九孔鲍四倍体诱导的研究

采用二倍体鲍卵子,抑制其第一极体、抑制其第一极体和第二极体诱导四倍体,用三倍体鲍卵子与普通鲍精子受精并抑制其第一极体,以及用三倍体鲍的其它方法诱导四倍体。用倍体分析仪检测DNA相对含量以判别其倍性。实验结果,先后共培育出存活的四倍体鲍239个,个体大小为2.5～6.0cm;挑选性腺发育较好的四倍体鲍(包括雌雄),与普通鲍杂交繁育三倍体,先后共培育出10批次,培育出的苗量共计15.8万个。     

三种遗传背景的单体牡蛎在两种养殖环境中的生长比较

以杂交三倍体牡蛎、二倍体太平洋牡蛎、三倍体太平洋牡蛎为材料,比较其在池塘和水沟两种不同环境下养殖6个月后的壳高、壳长、壳宽、总重和死亡率。结果表明:水沟中养殖的三种单体牡蛎壳高、壳长、壳宽和总重均显著高于池塘中养殖的相同牡蛎(p0.05)。在同一养殖环境下,水沟组中杂交三倍体牡蛎的壳高、壳长、壳宽和总重则显著高于其余两种单体牡蛎(p0.05),而池塘组的三种单体牡蛎的壳高、壳长、壳宽和总重均无显著差异,且池塘组三种牡蛎的死亡率均高于相应的水沟组。因而,水沟比池塘环境更适合三种牡蛎的生长,而且杂交三倍体牡蛎比二倍体太平洋牡蛎、三倍体太平洋牡蛎生长更快。     

黄姑鱼三倍体的诱导、鉴定及其性腺发育特征

研究采用冷休克方法诱导黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)三倍体并进行鉴定,进一步采用组织学和生殖相关基因表达分析比较了三倍体黄姑鱼的性腺发育特征。研究结果表明:(1)在受精后2.5min以3℃进行10min的冷休克处理,冷休克处理组的受精率和孵化率分别为(70.31±4.49)%和(21.5±6.63)%,其受精率和孵化率显著低于二倍体对照组;(2)经流式细胞仪倍性检测和染色体核型分析发现,三倍体的DNA含量为二倍体的1.5倍,染色体数目为72条,而二倍体的染色体数目为48条,三倍体的比例为100%;(3)三倍体的生殖腺指数显著低于二倍体,进一步通过组织切片观察发现三倍体的精巢和卵巢发育较二倍体滞后,在12月龄时,二倍体精巢和卵巢处于Ⅴ期,而三倍体精巢和卵巢分别处于Ⅲ期和Ⅰ期;(4)三倍体精巢的dmrt1和vasa基因及三倍体卵巢的cyp19a基因表达量均显著低于二倍体(P<0.05);三倍体卵巢的vasa基因表达量也比二倍体低(P>0.05)。综上结果表明:研究通过冷休克处理成功诱导了黄姑鱼三倍体;三倍体的性腺发育较二倍体滞后,育性明显降低。     

乌鳢三倍体诱导及其生长

采用热休克抑制第二极体排放的方法诱导乌鳢(Channa argus)三倍体,以探索人工诱导乌鳢三倍体的理想热休克条件。采用DNA含量测定法和红细胞核大小鉴定法对获得的鱼苗倍性进行鉴定,同时对普通二倍体乌鳢群体与三倍体群体的生长差异进行了比较研究。结果表明,(1)热休克法适宜诱导条件为,(28±0.5)℃培育水温授精后4 min,在水温42℃条件下持续处理3 min,三倍体诱导率最高,达到87.69%;(2)三倍体与二倍体DNA含量差异极显著(P0.01),其比值为1.50︰1.00;(3)三倍体和二倍体在红细胞核长径、红细胞核体积、红细胞核面积等6项指标上存在极显著差异(P0.01);与二倍体相比,三倍体红细胞体积和核体积分别是其1.69倍和1.60倍;(4)在4月龄与8月龄,三倍体的体长和体重比二倍体稍高,但两者差异不显著(P0.05)。本实验结果为进一步开展乌鳢倍性育种奠定了基础。     

