Karyotaxonomical analysis in the genusAngelica (Umbelliferae)

Morphometric karyotype characters were studied in 25Angelica spp. (Umbelliferae, Apioideae) and in one species of the related genusTommasinia. For three species the chromosome numbers are new. In our study the majority of the species investigated are diploids with 2n = 22, some are tetraploids with 2n = 44 (for these tetraploids also diploid cytotypes are reported in the literature). Among the diploid species,A. miqueliana has a distinct karyotype consisting of submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes only, the remaining diploids with 2n = 22 as well as tetraploids with 2n = 44 have rather symmetrical karyotypes, consisting of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. The very different chromosome number 2n = 28 has been found inA. gmelinii. Its karyotype includes two distinct groups of chromosomes: 8 pairs of rather large metacentrics and submetacentrics and 6 pairs of very short and asymmetrical chromosomes. Chromosome numbers and structures appear to be useful in the taxonomy of some intrageneric taxa inAngelica.     

从细胞学资料看金松属的系统位置

本文比较了金松(属)和杉科其他各属植物的核型,它的染色体数目(2n=20)和基数(x=10)较低,其核型最为对称。细胞学资料支持金松属从杉科分出另立金松科SciadopityaceaeHayata,它的系统位置则很可能比杉科来得原始。这也得到古植物学的支持。     

四十五种叶蝉的染色体研究（同翅目：叶蝉总科）

研究观察了45种中国雄性叶蝉的减数分裂,其中44种的核型为首次报道,染色体数目变化在2n=12～26之间,性别决定均为XO型。从叶蝉总科的组型图来看,该科染色体数目变化在2n=8～28之间,峰值为2n=18(16+XO),另外几种类型2n=16,20,22也有较高的出现频率。科内染色体数目的进化不具有明显的方向性,2n=22(20+XO)是该科的原始核型,易位导致的不均等互换可能是染色体数目进化的主要机制。从精子发生来看叶蝉总科与角蝉总科的关系较为密切,两者的共同特点是：①精母细胞体积较大,显著不同于沫蝉和蝉科;②减数分裂行为及精子变态过程相似;③染色体数目较少,染色体体积较大;④减数分裂前期具有典型的花束期,没有弥散期,因而不同于蜡蝉。但是由于叶蝉总科的染色体变异范围明显大于角蝉总科,而角蝉总科的核型相对较为保守,从核型上来说角蝉总科是比叶蝉总科较为原始的类群。     

中国水韭属植物的染色体数目及其分类学意义

利用细胞学方法观察统计了中国4种水韭属Isoestes植物的染色体数目。结果发现4个种的染色体基数均为x=11,其中高寒水韭I．hypsophila Hand.-Mazz．为2n=22,为首次报道;台湾水韭 I．taiwanensis DeVol为2n=22;中华水韭I．sinensis Palmer 2n=44为四倍体;而产于云南贵州一带并一直被当作是宽叶水韭I．japonica A．Br．的水韭属植物2n=22,与文献报道的宽叶水韭(2n=66,67,77,87,88,89)完全不同,应重新予以认识和评价。依据本文和其他相关的研究结果,对东亚水韭属植物进行了分类处理。     

怀牛膝挥发油成分分析

用气相色谱-质谱联用法定性,气相色谱法定量,首次分析了牛膝(Achgranthesbidentata B1.)干燥根的挥发油的化学成分.共鉴定了45个化合物.特征性成分为2,6-二甲基吡嗪,2-甲氧基-3-异丙基吡嗪和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪.     

大戟科野桐属4种6个居群的核型研究

采用常规压片法对大戟科野桐属4种(含变种)6个居群进行了体细胞染色体数目和核型研究。研究结果显示其染色体数目为2n=22或2n=44,核型均为1A。核型公式分别为:绒毛野桐2n=4x=44m;白背叶2n=20m 2sm或2n=2x=22m或2n=20m(2sat) 2sm;广西白背叶2n=2x=22m;毛桐2n=2x=22m。其中白背叶[Mallotus apelta(Lour.)Muell.-Arg.]、广西白背叶[M.apelta(Lour.)Muell.-Arg.var.kwangsiensisMetic.]和毛桐[M.barbatus(Wall.)Muell.-Arg.]的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。根据野桐属细胞分类学资料推测,多倍化和异基数变异是野桐属属内物种形成的重要方式。     

The cyto-taxonomic studies on some species of Panax L.

