Establishing apoptosis resistant cell lines for improving protein productivity of cell culture

The authors established apoptosis resistant COS–1, myeloma, hybridoma, and Friend leukemia cell lines by genetically engineering cells, aiming at more efficient protein production by cell culture. COS–1 cells, which are most widely used for eukariotic gene expression, were transfected with human bcl–2 gene. Both bcl–2 and mock transfected COS–1 cells were cultured at low (0.2%) serum concentration for 9 days. The final viable cell number of the bcl–2 transfected cells was ninefold of that of the mock transfectants. Both bcl–2 and mock transfectants were further transfected with the vector pcDNA- containing SV40 ori and immunoglobulin gene for transiently expressing protein. The bcl–2 expressing COS–1 cells produced more protein than the mock transfected COS–1 cells after 4 days posttransfection.Mouse myeloma p3-X63-Ag.8.653 cells, which are widely used as the partner for preparing hybridoma, and hybridoma 2E3 cells were transfected with human bcl–2 gene. Both bcl–2 transfected myeloma and hybridoma survived longer than the corresponding original cells in batch culture. The bcl–2 transfected 2E3 cells survived 2 to 4 four days longer in culture, producing 1.5- to 4-fold amount of antibody in comparison with the mock transfectants.Coexpression of bag–1 with bcl–2 improved survival of hybridoma 2E3 cells more than bcl–2 expression alone. The bag–1 and bcl–2 coexpressing cells produced more IgG than the the cells expressing bcl–2 alone.Apoptosis of Friend murine erythroleukemia(F-MEL) cells was suppressed with antisense c-jun expression. The antisense c-jun expressing cells survived 16 days at non-growth state.     

Production of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in different mammalian cell lines using an Epstein-Barr virus vector.

Human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) cDNA inserted into an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) derived expression vector was transfected into human HeLa, 293, K-562 and hamster CHO-K1 cells and the expression of t-PA was studied. The best t-PA producing cell clones were found among CHO-K1 cells (up to 11 micrograms d-1 per 10(6) cells). However, HeLa and 293 cells were most efficiently transfected, e.g. about 70% of the selected cell clones were t-PA positive. The vector DNA copy numbers correlated with the mRNA levels and the protein levels for all cell lines analysed, with the exception for the K-562 cell line, where the production of t-PA was very low. The results obtained indicated that the highest expression levels were achieved in low density cultures.     

Human prothymosin alpha: purification of a highly acidic nuclear protein by means of a phenol extraction

Human prothymosin alpha, virtually alone among proteins, is recovered from the aqueous phase of phenol-extracted cell lysates prepared from human myeloma cells or COS cells that were transfected with the human prothymosin alpha gene. This observation forms the basis for purification of the protein to homogeneity in two steps--phenol extraction followed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels to remove residual contaminants consisting chiefly of carbohydrate and RNA.     

Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis caused by pierisin-1, a guanine-specific ADP-ribosylating toxin from the cabbage butterfly

Pierisin-1, a 98-kDa protein that induces apoptosis in mammalian cell lines, is capable of being incorporated into cells where it ADP-ribosylates guanine residues in DNA. To investigate the apoptotic pathway induced by this unique protein, the bcl-2 gene was transfected into HeLa cells. Cy2-fluorescent pierisin-1 was incorporated into the resultant cells expressing Bcl-2 protein and ADP-ribosylated dG was detected to almost the same extent as in parent cells. However, bcl-2-transfected HeLa cells did not display apoptotic morphological changes, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation, indicating acquisition of resistance. In parent HeLa cells, activation of caspase-9 and release of cytochrome c were observed after 8h treatment with 0.5ng/ml pierisin-1. Caspase substrate assays revealed further cleavage of Ac-DEVD-pNA, Ac-VDVAD-pNA, and Ac-VEID-pNA, suggesting activation of caspase-2, -3, and -6 in pierisin-1-treated HeLa cells. The caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, was also found to inhibit apoptosis. In contrast, this caspase activation was not observed in bcl-2-transfected HeLa cells. Our results thus indicate that pierisin-1-induced apoptosis is mediated primarily via a mitochondrial pathway involving Bcl-2 and caspases.     

