究结果表明,通过低温冷冻干燥、调节pH至4和采用超声波提取的方式,橄榄叶提取物中的抗氧化有效成分最多.本研究对橄榄叶等天然植物中抗氧化成分提取工艺的制定具有参考价值.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of olive wastewater for hydroxytyrosol enrichment

Aspergillus niger broth culture on wheat bran was assessed for olive wastewater (OW) hydrolysis in order to release hydroxytyrosol (HT). The enzyme profiles of this culture broth gave essentially (IU/L): 3000 β-glucosidase and 100 esterase. Hydrolysis activity of A. niger enzyme preparation was evaluated by using three substrates: raw OW, phenolic fraction extracted from OW by ethyl acetate and its corresponding exhausted fraction. Large amounts of free simple phenolics were released from exhausted fraction and raw OW after enzymatic treatment. HPLC analyses show that HT was the main phenolic compound. One step of ethyl acetate extraction of hydrolysed OW allowed the recovery of 0.8 g of HT per litre of OW. The antioxidant activity of extracts from OW and exhausted fraction, measured by DPPH method, was drastically enhanced after hydrolysis treatment. This study demonstrates that hydrolysed OW is a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds with promising applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of O-Methylated Emodacidamides: Starting from Parietin,a Secondary Metabolite of Lichen Xanthoria parietina

Polyhydroxy-anthraquinones bearing amino acids are found rather seldom in nature. Emodacidamides, isolated from a marine-derived fungus, Penicillium sp. SCSIO sof101 by Luo et al. (2017) are the first natural example of amino acid conjugated anthraquinone. In this study, O-methylated emodacidamides and emodinic acid-anilides were synthesized starting from parietin, extracted from the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. The structural elucidations of prepared compounds were confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR analyses including HSQC and HMBC techniques. In addition, all newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for the antioxidant activities with free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging. The synthesized compounds showed low to moderate antioxidant and DPPH scavenging activities. The antioxidant activities were supported within quantum chemical calculations using the DFT−B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. It is observed that the antioxidant activity of emodacidamides mostly depends on the phenolic groups on anthraquinone ring. The phenolic groups on other substituents help to improve antioxidant activity and also the position of hydroxy group is a decisive factor for antioxidant ability.     

Salt stress enhanced antioxidant response in callus of three halophytes (Salsola baryosma, Trianthema triquetra, Zygophyllum simplex) of Thar Desert

Effects of salinity on growth, protein content, proline, catalase and antioxidant enzyme activity in callus of three halophytes of the Thar Desert; Salsola baryosma, Trianthema triquetra and Zygophyllum simplex were evaluated. Callus tissues were cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing different concentrations of NaCl (50, 100 and 200 mM). Increase in dry weight and soluble proteins were observed in the callus exposed to lower salinity (50 and 100 mM NaCl) in all the three species, whereas on the medium containing 200 mM NaCl, significant decrease in these two growth parameters was recorded. Under the salinity stress maximum proline accumulation was found in S. baryosma with parallel increase in soluble sugars. Among the three species, T. triquetra callus showed maximum CAT activity with 50 and 100 mM NaCl treatment, whereas the enzyme activity decreased at 200 mM NaCl treatment in all three species. The antioxidant potential steadily elevated under salt treatment in all the above three species using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. Whereas, superoxide dismutase (SOD) quenching were recorded maximum at low (50 and 100 mM) concentrations in all the three species. However, T. triquetra callus showed maximum total phenolic content (TPC) 15 mg GAE g^?1 with the elevated concentration of NaCl up to 200 mM, and S. baryosma callus showed lower TPC as compared to both species. A significant correlation between antioxidant capacity and TPC was observed indicating that phenolic compounds are the major contributors to the antioxidant potential in these halophyte species. FRAP and DPPH activity of Z. simplex showed maximum correlation (R = 0.992), as compared to other two species. We can conclude that all the three species exhibit a protection mechanism by sustaining growth parameters and antioxidant capacity. Due to high antioxidant property of all these species, the plant extracts may be included in nutraceutical formulations.     

