大蒜素对全脑缺血侑灌注诱导的海马神经元凋亡的影响

的：观察大蒜素对全脑缺血／再灌注诱导的海马神经元凋亡的影响：方法：采用大鼠全脑缺血／再灌注模型;应用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳、透射电镜和流式细胞仪检测海马神经元凋亡情况结果：缺血／再灌注大鼠海马DNA电泳呈现细胞凋亡特有的“梯状条带”,大蒜素预处理组未出现“梯状条带”;透射电镜观察到缺血／再灌注海马部分神经元超微结构呈现明显的凋亡特征,大蒜素预处理可改善神经元超微结构;缺血／再灌注海马神经元凋亡率较假手术组明显增加,大蒜素预处理可明显降低缺血／再灌注大鼠海马神经元凋亡率,结论：大蒜素可抑制全脑缺血／再灌注诱导的海马神经元凋亡、     

白细胞介素对大鼠海马培养神经元膜电特性的影响

用细胞内微电极记录方法研究了重组人白细胞介素－１β（ｒｈＩＬ－１β）和重组人白细胞介素－２（ｒｈｉＬ－２）对分散培养的新生大鼠海马神经元膜电性质的影响。采用压力脉冲微量给药技术将白介素施加于所记录的细胞表面。结果发现：１００Ｕ／ｍｌ浓度的ｒｈＩＬ－１β使受作用的海马神经元超极化４．２０±１．８６ｍＶ;１００Ｕ／ｍｌ浓度的ｒｈＩＬ－２使５０％受作用的海马神经元去极化１１．１２±３．７１ｍＶ,并伴有强烈的自发放电反应,而１０００Ｕ／ｍｌ浓度的ｒｈＩＬ－２使１００％受作用的神经元超极化３．２５±０．６３ｍＶ,这些神经元的膜阻抗均无明显变化。本实验结果提示ｒｈＩＬ－１β和ｒｈＩＬ－２可显著影响体外培养海马神经元的膜兴奋性。     

脑缺血／再灌流选择性CA1区损害对海马θ节律的影响

本实验观察了乌拉坦浅麻醉下的大鼠海马不同部位在脑缺血／再灌流所致的选择性ＣＡ１区损害前后θ节律的变化,以及海马部位的组织病理改变。结果发现在缺血前和对照组,单侧海马慢性植入电极记录到的同侧海马浅θ波和深１－θ波位相一致,且与深２－θ波位相相反。深２－θ暂时消失时,浅θ和深１－θ仍可正常存在;浅θ和深１－θ消失时,深２－θ亦可存在。双侧海马电活动记录组,观察到的浅θ和对侧的深２－θ波无恒定位相关系。前脑缺血２０ｍｉｎ,再灌流１２ｈ内,海马各部θ节律可逐渐恢复至缺血前水平。２４ｈ后,波幅再次明显降低,而位相关系无变化。４８ｈ后,光镜下可见ＣＡ１区神经元发生损害;海马其余部位及隔区神经元无明显病理改变。实验结果提示：海马浅θ和深１－θ具同一发生器,深２－θ为另一发生器产生。ＣＡ１区神经元功能结构的完整,对于海马各部θ节律的维持起着重要作用。脑缺血／再灌流后海马θ节律的变化反映ＣＡ１区神经元受到损害。     

低氧预处理对大鼠海巴神经元缺氧耐受性和IL—1β表达 …

目的：观察低氧预处理对大鼠海巴神经元缺氧耐受性和白细胞介素－１β（ＩＬ－１β）表达的影响。方法：取培养１２ｄ的两组（对照组和低氧预处理组）培养神经元,同时置于缺氧环境（０．９Ｌ／ＬＮ２,０．１Ｌ／ＬＣＯ２）中培养２、４、８和１２ｈ。分别观察它们的形态变化和神经元存活数,并用抗ｒｈＩＬ－１β单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,观察缺氧对大鼠海马培养神经元ＩＬ－１β表达的影响。结果：经低氧预处理的海马神经     

NO前体和供体对大鼠海马脑片神经元活动的影响

应用细胞记录单位放电技术,在大鼠海马脑片上观察了左旋精氨酸,Ｎ－硝在左旋精氨酸,ＳＩＮ－１,及亚甲基蓝对ＣＡ１区神经元自发放电的影响,旨在了解左旋精氨酸;ＮＯ通路在海马放电中的作用及其可能的机制。实验结果如下：１．用Ｌ－ａｒｇ（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）灌流海马脑片２ｍｉｎ,在５４个放电单位中有４２个单位放电频率降低,１２个单位无明显反应。     