不同倍性鱼垂体细胞和超微结构比较

对繁殖季节和繁殖季节后的二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、三倍体湘云鲫以及四倍体鲫鲤脑垂体细胞的显微和超微结构以及组织化学特性进行了比较研究. 结果表明, 3种鱼脑垂体中都存在6种不同类型分泌细胞, 但是不同倍性鱼的垂体细胞大小存在明显差异, 就同一类细胞体积而言, 四倍体鱼垂体细胞大于三倍体垂体细胞, 三倍体垂体细胞大于二倍体垂体细胞. 在繁殖季节, 四倍体鲫鲤中腺垂体的GTH细胞所占比例最大, 其次是二倍体红鲫, 最少的是三倍体湘云鲫, 该现象与四倍体鲫鲤的性腺发育提前、三倍体湘云鲫不育有关联; 另一方面, 三倍体湘云鲫中腺垂体中STH细胞所占比例最高, 其次是二倍体, 最少的是四倍体鲫鲤, 这与三倍体湘云鲫生长速度最快、四倍体鲫鲤生长速度相对缓慢有关. 另外, 三倍体湘云鲫中腺垂体GTH细胞中的分泌颗粒和分泌小球在繁殖季节没有大量排出, 而四倍体鲫鲤和二倍体红鲫明显有大量排出, 说明三倍体湘云鲫的不育性与GTH中的激素不排出有关. 以上结果说明, 不同倍性鱼类在垂体结构方面表现出的差异与它们的生长速度、性腺发育等方面具有关联性.     

问：无籽西瓜绝对不育吗？

问：无籽西瓜绝对不育吗？答：人们食用的普通西瓜为二倍体（Ｚｎ＝２２）有籽西瓜。无籽西瓜为同源三倍体（３ｎ＝３３）,它是由四倍体母本（用一定浓度的秋水仙素溶液处理二倍体西瓜幼苗而获得的）接受二倍体父本花粉而培育出来的三倍体种子所结的果实。所谓无籽西瓜,...     

不同倍性鲫鲤鱼Dmc1基因cDNA的克隆 及其表达分析

酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.     

不同倍性鲫鲤鱼Dmc1基因cDNA的克隆 及其表达分析

酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育后代及其亲本RAPD分析

异源四倍体鲫鲤是湖南师范大学鱼类发育生物学实验室和湖南湘阴县东湖渔场在红鲫(♀)和湘江野鲤(♂)的杂交后代中选育出来的四倍体鱼,目前已连续繁殖14代(F3-F16),已形成一个四倍体性能代代相传、遗传性状稳定的四倍体鱼群体,这是世界上唯一人工培育的两性可育的异源四倍体鱼[1—2]。利用四倍体鱼与二倍体白鲫、二倍体鲤鱼杂交,可获得生长快、肉质鲜美、抗病力强等优良性状的不育三倍体湘云鲫、三倍体湘云鲤[3],并已在全国28个省市推广养殖,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。异源四倍体鲫鲤雌性个体产生的二倍体卵子具有两套染色体,在没有染色…     

用流式细胞仪检测大黄鱼三倍体

通过对大黄鱼二倍体和三倍体的倍性分析,建立流式细胞仪检测三倍体的方法。大黄鱼受精卵经三倍体诱导处理后,胚胎期进行染色体滴片证实在处理组中有三倍体细胞存在。接着对该组胚胎进行育苗,获得1￣3cm的鱼苗,用流式细胞仪进行检测。以二倍体大黄鱼的肌肉组织或血液细胞DNA含量的峰值道数作为对照,用同样的方法取样处理、上机、测定处理组样本个体细胞的DNA含量的峰值道数。如果处理组个体细胞的DNA含量的峰值道数是二倍体组的1.5±0.1倍,则认为该个体为三倍体。实验结果经冷休克或静水压诱导处理的样本共检测182个,三倍体检出率为12.09%,其中有一组检出率高达55.56%。     