bcl-2高表达细胞株的构建

利用基因转染技术,将人的bcl-2基因cDNA克隆于逆转录病毒载体pLXSN,通过PA317细胞包装成病毒后感染HeLa细胞。经PCR及蛋白质印迹证明转染成功,得到bcl-2稳定高表达株Hbc17。用顺铂诱导凋亡,Hbc17比对照细胞株H1具有明显的抗凋亡能力。为进一步研究顺铂诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的机理奠定基础。     

靶向XBP1S的RNA干扰质粒对细胞增殖的影响

目的 构建靶向人XBP1S的siRNA真核表达载体（pSUPER-XBP1S）并观察其对人HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞增殖能力的影响.方法 设计并合成针对XBP1S基因的siRNA,退火成互补双链后克隆至真核表达载体pSUPER构建重组质粒,并将其转染入HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中.采用RT-PCR检测转染前后XBP1S在HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中的转录,Western印迹检测转染前后XBP1S蛋白的表达;MTT法、细胞计数检测重组质粒对HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞增殖能力的影响.结果 重组质粒能有效地抑制HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中XBP1S基因的转录和表达;转染HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞后,细胞增殖抑制率及细胞增殖数与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 成功构建了靶向人XBP1S的siRNA表达载体pSUPER-XBP1S,并且有效的抑制了HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中XBP1S的转录和表达,有效抑制了细胞的增殖能力.     

CEA启动子控制HSV-TK基因表达对人结直肠癌细胞的杀伤作用

构建了以CEA启动子控制的HSV-TK基因表达质粒pCEA-TK。转染pCEA-TK的人结肠癌细胞LoVo对GCV的敏感性提高了1300倍。同样条件下,人宫颈癌细胞HeLa对GCV的敏感性仅提高8倍,且对低于血药浓度(20μmol/L)的GCV不敏感。以上结果显示在GCV存在时,CEA启动子控制下HSV-TK基因的表达使CEA阳性的人结直肠癌细胞获得专一性杀伤。此外,DNA片段分析和电镜观察表明GCV诱导转染pCEA-TK的LoVo细胞发生凋亡可能是这个系统杀死肿瘤细胞的机制之一。本工作还讨论了癌胚抗原(CEA)基因启动子用于人结直肠癌专一性自杀基因治疗的可能性。     

CEA启动子控制HSV—TK基因表达对人结直肠癌细胞的杀伤作用

An expression plasmid pCEA-TK, in which HSV-TK gene was under the control of CEA promoter, was constructed. The human colorectal carcinoma cell line LoVo or the human uterine cervical cancer cell line HeLa was co-transfected with pSV2-neo and pCEATK, respectively. After G418 selection, both transgenic cell clones (LoVo/CEATK and HeLa/CEATK) were obtained. LoVo/CEATK cells were 1300 times more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of ganciclovir than LoVo cells. However, the elevation of GCV sensitivity induced by pCEATK gene in HeLa line was only 8 times. Injection of GCV resulted in significant regression of HSV-TK transfected LoVo tumor in nude mice. These data suggested that the expression of TK gene driven by CEA promoter specifically killed CEA-positive colorectal carcinoma cells. Transmission electromicroscopy and DNA fragmentation assay demonstrated that GCV could induce apoptosis in LoVo/CEATK cells. The possibility of the CEATK/GCV system in the treatment of human colorectal carcinoma was discussed.     