低海拔地区黑苦荞酚类物质含量、组成及抗氧化活性研究

为探究黑苦荞的市场利用价值,该研究选择种植于湖北江汉平原低海拔地区的川荞1号和九江苦荞作为材料,分析苦荞籽粒中游离酚、结合酚、总酚、游离黄酮、结合黄酮和总黄酮的含量,利用DPPH自由基法、ABTS自由基法和铁离子还原抗氧化法(FRAP)三种抗氧化测试模型综合评价其体外抗氧化活性,并运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对其酚类物质的组成进行鉴定。结果表明:(1)川荞1号籽粒的总酚和总黄酮含量显著高于九江苦荞,分别为27.38 mg GAE·g^-1DW、31.46 mg RE·g^-1DW和12.71 mg GAE·g^-1DW、14.68 mg RE·g^-1DW;其中游离酚与游离黄酮含量显著高于结合酚与结合黄酮含量,均占总酚和总黄酮含量的79%以上,且九江苦荞中结合酚和结合黄酮的含量高于川荞1号。(2)苦荞籽粒中酚类物质主要由芦丁、槲皮素、表儿茶素、山奈酚、山奈酚-3-芸香糖苷和槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷-3’-O-吡喃葡萄糖苷等黄酮类化合物组成,其中游离酚以芦丁和槲皮素为主,结合酚以表儿茶素和芦丁为主。(3)...     

Variation in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in apple seeds of seven cultivars

Polyphenols are the predominant ingredients in apple seeds. However, few data are available on the phenolic profile or antioxidant activity in apple seeds in previous researches. In this study, low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in seeds, peels, and flesh of seven apple cultivars grown in northwest China were measured and analyzed using HPLC and FRAP, DPPH, ABTS assays, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed phloridzin as the dominant phenolic compound in the seeds with its contents being 240.45–864.42 mg/100 gDW. Total phenolic content (TPC) measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay in apple seed extracts of seven cultivars ranged from 5.74 (Golden Delicious) to 17.44 (Honeycrisp) mgGAE/gDW. Apple seeds showed higher antioxidant activity than peels or flesh; antioxidant activity in seeds varied from 57.59 to 397.70 μM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g FW for FRAP, from 37.56 to 64.31 μM TE/g FW for DPPH, and from 220.52 to 708.02 μM TE/g FW for ABTS. TPC in apple seeds was significantly correlated with all three assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Honeycrisp was characterized with high contents of total polyphenols and phloridzin. Our findings suggest that phenolic extracts from apple seeds have good commercial potential as a promising antioxidant for use in food or cosmetics.     

In vitro evaluation of phenolic and osmolite compounds,ionic content,and antioxidant activity in safflower (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carthamus tinctorius</Emphasis> L.) under salinity stress

Carthamus tinctorius L., rich in antioxidant compounds, is a herbal medicine. Biochemical mechanisms of adaptation to salinity stress in safflower are still poorly understood at the cellular level. For this purpose, callus cultures of four different genotypes of safflower were used in this study to evaluate changes in their biochemical (ionic content, proline, and glycine betaine), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFD), antioxidant responses (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH assay and carotenoid content), and lipid peroxidation (malon dialdehyde content: MDA) under salinity stress. The calluses derived from hypocotyls were exposed to in vitro salt stress at different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM). A reducing trend was observed in K⁺ and carotenoid reserves of the calluses with increasing NaCl concentration while an increasing trend was observed in Na⁺ content, proline, MDA, TPC, TFD, and DPPH activity under the same conditions. Callus glycine betaine content was found to decrease in the medium containing 100 mM NaCl but increased beyond this concentration up to 300 mM NaCl. Positive and significant correlations were recognized between DPPH and total phenolics as well as DPPH and total flavonoid contents, demonstrating that phenolics are the main contributors to the potential antioxidant activity of safflower at the cellular level. Overall, the salt-tolerant genotypes of Mex.2-137 and Mex.2-138 were found capable of being processed for the production of secondary metabolites via NaCl elicitation.