产琼胶酶菌株的筛选及其胞内外酶活的测定

本研究从江蓠、九孔成鲍和硅藻中分离筛选到8株产琼胶酶细菌,测定了它们胞内外琼胶酶的活性。结果表明,不论是胞内酶还是胞外酶,菌株JK333均具有最大的酶活。为对该菌株有更好的了解,我们运用API条带法对它进行了鉴定,结果证明它为Aeromonas trota（温和气单胞菌）。本工作的开展为构建琼胶酶高产工程菌,进而用于海藻资源的深加工及高值化生产提供了基础。     

Vibrio neonatus sp. nov. and Vibrio ezurae sp. nov. isolated from the gut of Japanese abalones

Five alginolytic, facultative anaerobic, non-motile bacteria were isolated from the gut of Japanese abalones (Haliotis discus discus, H. diversicolor diversicolor and H. diversicolor aquatilis). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and gap gene sequences indicated that these strains are closely related to V. halioticoli. DNA-DNA hybridizations, FAFLP fingerprintings, and phylogenies of gap and 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the five strains represent two species different from all currently described vibrios. The names Vibrio neonatus sp. nov. (IAM 15060T = LMG 19973T = HDD3-1T; mol% G+C of DNA is 42.1-43.9), and Vibrio ezurae sp. nov. (IAM 15061T = LMG 19970T = HDS1-1T; mol% G+C of DNA is 43.6-44.8) are proposed to encompass these new taxa. The two new species can be differentiated from V. halioticoli on the basis of several features, including beta-galactosidase activity, assimilation of glycerol, D-mannose and D-gluconate.     

Coiled Filamentous Structure in the Sperm Acrosome of Gastropoda, Sulculus aquatilis and Turbo cornutus

A helically coiled filamentous structure, termed the truncated cone originally identified in Haliotis discus , was demonstrated to exist in the apex of the acrosome subjacent to the outer acrosomal membrane of the sperm in two species of Gastropoda, Sulculus aquatilis and Turbo cornutus . Thin section and whole mount preparations revealed that in intact sperm this filamentous structure consisted of about 12 helically arranged filaments with a diameter of 10–12 nm which were tightly packed in a truncated shape. This truncated cone elongated anteriorly from the acrosomal opening and transformed into a cylinder which closely surrounds the acrosomal process during the acrosome reaction. In S. aquatilis and T. cornutus , the truncated cone elongated more than 3 and 1.5 times as long as the original height, respectively. The elongated truncated cone was characterized by striations with increase in its periodic spacing and inclinations in thin sections. The truncated cone in both the species was fundamentally analogous to that of Haliotis discus , further suggesting that the truncated cone plays a role in fertilization as a common cytoskeletal structure among the species of Gastropoda.     

Development and characterization of 60 microsatellite markers in the abalone Haliotis diversicolor

The abalone, Haliotis diversicolor, is one of the most important mariculture species in southern China. We developed 60 new polymorphic microsatellite markers for H. diversicolor and characterized them in 30 individuals from a cultured population in Sanya, China. All 60 markers were found to be polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged from two to nine per locus, with an average of 4.12/locus. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.10 to 0.88 and from 0.07 to 0.87, respectively. Forty-four loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These 44 microsatellite markers should be useful for genome mapping and population genetic studies.     

