三丁基锡对人红细胞膜Na~＋，K~＋－ATPase活性的抑制作用

三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）是人红细胞膜上Ｎａ~＋,Ｋ~＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的一种抑制剂．该化合物对Ｎａ~＋,Ｋ~＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ有很强的抑制能力．在正常的反应体系中,ＴＢＴ浓度仅为１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,该酶的活性全部丧失;其抑制Ｎａ~＋,Ｋ~＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的ＩＣ＿（５０）值为２．２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ．Ｋ~＋能增强ＴＢＴ的这种抑制作用,ＴＢＴ为Ｋ~＋的反竞争性抑制剂．     

高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ca~（2＋），Mg~（2＋）─ATP酶对Ca~（2＋）反应的变化及Mg~（2＋）的作用

本实验观察了正常及高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶对不同浓度Ｃａ２＋及Ｍｇ２＋的反应。结果表明：（１）在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）,此酶最适反应的Ｃａ２＋浓度为１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;ＷＫＹ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;两肾一环型肾性高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）为１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｃａ２＋高于以上各相应浓度时该酶活性受到抑制;（２）作为该酶激动剂的Ｍｇ２＋有其最适激活浓度,在ＷＫＹ大鼠、ＲＨＲ及Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠均为４．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;（３）高浓度Ｍｇ２＋（３６．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可以逆转高浓度Ｃａ２＋对该酶的抑制作用。以上结果表明,底物Ｃａ２＋浓度的变化对Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的催化活性影响极大,该酶活性的促发及维持必须有适宜浓度的Ｍｇ２＋。高血压时此酶对Ｃａ２＋的敏感性增高,且Ｍｇ２＋对酶保护作用更为明显。本结果提示,胞内高浓度Ｃａ２＋不仅是高血压发生的原因之一,并可能与其发展及恶化有关。     

心肌细胞Na^＋—Ca^2＋交换电流

心肌细胞上存在Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换系统,以３Ｎａ＋：１Ｃａ２＋方式交换,产生Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换电流（ＩＮａＣａ）。分子生物学实验证明：Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换体有１１个跨膜片段,其功能受多种因素的调节。膜片钳制技术研究表明Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换电流与心肌细胞动作电位形成和心律失常的产生有关。通过对Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换系统的深入研究,将有助于我们研制和开发作用于Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换电流的特异性较强的药物,对治疗心律失常和保护心肌细胞,减少心肌细胞的损伤有重要意义。     

急性缺氧小鼠脑组织Na~＋，K~＋─ATP酶和Ca~（2＋）─ATP酶活性的变化

急性缺氧小鼠脑组织Ｎａ~＋,Ｋ~＋─ＡＴＰ酶和Ｃａ~（２＋）─ＡＴＰ酶活性的变化张锦楠,阎淑莲,刘永利,吕国蔚,甘午君（首都医学院化学教研室,首都医学院神经生物学研究室北京１０００５４）我们过去的工作发现,动物重复密闭缺氧后,对缺氧、低氧分压和氰化物作?..     

缺氧心肌收缩蛋白Ca~（2＋），Mg~（2＋）－ATP酶活性研究

将大鼠置于模拟海拔８ｋｍ高度的低压舱内缺氧１周及缺氧后空气中常氧恢复１周和２周,观察了左右心室功能、心肌肥厚、心肌收缩蛋白含量及其Ｃａ￣（２＋）,Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,８ｋｍ缺氧１周后肺动脉压及右心室收缩压明显升高,左右心室±ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ及收缩指数明显降低。左右心室肌明显肥厚,心肌收缩蛋白Ｃａ￣（２＋）,Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性明显减低。缺氧后常氧恢复１和２周后,左右心室功能逐渐恢复达到或接近正常水平,心肌肥厚逐渐减轻或恢复正常,心肌收缩蛋白Ｃａ￣（２＋）,Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性也逐渐升高。因此说明：心肌收缩蛋白Ｃａ￣（２＋）,Ｍｇ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性的改变是心功能变化的重要生化基础之一,它的减低是缺氧心肌对环境的代偿适应。     