稳定干扰核糖体蛋白RPS7基因表达的宫颈癌HeLa细胞株的建立

目的建立稳定抑制RPS7基因表达的宫颈癌HeLa细胞株。方法设计并合成靶向人RPS7基因的shRNA寡核苷酸片段,克隆到逆转录病毒载体pSIREN中,构建重组质粒pSIREN-RPS7-shRNA,转染293T细胞,将包装产生的重组逆转录病毒感染宫颈癌HeLa细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳定的细胞克隆,用real-timePCR和Western印迹检测细胞中RPS7mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果获得了经测序鉴定正确的重组逆转录病毒质粒,逆转录病毒感染HeLa细胞后用嘌呤霉素筛选出的稳定细胞中,RPS7mRNA和蛋白水平均显著低于干扰对照细胞。结论成功构建了靶向人RPS7基因的shRNA逆转录病毒载体,建立了稳定抑制RPS7基因表达的宫颈癌HeLa细胞株．为进一步研究RPS7在宫颈癌中的生物学功能和作用机制提供了可靠的细胞模型。     

Bcl-2 overexpression decreases BCNU sensitivity of a human glioblastoma line through enhancement of catalase activity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of bcl-2 in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) sensitivity of the ADFS human glioblastoma cell line in vitro and in vivo. To this end, the ADFS line expressing a low level of the bcl-2 protein was transfected with a bcl-2 expression vector. We found that bcl-2 overexpressing clones were less sensitive to in vitro BCNU treatment than the control clone. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that while BCNU induced a consistent block in S/G2-M phases of the cell cycle in the control clone, it did not affect the cell cycle phase distribution of the two bcl-2 transfectants. The different sensitivity to BCNU was unrelated to the ability of bcl-2 to inhibit apoptosis, while bcl-2 appeared to protect bcl-2 transfectants from BCNU toxicity through an increase of catalase activity. The ability of the catalase inhibitor, sodium azide, to increase the BCNU sensitivity of the bcl-2 transfectants to levels of the BCNU-treated control clone substantiated the role of the catalase activity. The effect of bcl-2 in reducing sensitivity to BCNU was also confirmed by in vivo experiments. Xenografts of bcl-2 overexpressing tumors were less sensitive to BCNU treatment than xenografts originating from control cells.     

小鼠Uncv基因克隆及真核表达

目的 克隆小鼠的Uncv基因并在真核细胞表达.方法 采用RT-PCR方法扩增小鼠皮肤组织中Uncv基因编码区,以真核表达质粒pcDNA 3.1-Flag为载体,构建Uncv真核表达质粒,将重组载体转染Hela细胞并用Western blot法检测基因表达.结果 构建Uncv基因真核表达载体pcDNA 3.1-Flag/Unev,重组质粒在Hela细胞中有效表达约95×103的融合蛋白.结论 成功构建真核表达载体pcDNA 3.1-Flag/Uncv,并且在真核细胞中有效表达,为研究Uncv基因生物学功能奠定基础.     

人胃癌细胞株BGC-823 DNA二轮转化细胞基因组文库的构建及其转化基因的克隆

以人胃癌细胞株BGC-823 DNA二轮转化的鼠成纤维细胞为材料,用λ噬菌体EMBL_3,作克隆载体,构建了转化细胞的基因组文库。用~(32)P标记的人Alu重复顺序和原癌基因c-Ha-ras为探针,对100万基因文库噬斑进行原位杂交筛选,找出了两个可以同时与上述探针杂交的阳性克隆。经对两个阳性克隆DNA进行分子杂交表明,它们均含有来自人胃癌细胞株BGC-823的转化基因Ha-ras,进一步运用质粒载体pBR322对这一转化基因进行次级克隆,并进行了限制性内切酶图谱的初探,从而为研究胃癌转化基因的结构、DNA序列及与原癌基因的异同奠定了基础。     

Expression of a recombinant murine IgE in transfected myeloma cells

We constructed a recombinant gene encoding an immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain consisting of the variable region from the phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific secreting myeloma MOPC167 and the epsilon constant region from SJL mice. This gene, cloned into the shuttle vector pSV2gpt, was transfected into J558L myeloma cells, and stable transformants that expressed the epsilon gene were cloned. The IgE heavy chain in these transformants is associated with the endogenous lambda light chain and is secreted as an intact IgE molecule. However, the secreted IgE does not bind to PC conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA). The MOPC167 kappa chain gene was cloned into the shuttle vector pSV2neo and was transfected into the epsilon heavy-chain transformant. Stable transformants were cloned that expressed both the epsilon heavy chain and the kappa light chain. IgE secreted from such a transformant was shown to bind to PC-BSA. Both types of secreted recombinant IgE bound to rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, but only the IgE produced by the cell line transformed with the MOPC167 kappa gene could be cross-linked with PC-BSA to cause serotonin release.     