Shell of abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta can eliminate waterborne zinc biokinetically

Dietary and nondietary accumulation of waterborne zinc (Zn) by shell of abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta was studied to determine if abalone shell can accumulate and eliminate Zn biokinetically. Shell of H. diversicolor supertexta rapidly accumulated Zn at microgram per gram concentrations during a 7-d uptake period for dietary and nondietary exposure to 1 microgml(-1) Zn seawater. Depuration half-lives were 7.22 and 15.40 d for dietary and nondietary exposure, respectively. The uptake rate constants were 5.12 and 4.84 ml g(-1)d(-1), respectively, for dietary and nondietary exposure. The depuration rate constants were 0.048 and 0.10 d(-1), respectively for dietary and nondietary exposure. Results from this study showed that the shell of H. diversicolor supertexta accumulated Zn and that it reflected the composition of the seawater in which the abalone lived. This suggested that the shell of H. diversicolor supertexta can be used as a bioindicator or can act as a receptor to biokinetically eliminate heavy metals from aquatic food webs.     

Development of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)

Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci for Haliotis diversicolor were isolated and characterized from (CT)(n) - and (AC)(n) -enriched library. They were tested in 24 individuals from a natural population. All of them were polymorphic, with the number of alleles varying between three and 10. The observed heterozygosities and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.083 to 0.913 and from 0.159 to 0.856, respectively. The 11 isolated microsatellite loci, except SA-JMU6 and SA-JMU12, followed Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Seven sets of primers also amplify in closely related species, H. ovina and H. asinine. These 11 polymorphic microsatellites will be useful for analysing the population structure and genetic diversity in H. diversicolor.     

Development of a Monoclonal Antibody Detection Assay for Species-Specific Identification of Abalone

Species identification based on biochemical and molecular techniques has a broad range of applications. These include compliance enforcement, the management and conservation of marine organisms, and commercial quality control. Abalone poaching worldwide and illegal trade in abalone products have increased mainly because of the attractive prices obtained and caused a sharp decline in stocks. Alleged poachers have been acquitted because of lack of evidence to correctly identify species. Therefore, a robust method is required that would identify tissue of abalone origin to species level. The aim of this study was to develop immunologic techniques, using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, to identify 10 different abalone species and subspecies from South Africa, the United States, Australia, and Japan. The combination of 3 developed monoclonal antibodies to South African abalone (Haliotis midae) enabled differentiation between most of the 10 species including the subspecies H. diversicolor supertexta and H. diversicolor diversicolor. In a novel approach, using antibodies of patients with allergy to abalone, the differentiation of additional subspecies, H. discus discus and H. discus hannai, was possible. A field-based immunoassay was developed to identify confiscated tissue of abalone origin.     

九孔鲍卵子发生及卵巢发育的组织学观察

采用组织学方法研究了九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)的卵子发生、卵巢结构及其发育.根据卵细胞的大小、形状,核仁的形态,卵黄颗粒的积累情况,滤泡的结构等.将九孔鲍卵子的发生分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前的卵母细胞和卵黄发生期的卵母细胞3个时期;卵巢壁由外膜及内生殖上皮构成,生殖上皮分化产生卵原细胞和滤泡细胞;卵巢的结构单位是滤泡.根据卵巢的外部形态和内部组织结构,将九孔鲍的卵巢发育分为休止期、增殖期、生长期、成熟期和排放期共5期.     

细菌攻毒杂色鲍血淋巴细胞抑制性差减杂交文库构建及巨噬细胞表达蛋白cDNA的克隆与差异表达

以雌性杂色鲍为对象, 以大肠杆菌、副溶血弧菌、溶壁微球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的混悬液做为攻毒菌, 利用抑制性差减杂交(SSH)技术构建细菌攻毒的杂色鲍血淋巴细胞SSH cDNA文库。随机挑取生长菌落110个克隆子, 进行菌液PCR鉴定, 计算文库重组率为98.18%, 文库容量为1.37×106 pfu。将重组子测序, 经BLAST一致性搜索比对分析, 有一重组片段含有穿孔素(Perforin)保守结构域, 为巨噬细胞表达蛋白(MEP)类穿孔素部分cDNA序列, 片段大小为1 551 bp, 连续编码517个氨基酸残基, 申请GenBank登录号为EU272049。经半定量PCR和荧光定量PCR差异显示分析, 发现在细菌感染状态下MEP基因在血淋巴细胞中存在明显的上调表达现象。