癫痫大鼠大脑皮质及海马神经元NOS的变化

给大白鼠侧脑室注射马桑内酯（Ｃｏｒｉａｒｉａ Ｌａｃｔｏｎｅ, ＣＬ）（１７５×１０－ ２ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ２μｌ）后可诱发癫痫,用ＮＡＤＰＨｄ 组织化学方法观察大脑皮质及海马ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的变化, 结果： 大脑皮质ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目逐渐增加, 至２ｈ 达高峰, 与生理盐水组相比差异具有非常显著性意义（Ｐ＜ ００１）, 随着ＣＬ作用时间延长ＮＯＳ反应由弱变强;海马区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元２ｈ 时才出现染色明显加深。对体外培养的大脑皮质及海马神经元用ＣＬ （２５×１０－ ５ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ） 作用１／２ｈ、１ｈ、２ｈ、４ｈ 后ＮＯＳ阳性神经元均未见明显增加。     

金属硫蛋白-ⅢmRNA表达与神经元缺血性损伤的关系

目的：探讨大鼠前脑缺血／再灌注后海马结构MT-ⅢmRNA表达变化规律及其与神经元缺血性损伤之间的关系。方法：建立前脑缺血／再灌注模型,用原住杂交法检测海马结构MT-ⅢmRNA表达,并观察缺血后各时相点海马神经元的病理变化。结果：①前脑缺血／再灌注后72h海马CAl区开始出现神经元变性,96h更为明显,7d时CAl区神经元多已坏死;②前脑缺血／再灌注后海马CAl区锥体细胞和齿状回颗粒细胞内MT-ⅢmRNA表达逐渐增加,96h达高峰,7d又降低至缺血前水平。结论：前脑缺血／再灌注后,海马神经元MT—ⅢmRNA表达增加,可能对神经元缺血性损伤产生影响。     

一氧化氮对谷氨酸诱发的大鼠海马脑片CA1区神经元活动的抑制

用细胞外记录单位放电技术,在大鼠海马脑片上观察了Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－ａｒｇ）、Ｎ－硝基Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）及ＳＩＮ－１对谷氨酸（ｇｌｕｔａｍａｔｅ,Ｇｌｕ）诱导的ＣＡ１区神经元放电的影响。旨在了解Ｌ－精氨酸：ＮＯ通路在谷氨酸诱发的海马放电中的作用及其可能的机制。结果如下：（１）用ＧｌＵ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）灌流海马脑片１ｍｉｎ,１２个放电单位放电频率明显增加,表现为癫痫样放电;（２）海马脑片２ｍｉ     

β-淀粉样肽诱导小胶质细胞培养上清致海马神经元损伤模型的建立

目的：建立β淀粉样肽（Aβ1-40）诱导激活小胶质细胞的上清致海马神经元损伤的细胞模型,并初步研究神经元损伤的机制。方法：用不同浓度的可溶性Aβ1-40诱导激活小胶质细胞,光镜下观察不同时间点的细胞形态,ELISA检测其分泌的肿瘤坏死因子仪;用激活后的小胶质细胞条件培养基刺激海马神经元,光镜下观察细胞形态,Western blot检测刺激后海马神经元内诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和硝基酪氨酸（NT）的表达水平,ELISA检测海马神经元内胱冬蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）活性来评价神经元的损伤程度。结果：终浓度为10μmol／L的Aβ1-40与小胶质细胞孵育24h后,取上清液加到培养的海马神经元,孵育24-72h,海马神经元较对照组形态有明显变化;经Western blot检测,神经元内iNOS、NT表达明显增加;ELISA检测神经元内caspase-3活性明显增高。结论：小胶质细胞被Aβ1-40激活后,其释放物有明显的致神经元损伤效应,表明建立了神经元损伤模型。     

腺苷抑制海马神经元自发放电和谷氨酸所致癫痫样放电

应用细胞外记录单位放电技术,在大鼠海马脑片上观察腺苷（ａｄｃｎｏｓｉｎｅ,Ａｄｏ）对ＣＡ１区神经元自发和谷氨酸所致癫痫样放电的影响。实验结果如下：⑴２０个海刀ＣＡ１神经元在给予Ａｄｏ（０．０１－０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）时自发放电频率降低,且呈明显的剂量依赖性;⑵在２２个ＣＡ１单位,应用腺苷受体非选择性拮抗剂８－苯茶碱（８－ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－ｔｈｅｏｐｈｙｌｌｉｎｅ,８－ＰＴ,０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和腺苷Ａ１     