Abstract 1. It was observed that somatic chromosome numbers of four species of the genus Panax L. are as follows: Panax japonicus 2n=24, P. notoginseng 2n=24, P. ginseng 2n=44 and P. quinquefolius 2n=48. The somatic chromosome numbers of P. japonicus from Lushan and Jinggangshan (Jiangxi Province, China) is different from that of Japanese population (2n=48). The chromosome numbers (2n=24) of P. notoginseng is first reported. 2. The P. japonicus, one of the diploid species, which has the widest geographical distribution is perhaps the more primitive type among the living species of Panax. While, the P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius, the tetraploid species, are more advanced types than the diploid species. The conclusion from cytotaxonomy is thus different from that of chemical taxonomy. 3. The cytological analysis together with the geographic distribution of this four species shows that the Southwestern China is the modern distribution center, also the most variational center, and perhaps the center of origin for the genus Panax L.     

Chromosome numbers in Malawian Commelinaceae

In this account chromosome numbers of 22 species and varieties from five genera of Commelinaceae occurring in Malawi are given. For 14 of them this is the first time their chromosome numbers have been reported. A wide range of chromosome numbers of 2n = 26 , 28, 30. 44. 52 and 60 is noted in Commelina.     

A Study on Karyotypes of the Genus Lycoris

The genus Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae) consists of about 20 species, all of which are confined to temperate China, Japan and Korea. Cytological investigations, including a reexamination of the karyotypes of 14 taxa, measurements of relative nuclear DNA content, and meiotic configuration observations on some specific forms and interspecific hybrids, have been carried out by the present authors in order to re-evaluate the mode of karyotype evolution and the role of hybridization in the speciation of Lycoris. These have resulted in a new theory for explaining the karyotype evolution in the genus, which will be considered elsewhere. The present paper deals with observations on karyotypes of 11 species, 1 variety and 2 artificial hybrids. Results obtained through karyotype analysis, as shown by the data in Table 1, Plates I-VI and Figs. 1-2, reveal that: (1) the karyotypes of Lycoris rosea, L. radiata var. pumila, L. sprengeri, L. haywardii, L. caldwellii, L. squamigera and L. radiata are, on the whole, consistent with those reported by the previous authors^{[1,2,3,4,5,8,10,12]};(2) the I (rodshaped) chromosomes of L. chinensis and L. longituba are all T’s (telocentric) instead of t’s (acrocentric) or t(Sat)’s; (3) the three materials of L. aurea of different sources have shown a karyotypic differentiation: one with 2n=14=8m+6T, and the others with 2n=16=6m+10T: (4) both of the karyotypes of L. straminea and L. albiflora are 2n=19=3V+6I, inconsistent with 2n=16=6V+10I for the former and with 2n=17=5V+12I for the latter as reported by Inariyama (1953), Bose and Flory (1963) and Kurita (1987). The following aspects are worthwhile discussing: 1. The types of chromosomes. Karyotype analyses reveal the existence of three major chromosome types in Lycoris: (1) m (metacentric) chromosomes: (2) t (acrocentric) chromosomes, with short arms, (3) T (telocentric) chromosomes, sometimes with dot-like terminal centromeres. To distinghish t’s from T’s is of paramount importance for solving the problem of karyotype evolution in Lycoris. Bose (1963) pointed out that in the species with 2n=22, all I chromosomes were t’s, while in species with 2n=12-16, all I chromosomes were T’s. Our results of chromosome observations are consistent with Bose’s remarks. Some authorst^[3,6] have probably mistaken the dot-like terminal centromeres of T’s of L. longituba and L. chinensis as the short arms of t’s. 2. The significance of Robertsonian change in karyotype evolution. Although chromosome numbers and karyotypes are very variable in Lycoris, as shown in Table 1, the total number of arms of a chromosome complement of any species is always multiples of 11. Hence, it seems likely that Robertsonian changes have taken part in karyotype alteration, The genus has a series of basic chromosome numbers: 6, 7, 8 and 11. But which is the most primitive one? It is uncertain whether a successive decrease in chromosome numbers as a result of Robertsonian fusion or a gradual increase in chromosome numbers brought about by fission (fragmentation) has been the essential mechanism for karyotype evolution and speciation in Lycoris. These problems are of crucial importance and will be discussed in our subsequent papers. 3. The origin of polyploids. As evident from Table 1, there are two levels of ploidy differentiation in Lycoris: (1) di ploids with 2n=22 or the equivalent of 22, (2) triploids with 2n=33 or the equivalent of 33. The most common way of origination of triploids in plants is the hybridization of diploids with Tetraploids. But tetraploids have never been found in Lycoris. Thus, it is suggested that the triploids have originated from the combination of an unreduced gamete of a diploid with a normal gamete of another diploid. 4. The role of hybridization in speciation. Results of karyotype analyses show that hybridization has taken an important part in the speciation of Lycoris. Two types of hybrids have been found: (1) 2n=19= 3V+ 16I, L. straminea, L. albiflora and the two artificial hybrids L. sprengeri×L. chinensis and L. haywardii× L. chinensis all possess this karyotype. It could be seen from the above chromosome number and karyotype that this sort of karyotype is exactly half of the total sum of 2n=22I and 2n=16= 6V+10I. It is, therefore, quite evident that taxa possessing this karyotype are all diploid hybrids of 2n=22 and 2n=16, (2) 2n=27=6V+21I, L. caldwellii and L. squamigera possess this karyotype. It is reasonable to assume, too, that they are segmental allotriploids and have arisen from the combination of an unreduced diploid gamete of 2n=16 and a normal haploid gamete of 2n=22. The origin of the hybrid karyotype 2n=17=5V+12I reported by Inari- yama (1953) is similar to that of 2n=19, except that one of the parents possesses 2n=12= 10V+2I instead of 2n=16=6V+10I. The origin of the other hybrid karyotype 2n=30=3V+ 27I reported by Bose (1963) is similar to that of 2n=27, but the diploid gamete comes from taxa possessing 2n=22 instead of 2n=16.     