Ni^2＋对心肌细胞Na^＋,K^＋活度及膜钠泵活动的影响

本实验应用离子选择性微电极方法,动态监测了Ｎｉ２＋对心肌细胞Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋活度的影响,并以细胞内Ｎａ＋逐出速率［ｄ（ａｉＮａ）／ｄｔ］作为膜钠泵活动度的指标,观察了Ｎｉ２＋对膜钠泵活动的影响。结果显示：（１）在本实验浓度下Ｎｉ２＋对静息及活动（自律或电刺激）的细胞内Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋活度无明显影响;（２）可使细胞外Ｋ＋活度升高;（３）便刺激停止即刻细胞内Ｎａ＋逐出速率下降;（４）减小无钠无钙液引起的细胞外Ｋ＋活度下降幅度。结果提示：Ｎｉ２＋对处于高水平活动的心肌细胞膜钠泵具有明显的抑制作用,而对处于一般活动状态的膜钠泵则未见有明显影响;在Ｎｉ２＋存在下心肌细胞膜对Ｋ＋的通透性有不同程度的提高。     

食用菌,Ca^＋＋与细胞免疫学研究概况

食用菌、Ｃａ~（＋＋）与细胞免疫学研究概况林运祺（山东省淄博市农委２５５００１３）淋巴细胞被激活以后,立即出现膜表面动力过程,表现出激活效应,然后通过某些信使的介导,使激活过程深入细胞内部,引起一系列免疫应答反应,Ｃａ＋＋与环磷核苷就是重要的信使物质?..     

CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞与黑龙江省HIV／AIDS患者病情相关性的研究

目的：比较黑龙江省H1V／AIDS患者与健康对照者（healthy controls,HCs）外周血cD4＋CD25＋F0xP3＋调节性T细胞数量、免疫抑制功能的变化,探讨CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞在HIV／AIDS感染过程中的作用。方法：采用流式细胞仪检测21例HIV／AIDS患者及20例健康对照组的外周血CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞数量的百分比及绝对数量;采用共同培养方法检测HIV／AIDS患者外周血cD4℃D25十FoxP3＋调节性T细胞免疫抑制功能的变化;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-FQ-PCR）检测HIV／AIDS患者外周血CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞中FoxP3mRNA的表达。结果：黑龙江省HIV／AIDS患者外周血CD4＋CD25下oxP3＋调节性T细胞比率明显高于HCs（P〈O．01）,而CD4-CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞的绝对计数显著下降,且与CD4＋T细胞绝对计数成反比;混合淋巴细胞共同培养结果显示,HIV／AIDS患者外周血CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞的抑制功能无明显变化;HIV／AIDS患者外周血CD4＋CD25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞的FoxP3mRNA相对表达量无显著变化。结论：黑龙江省HIV／AIDS患者cD4℃D25＋FoxP3＋调节性T细胞的数量变化与病情相关。     

质膜Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白与植物耐盐性

土壤盐碱化是造成农作物减产的主要原因之一。质膜Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白能够介导植物根部Na^＋的外排和体内Na^＋的长距离运输, 并能够调控细胞K＋的稳态平衡及细胞内pH值和Ca^2＋的转运, 因此其在植物耐盐性方面具有重要作用。该文概述了植物质膜Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白的分子结构、功能、表达调控及其与植物耐盐性关系等方面的研究进展, 并对今后有关该蛋白的主要研究方向作了分析和展望。     

心脏K^＋通道

Ｋ＾＋通道是生物膜上一种调节Ｋ＾＋流的跨膜蛋白质,广泛存在于各种可兴奋的细胞。在维持心脏正常功能方面发挥重要作用。本主要讨论内向整流Ｋ＾＋通道,延迟整流Ｋ＾＋通道,瞬进外向电流Ｋ＾＋通道,毒蕈碱／腺激活Ｋ＾＋通道,ＡＴＰ敏感性Ｋ＾＋通道的基本特性,及其在心脏电生理作用中的重功能,和相关的分子生物学信息。     

Munc18a controls SNARE assembly through its interaction with the syntaxin N-peptide

Sec1/Munc18-like (SM) proteins functionally interact with SNARE proteins in vesicular fusion. Despite their high sequence conservation, structurally disparate binding modes for SM proteins with syntaxins have been observed. Several SM proteins appear to bind only to a short peptide present at the N terminus of syntaxin, designated the N-peptide, while Munc18a binds to a 'closed' conformation formed by the remaining portion of syntaxin 1a. Here, we show that the syntaxin 16 N-peptide binds to the SM protein Vps45, but the remainder of syntaxin 16 strongly enhances the affinity of the interaction. Likewise, the N-peptide of syntaxin 1a serves as a second binding site in the Munc18a/syntaxin 1a complex. When the syntaxin 1a N-peptide is bound to Munc18a, SNARE complex formation is blocked. Removal of the N-peptide enables binding of syntaxin 1a to its partner SNARE SNAP-25, while still bound to Munc18a. This suggests that Munc18a controls the accessibility of syntaxin 1a to its partners, a role that might be common to all SM proteins.     