Effects of interleukin-10 on the epileptiform activity development in the hippocampus induced by brief hypoxia, bicuculline and electrical kindling

The comparative effects of antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 on the epileptiform activity development in CA1 hippocampal neurons were studied in different functional models of epileptogenesis that are not accompanied the visible morphological disturbances in the brain cells: --in vitro hypoxic model in the rat hippocampal slices; 2--in vitro disinhibitory model with using GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, in the rat hippocampal slices; 3--partial hippocampal kindling model in freely moving rats. Interleukin-10 (1 ng/ml) depressed the posthypoxic hyperexcitability in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal slices through a decrease of the effectiveness of hypoxia to depresses the functional neuronal activity in the rat hippocampal slices during hypoxic episode. On the other hand, interleukin-10 (1 ng/ml) did not affect an initiation of epileptiform activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal slices induced by bicuculline. Interleukin-10 (1 ng/5 microl) applied to the dorsal hippocampus in awake rats depressed an initiation of focal seizures ("ictal"-like components of afterdischarges) induced by hippocampal kindling during the first six hours after an application. However, this cytokine did not affect neither the duration of "interictal"-like component of afterdischarges nor motor seizure development. Thus, our findings showed that antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, in addition to its antihypoxic action, exert the neuroprotective effect on the initiation of "ictal"-like, but not "interictal"-like, epileptiform discharges.     

P301L tau expression affects glutamate release and clearance in the hippocampal trisynaptic pathway

Individuals at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) often exhibit hippocampal hyperexcitability. A growing body of evidence suggests that perturbations in the glutamatergic tripartite synapse may underlie this hyperexcitability. Here, we used a tau mouse model of AD (rTg(TauP301L)4510) to examine the effects of tau pathology on hippocampal glutamate regulation. We found a 40% increase in hippocampal vesicular glutamate transporter, which packages glutamate into vesicles, and has previously been shown to influence glutamate release, and a 40% decrease in hippocampal glutamate transporter 1, the major glutamate transporter responsible for removing glutamate from the extracellular space. To determine whether these alterations affected glutamate regulation in vivo, we measured tonic glutamate levels, potassium‐evoked glutamate release, and glutamate uptake/clearance in the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 3(CA3), and cornu ammonis 1(CA1) regions of the hippocampus. P301L tau expression resulted in a 4‐ and 7‐fold increase in potassium‐evoked glutamate release in the dentate gyrus and CA3, respectively, and significantly decreased glutamate clearance in all three regions. Both release and clearance correlated with memory performance in the hippocampal‐dependent Barnes maze task. Alterations in mice expressing P301L were observed at a time when tau pathology was subtle and before readily detectable neuron loss. These data suggest novel mechanisms by which tau may mediate hyperexcitability.

     

钩藤对致痫大鼠海马脑片诱发场电位的影响

目的研究钩藤对癫痫模型海马脑片诱发场电位的影响。方法以毛果芸香碱致痫大鼠为实验对象,采用脑片旁滴注给药,用细胞外玻璃微电极记录方法,观察钩藤对癫痫模型离体海马脑片CA1区锥体细胞诱发群锋电位（populationspike,PS）的影响。结果给予钩藤后使致痫大鼠海马脑片PS幅度平均降低27.64％,平均8.71min恢复(n=14,P<0.01)。结论钩藤能降低致痫大鼠海马脑片CA1区顺向诱发PS幅度,提示钩藤对中枢神经系统的突触传递过程有明显的抑制效应,具有抗癫痫作用。     

Novel adenosine receptors in rat hippocampus. Identification and characterization

2-Chloro[3H]adenosine, a stable analog of adenosine, was used to investigate the presence of adenosine receptors in rat hippocampal membranes that may mediate the depressant effects of adenosine on synaptic transmission in this tissue. Equilibrium binding studies reveal the presence of a previously undescribed class of receptors with a KD of 4.7 microM and a Bmax of 130 pmol/mg of protein. Binding is sensitive to alkylxanthines and to a number of adenosine-related compounds. The pharmacological properties of this binding site are distinct from those of the A1 and A2 adenosine receptors associated with adenylate cyclase. The results suggest that this adenosine binding site is a novel central purinergic receptor through which adenosine may regulate hippocampal excitability.     