靶向IRE1a干扰质粒构建及对ERS时细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的构建靶向人IRE1a的shRNA干扰质粒（pSUPER-IRE1a）并观察其对人HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞增殖及凋亡的影响。方法设计并合成靶向IRE1a基因的两条shRNA,分别克隆至真核表达载体pSUPER构建重组质粒pS1、pS2,依次转染入HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中。采用RT—PCR检测pS1、pS2转染前后IRE1a在HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中的mRNA水平,免疫印迹检测pS1、pS2转染前后IRE1a蛋白的表达;MTT比色法、BrdU／DAPI双免疫荧光法及流式细胞仪分别检测各重组质粒对HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞增殖及凋亡的影响。结果干扰质粒（pSUPER-IRE1a）能有效抑制HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中IRE1a基因的表达;成功转染后,细胞处于内质网应激（ER stress）状态时,各实验组细胞增殖率及凋亡率与对照组比较,差异均具有统计学意义P〈0．05）。结论成功构建靶向人IRE1a的shRNA真核表达载体pS1、pS2,有效抑制了HeLa细胞和HepG2细胞中IRE1a的表达;细胞处于ERS状态时,IRE1a-shRNA有效促进HeLa、HepG2两种肿瘤细胞的增殖;抑制HeLa和HepG2细胞的凋亡。     

Human prothymosin α: Purification of a highly acidic nuclear protein by means of a phenol extraction

Human prothymosin a, virtually alone among proteins, is recovered from the aqueous phase of phenolextracted cell lysates prepared from human myeloma cells or COS cells that were transfected with the human prothymosin a gene. This observation forms the basis for purification of the protein to homogeneity in two steps—phenol extraction followed by electrophoresis steps—phenol extraction followed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels to remove residual contaminants consisting chiefly of carbohydrate and RNA.     

Bcl-2 mediated suppression of apoptosis in myeloma NS0 cultures

The influence of Bcl-2 expression on the suppression of apoptosis during the cultivation of an NS0 cell line expressing a chimeric antibody was investigated. Following selection of transfectants in medium containing G418, Western analysis revealed evidence of some up-regulation of endogenous Bcl-2 expression even in the control vector transfectants. Cultivation of the two cell lines in suspension batch cultures clearly demonstrated the enhanced robustness of the bcl-2 vector transfected cells. Suppression of apoptosis resulted in an approximately 20% increase in maximum viable cell number, and a doubling in culture duration compared to the control transfected cells. However, despite the significant affect on viability, Bcl-2 expression did not result in an increase in final antibody titre in comparison with the control cell line. Exposure of cells to various nutrient limited conditions further emphasised the influence of Bcl-2 on cell survival. After 3 days of exposure to serum, glucose, glutamate and asparagine deprivation, the viable cell number and viability were significantly higher in the bcl-2 transfected cell line. When control cells were deprived of all amino acids, there was a complete loss of viability and viable cell number within 3 days. By contrast, the bcl-2 transfected cell line retained greater than 75% of the initial viable cell number and about 70% viability. In response to exposure to 8 mM thymidine (a cytostatic agent) the control cell line underwent complete loss of viability and viable cell number after 6 days. This compared with 18 days for complete loss of viability in the bcl-2 transfected cell line. As under batch culture conditions, there was no difference between the two cell lines in final antibody titre, which indicated that MAb synthesis is limited by nutrient availability during the latter stages of culture in both cases. When fed batch cultures were carried out using a concentrated essential amino acid feed, the bcl-2 cell line exhibited a 60% increase in maximum viable cell number and a 50% increase in culture duration, when compared to the control cell line. Moreover, the bcl-2 cell line exhibited a greater than 40% increase in maximum antibody titre.