A system for coupled multiple-column separation of proteins

Purification of proteins is commonly a multiple-step process involving size exclusion, ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, and other modes of chromatography. In an effort to circumvent the laborious process of collecting the solutes from each column and reintroducing them onto a second column, a valving system is described that directs the samples eluted from a high-performance liquid chromatographic column through a detector with a high-pressure cell into either a second column or into storage loops of a multiloop value. This multiloop value is referred to as a high-pressure fraction collector. After development of the first column is complete, a second solvent can be directed to the second column or high-pressure fraction collector to elute the solutes back through the detector and onto any other column in the system. The process of eluting a sample from a column through a single detector and directing it to the high-pressure fraction collector or any other column in the system may be repeated a number of times. Such valving systems make it possible to chromatograph a single protein component on two or three columns in a short time.     

Prediction-based structured variable selection through the receiver operating characteristic curves

In many clinical settings, a commonly encountered problem is to assess accuracy of a screening test for early detection of a disease. In these applications, predictive performance of the test is of interest. Variable selection may be useful in designing a medical test. An example is a research study conducted to design a new screening test by selecting variables from an existing screener with a hierarchical structure among variables: there are several root questions followed by their stem questions. The stem questions will only be asked after a subject has answered the root question. It is therefore unreasonable to select a model that only contains stem variables but not its root variable. In this work, we propose methods to perform variable selection with structured variables when predictive accuracy of a diagnostic test is the main concern of the analysis. We take a linear combination of individual variables to form a combined test. We then maximize a direct summary measure of the predictive performance of the test, the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC of an ROC), subject to a penalty function to control for overfitting. Since maximizing empirical AUC of the ROC of a combined test is a complicated nonconvex problem (Pepe, Cai, and Longton, 2006, Biometrics62, 221-229), we explore the connection between the empirical AUC and a support vector machine (SVM). We cast the problem of maximizing predictive performance of a combined test as a penalized SVM problem and apply a reparametrization to impose the hierarchical structure among variables. We also describe a penalized logistic regression variable selection procedure for structured variables and compare it with the ROC-based approaches. We use simulation studies based on real data to examine performance of the proposed methods. Finally we apply developed methods to design a structured screener to be used in primary care clinics to refer potentially psychotic patients for further specialty diagnostics and treatment.     

Survival lotteries reconsidered

In 1975 John Harris envisaged a survival lottery to redistribute organs from one to a greater number in order to reduce number of deaths as a consequence of organ failure. In this paper I reach a conclusion about when running a survival lottery is permissible by looking at the reason prospective participants have for allowing the procedure from a contractual perspective. I identify three versions of the survival lottery. In a National Lottery, everyone within a jurisdiction is a candidate for being a donor for everyone else, disregarding all differences between individuals' eventual possibility of needing an organ. In a Group Specific Lottery, it is a question of running a lottery among members of a specific group who share the same probability of getting organ failure. In a Local Lottery one randomises among individuals who are already in need of a new organ but who happen to be compatible and in need of different organs. While the first is vulnerable to considerations of fairness, it is difficult to perceive a feasible way to implement the second option that does not come with a host of unwelcome consequences. I argue, however, that it is permissible to run Local Lotteries.     

Female-induced sexual arousal in male mice and rats: behavioral and testosterone response

Exposure of a male mouse to a female mouse separated from it by a holed partition induced specific behavior and an increase in blood testosterone in the male. The male made more approaches to the partition and spent more time at it. The time spent by the male mouse over the first 10 min at the partition, behind which an estrus female was placed, was increased sixfold compared to the time spent by a male mouse exposed to the vacant neighboring compartment; and 1.5-fold compared to that spent by a male mouse exposed to a nonreceptive female or a male. Increased blood testosterone level was detected at 20 min of exposure to a receptive female in winter and at 40 min in summer. No variation in blood testosterone levels in the male mouse exposed to a nonreceptive female or a male was observed. Similar response to a receptive female placed in the neighboring compartment was shown in a male rat. The time spent by the male rat at the partition was 12 times higher when there was an estrus female behind it than in control. Blood testosterone in the male rat increased in response to a female rat and did not change in response to a male rat indicating female-induced motivation. It was concluded that the partition time might serve as a quantitative measure of sexual motivation in the males and that the model of female-induced sexual arousal used was suitable for studying both motivational and hormonal components of sexual arousal in male mice and rats.     