Daphnetin protects hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation–induced injury

Daphnetin, a coumarin derivative extracted from Daphne odora var., was reported to possess a neuroprotective effect. Recently, it has been demonstrated that daphnetin attenuates ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the role of daphnetin in cerebral I/R injury and the potential mechanism have not been fully understood. The present study aimed to explore the regulatory roles of daphnetin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)–induced cell injury in a model of hippocampal neurons. Our results demonstrated that daphnetin improved cell viability and reduced the lactate dehydrogenase leakage in OGD/R–stimulated hippocampal neurons. In addition, daphnetin inhibited oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in hippocampal neurons after OGD/R stimulation. Furthermore, daphnetin significantly enhanced the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD/R. Knockdown of Nrf2 blocked the protective effect of daphnetin on OGD/R–induced hippocampal neurons. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that daphnetin attenuated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after OGD/R injury through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Thus, daphnetin may be a novel therapeutic agent for cerebral I/R injury.     

LncRNA TUG1 inhibits neuronal apoptosis in status epilepticus rats via targeting the miR-421/mTOR axis

Status epilepticus (SE) induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. However, the underlying mechanism in SE is not fully understood. Recently, lncRNA TUG1 is reported as a significant mediator in neuronal development. In present study, we aimed to investigate whether lncRNA TUG1 induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in SE rat models. TUG1 expression in serum of normal volunteers and SE patients, SE rats and neurons with epileptiform discharge was detected. SE rat model was established and intervened with TUG1 to evaluate hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. The experiments in vitro were further performed in neurons with epileptiform discharge to verify the effects of TUG1 on neuronal apoptosis of SE rats. The downstream mechanism of TUG1 was predicted and verified. miR-421 was intervened to perform the rescue experiments. Levels of oxidative stress and inflammation-related factors and mTOR pathway-related proteins in SE rats and hippocampal neurons were detected. TUG1 was highly expressed in serum of SE patients, SE rats and neurons with epileptiform discharge. Inhibition of TUG1 relieved pathological injury, oxidative stress and inflammation and reduced neuronal apoptosis in SE rats, which were further verified in hippocampal neurons. TUG1 upregulated TIMP2 expression by targeting miR-421. Overexpressed miR-421 inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. TUG1 knockout inactivated the mTOR pathway via the miR-421/TIMP2 axis to relieve neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in SE rats and hippocampal neurons. Taken together, these findings showed that downregulation of lncRNA TUG1 inhibited apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in SE rats, and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation damage through regulating the miR-421/mTOR axis.     

A Prosaposin-Derived Peptide Alleviates Kainic Acid-Induced Brain Injury

Four sphingolipid activator proteins (i.e., saposins A–D) are synthesized from a single precursor protein, prosaposin (PS), which exerts exogenous neurotrophic effects in vivo and in vitro. Kainic acid (KA) injection in rodents is a good model in which to study neurotrophic factor elevation; PS and its mRNA are increased in neurons and the choroid plexus in this animal model. An 18-mer peptide (LSELIINNATEELLIKGL; PS18) derived from the PS neurotrophic region prevents neuronal damage after ischemia, and PS18 is a potent candidate molecule for use in alleviating ischemia-induced learning disabilities and neuronal loss. KA is a glutamate analog that stimulates excitatory neurotransmitter release and induces ischemia-like neuronal degeneration; it has been used to define mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. In the present study, we demonstrate that a subcutaneous injection of 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg PS18 significantly improved behavioral deficits of Wistar rats (n = 6 per group), and enhanced the survival of hippocampal and cortical neurons against neurotoxicity induced by 12 mg/kg KA compared with control animals. PS18 significantly protected hippocampal synapses against KA-induced destruction. To evaluate the extent of PS18- and KA-induced effects in these hippocampal regions, we performed histological evaluations using semithin sections stained with toluidine blue, as well as ordinal sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. We revealed a distinctive feature of KA-induced brain injury, which reportedly mimics ischemia, but affects a much wider area than ischemia-induced injury: KA induced neuronal degeneration not only in the CA1 region, where neurons degenerate following ischemia, but also in the CA2, CA3, and CA4 hippocampal regions.     