国产13种鸢尾属植物的核型研究

对中国产13种鸢尾属Iris植物进行了核型研究。其中中甸鸢尾I.subdichotoma、长葶鸢尾I.delavayi、大锐果鸢尾I.cuniculiformis为中国特有。大锐果鸢尾的染色体数目及核型为首次报道,核型公式为2n=22=4m 6sm 12st(2SAT)。长管鸢尾I.dolichosiphon的核型为首次报道,核型公式为2n=22=4m 12sm 6st。中甸鸢尾的染色体数目为新报道,核型公式为2n=42=20m 22sm。矮紫苞鸢尾I.ruthenicavar.nana的染色体数目为新报道,3个居群的染色体数目均为2n=42,核型公式分别为中甸居群2n=42=30m 12sm(2SAT),丽江甘海子居群2n=42=28m 14sm(2SAT),中甸尼西居群2n=42=36m 6sm(4SAT)。结合以往的细胞学研究结果,显示尼泊尔鸢尾亚属subgen.Nepalensis是一个染色体数目变化较大的类群,其中的中甸鸢尾可能是联系野鸢尾属Pardanthopsis与尼泊尔鸢尾亚属的重要类群。已报道的紫苞鸢尾I.ruthenica染色体数目为2n=84,与我们所研究的变种矮紫苞鸢尾(2n=42)呈倍性关系,通过与相邻类群的分析比较,认为紫苞鸢尾应是由二倍体类群演化而来。还对鸢尾属内染色体数目的变化和核型进化的趋势进行了探讨。     

New chromosome numbers for plant taxa endemic to the Balearic Islands

Mitotic chromosome numbers are reported from 25 vascular plant taxa, endemic to the Balearic Islands that are poorly known cytogenetically. The chromosome numbers ofAnthyllis vulneraria subsp.balearica (2n=12),Cymbalaria fragilis (2n=56), andPolygonum romanum subsp.balearicum (2n=40) were determined for the first time. A new chromosome number was found in several populations ofAnthyllis hystrix (2n=70) suggesting that this species is decaploid, in contrast to an earlier work reporting a higher ploidy level (2n=12x=84). The new chromosome number 2n=32 was reported inHypericum hircinum subsp.cambessedesii. It is suggested that the previous count (2n=40) could be explained by the presence of anomalous pentaploid cells in some tissues, contrating with the presence of a regular tetraploid complement (2n=32). Cytogenetic observations suggest thatSibthorpia africana has a diploid chromosome complement of 2n=18, with 0–2 accessory chromosomes. Accessory chromosomes are also reported forPhlomis italica, being the first record of B chromosomes in this genus. Chromosomal instability was found inGalium crespianum andG. friedichii species, with three numbers 2n=44, 55 and 66. Two cytotypes differing in ploidy level were documented within single plants. It is suggested that both species share a regular complement of 2n=44 and that the past hybridization events and formation of regenerating roots from the typical rootstock ofG. crespianum andG. friedrichii could be involved in the genesis of chromosome variants through partial endopolyploidy and concomitant somatic segregation.     