Can Neurofeedback Training Enhance Performance? An Evaluation of the Evidence with Implications for Future Research

There have been many claims regarding the possibilities of performance enhancement training. The aim of such training is for an individual to complete a specific function or task with fewer errors and greater efficiency, resulting in a more positive outcome. The present review examined evidence from neurofeedback training studies to enhance performance in a particular area. Previous research has documented associations between specific cortical states and optimum levels of performance in a range of tasks. This information provides a plausible rationale for the use of neurofeedback to train individuals to enhance their performance. An examination of the literature revealed that neurofeedback training has been utilised to enhance performance from three main areas; sport, cognitive and artistic performance. The review examined evidence from neurofeedback training studies within each of these three areas. Some suggestive findings have been reported with regard to the use of neurofeedback training to enhance performance. However, due to a range of methodological limitations and a general failure to elicit unambiguous changes in baseline EEG activity, a clear association between neurofeedback training and enhanced performance has yet to be established. Throughout, the review highlights a number of recommendations to aid and stimulate future research.     

Acquired resistance to echinostomes in four Biomphalaria glabrata strains

Four strains of Biomphalaria glabrata showed a distinctive pattern of acquired resistance to each of 3 echinostome species. Juvenile albino B. glabrata from our laboratory NIH stock developed a strong resistance to Echinostoma lindoense but only a weak one to E. paraensei and a moderate one to E. liei. Juvenile B. glabrata 10-R2 strain developed a strong acquired resistance to E. lindoense but a weak one to E. paraensei and E. liei. Juvenile B. glabrata M-RLc strain developed a strong acquired resistance to E. lindoense and a moderate one to E. paraensei and E. liei. Juvenile B. glabrata 641 strain developed a moderate acquired resistance to E. lindoense, a weak one to E. liei and no measurable resistance to E. paraensei.     

The concept of mental disorder: diagnostic implications of the harmful dysfunction analysis

What do we mean when we say that a mental condition is a medical disorder rather than a normal form of human suffering or a problem in living? The status of psychiatry as a medical discipline depends on a persuasive answer to this question. The answers tend to range from value accounts that see disorder as a sociopolitical concept, used for social control purposes, to scientific accounts that see the concept as strictly factual. I have proposed a hybrid account, the harmful dysfunction (HD) analysis, that incorporates both value and scientific components as essential elements of the medical concept of disorder, applying to both physical and mental conditions. According to the HD analysis, a condition is a disorder if it is negatively valued ("harmful") and it is in fact due to a failure of some internal mechanism to perform a function for which it was biologically designed (i.e., naturally selected). The implications of this analysis for the validity of symptom-based diagnostic criteria and for challenges in cross-cultural use of diagnostic criteria are explored, using a comparison of the application of DSM diagnostic criteria in the U.S. and Taiwan.     

ASSORTATIVE MATING AND THE ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPE

The ability of a population to shift from one adaptive peak to another was examined for a two-locus model with different degrees of assortative mating, selection, and linkage. As expected, if the proportion of the population that mates assortatively increases, so does its ability to shift to a new peak. Assortative mating affects this process by allowing the mean fitness of a population to increase monotonically as it passes through intermediate gene frequencies on the way to a new, higher, homozygotic peak. Similarly, if the height of the new peak increases or selection against intermediates becomes less severe, the population becomes more likely to shift to a new peak. Close linkage also helps the shift to a new adaptive peak and acts similarly to assortative mating, but it is not necessary for such a shift as was previously thought. When a population shifts to a new peak, the number of generations required is significantly less than that needed to return to the original peak when that happens. The short period of time required may be an explanation for rapid changes in the geological record. Under extremely high degrees of assortative mating, the shift takes longer, presumably because of the difficulty of breaking up less favored allelic combinations.