姜黄素对APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因小鼠Aβ生成和降解的影响

目的观察姜黄素对APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因小鼠β淀粉样蛋白(βamyloid,Aβ)生成酶早老素2(presenilin2,PS2)和Aβ降解酶胰岛素降解酶(insulin degrading enzyme,IDE)表达的影响,探讨姜黄素在AD防治中的机制。方法将3月龄的APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组[罗格列酮组,0.92mg/(kg·d)]、姜黄素大[400mg/(kg·d)]、中[200mg/(kg·d)]、小[100mg/(kg·d)]剂量组,每组10只;并以同月龄遗传背景相同的C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常对照组10只。每天灌胃给药1次,模型组和正常对照组用等体积0.5%羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)灌胃。灌胃3个月后,应用Morris水迷宫、免疫组织化学等方法,检测动物的学习记忆能力、海马Aβ生成酶PS2和降解酶IDE表达变化。结果行为学检测,模型组小鼠的游泳轨迹多为边缘型,而正常对照组、阳性对照组、姜黄素各组小鼠的游泳轨迹多为趋向型和直线型。Aβ生成酶PS2和降解酶IDE的免疫组织化学染色结果,模型组小鼠海马CA1区PS2阳性细胞较正常对照组明显增加(P0.01),与模型组相比,姜黄素各组小鼠海马CA1区PS2阳性细胞减少(P0.01)。模型组小鼠海马CA1区PS2阳性细胞平均灰度值较正常对照组降低(P0.05),姜黄素小剂量组阳性细胞平均灰度值同模型组相比明显增加(P0.01)。模型组小鼠海马CA1区IDE阳性细胞较正常对照组明显减少(P0.01),与模型组相比,姜黄素中剂量组小鼠海马CA1区IDE阳性细胞明显增加(P0.05)。模型组小鼠海马CA1区IDE阳性细胞平均灰度值较正常对照组明显增加(P0.01),姜黄素各组小鼠海马CA1区IDE阳性细胞平均灰度值同模型组相比均明显降低(P0.01)。结论姜黄素能通过减少Aβ生成酶和增加Aβ降解酶的表达,降低Aβ蛋白的表达进而改善APPswe/PS1dE9双转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力。     

ELK-1/JNK/c-Fos对左归降糖解郁方(ZGJTJYF)体外培养的模拟糖尿病并发抑郁症(DD)大鼠海马神经元凋亡中的作用

目的:研究信号通路ELK-1/JNK/c-Fos在左归降糖解郁方(ZGJTJYF)对模拟糖尿病并发抑郁症(DD)环境下抗海马神经元凋亡中的作用。方法:原代培养海马神经元,加入高糖(150 mmol/L)+皮质酮(200μmol/L),构建DD体外细胞模型;将培养的海马神经元细胞随机分为5组:空白血清组、正常组、左归降糖解郁方含药血清组、阳性药(二甲双胍+氟西汀)含药血清组和模型组(每组3个复孔)。模型组和正常组给予等量培养液,其余组加入相应体积分数10%的相应血清,均干预18 h。分别采用Hoechst染色、高内涵细胞成像分析技术和RT-PCR技术分别检测海马神经元凋亡情况及检测凋亡相关ELK-1、JNK和c-Fos蛋白和基因的表达。结果:与空白组比较,模型组细胞凋亡明显,其海马神经元凋亡数量明显增多,ELK-1、JNK和c-Fos的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,左归降糖解郁方含药血清组和阳性药含药血清组大鼠海马神经元可见局部亮点明显减少,凋亡细胞数显著减少,ELK-1、JNK和c-Fos蛋白及mRNA表达均明显下调(P<0.05),且神经网络及树突连接情况得到明显改善。结论:左归降糖解郁方可以减低DD环境下海马神经元中Elk-1、JNK、c-fos表达而起到抗凋亡的效果。     

Chemicals eluting from disposable plastic syringes and syringe filters alter neurite growth,axogenesis and the microtubule cytoskeleton in cultured hippocampal neurons

Cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons are often used to study neuronal cell biology. We report that the development of these neurons is strongly affected by chemicals leaching from commonly used disposable medical‐grade syringes and syringe filters. Contamination of culture medium by bioactive substance(s) from syringes and filters occurred with multiple manufacturing lots and filter types under normal use conditions and resulted in changes to neurite growth, axon formation and the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. The effects on neuronal morphology were concentration‐dependent and significant effects were detected even after substantial dilution of the contaminated medium. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses revealed many chemicals eluting from the syringes and filters. Three of these chemicals (stearic acid, palmitic acid and 1,2‐ethanediol monoacetate) were tested but showed no effects on neurite growth. Similar changes in neuronal morphology were seen with high concentrations of bisphenol A and dibutyl phthalate, two hormonally active plasticisers. Although no such compounds were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, unknown plasticisers in leachates may affect neurites. This is the first study to show that leachates from laboratory consumables can alter the growth of cultured hippocampal neurons. We highlight important considerations to ensure leachate contamination does not compromise cell biology experiments.