三种绞股蓝植物染色体观察

本文对分布于陕西省的3种绞股蓝植物进行了染色体观察。其结果：绞股蓝染色体数为2n=2x=22,长梗绞股蓝为2n=2x=22,心籽绞股蓝为2n=6x=66。后两种为本文首次报道。 这些观察结果为我国绞股蓝属植物的分类和推广利用提供了细胞学依据。     

三种绞股蓝植物染色体观察

本文对分布于陕西省的3种绞股蓝植物进行了染色体观察,其结果:绞股蓝染色体数为2n=2x=22,长梗绞股蓝为2n=2x=22,心籽绞股蓝为2n=6x=66。后两种为本文首次报道,这些观察结果为我国绞股蓝属植物的分类和推广利用提供了细胞学依据。     

安徽黄山木本植物区系中一些种的细胞学研究（Ⅰ）

报道了黄山地区１８种木本植物的染色体数,分属于１５个科中的１８个属,其中１４种和２个属为首次报道;同时对Ａｐｈａｎａｎｔｈｅ,Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅａｒｉａ,Ｌｏｒｏｐｅｔａｌｕｍ,Ｈｏｌｂｏｅｌｌｉａ,Ｐｌａｔｙｃａｒｙａ属的染色体数及其在分类上的意义作了简单讨论。     

黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙不同地理居群的染色体多样性

本文研究温州地区的黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙的核型,分析了三个地理居群的黑星期五蟾蜍、四个地理居群的黑斑蛙、三个地理居群的中国雨蛙核型。结果表明不同地理居群的同种蛙有相同的染色体数和核型模式。黑星期五蟾蜍为2n＝22,NF＝44,核模式6＋5;黑斑蛙为2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;中国雨蛙为2n＝24,NF＝48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等有所不同。说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。     

Observations of Chromosomes of Malus Species in China

Somatic chromosome numbers of 37 forms (representing 22 species) of apples in China were counted using wall-degradation and hypotonic method. Among the species investigated 3 categories of chromosome numbers, i.e. 2n=34, 51 and 68 are confirmed. The chromosome numbers of the following species are here first reported: Malus ombrophila 2n= 34, M. prattii 2n=34, M. melliana 2n=34, Zhaojiaohonghua (M. sp.) 2n=34, and M. asiatica var. 2n=68. Polyploids (including infraspecific polyploids) account for 41% of the total number of the species investigated. 51 is a predominant number. It is suggested that ploidy variation is an important pathway in apple evolution in China, and triploid may be considered as a suitable evolution grade. There are rich apple germplasm resources in China. The systematic studies of this genus are obviously essential.     

几种鼢鼠染色体组型和血清LDH同工酶电泳的比较研究

本文报道了中华鼢鼠指名亚种、甘肃亚种、四川亚种、罗氏鼢鼠的染色体组型和LDH同工酶电泳。发现中华鼢鼠3个亚种染色体数2n=60,罗氏鼢鼠2n=58;中华鼢鼠指名亚种和甘肃亚种LDH同工酶酶谱带数为3条,而中华鼢鼠四川亚种和罗氏鼢鼠为2条。同时,对分类学上争论的问题进行了讨论。     

盾叶薯蓣自然变异类型间的比较研究

对取自云南期纳的二倍体和三倍体盾叶薯蓣植株以及重庆城口的四倍体植株进行了形态学、染色体数目及同工酶的比较研究。结果表明,这3种类型植株在叶片形态上有明显的差异。二倍体的染色体数目是2n=2x=20,三倍体为2n=3x=30,四倍体为2n=4x=40;酯酶(EST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶谱显示,3种类型植株之间具有明显的相关性,但多倍体较二倍体的酶带条数少且着色浅。这些差异除了有地理分布不同的因素外,倍性的不同也是很重要的因素。     

内蒙古中东部草原贝加尔针茅、大针茅和克氏针茅的染色体核型分析

以内蒙古草原3种针茅属植物为材料,常规压片法制片后观察记录染色体数,并进行核型分析。实验结果表明: 贝加尔针茅、大针茅和克氏针茅细胞染色体数均为2n=44,属于2A核型,为二倍体。在3种针茅的染色体中,中部着丝粒染色体占大多数平均为62.1%,其次近中部着丝粒染色体平均为28.9%,近端部着丝粒染色体较少约为9.0%。在3种针茅的第五号染色体上均有随体,表明起源于同一祖先。虽然染色体核型均属于较对称型,但是染色体不对称系数随着3种针茅分布生境的干旱程度的增加而逐渐增加,可能是长期适应与进化的结果。     

Hybridization between Viola canina and V. persicifolia in Norway

Hybridization in Norway between Viola canina and V persicifolia was investigated by analysis of root tip mitosis, pollen stainability and morphological variation. The chromosome number was proved to be 2n = 40 (tetraploid) for V. canina ssp. montana , 2n = 20 (diploid) for V. persicifolia and 2n = 30 (triploid) for the hybrid, V. canina × persicifolia . No deviating chromosome numbers were found. The tetraploids and the diploids had a high frequency, and the triploids a low frequency, of apparently good pollen grains. Canonical variate analysis were used to investigate the pattern of morphological differentiation in the material. The specimens clearly separate into three groups in accordance with the three ploidy levels. No introgression was demonstrated.