S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶对埃博霉素生物合成的影响

【目的】研究S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMs)对埃博霉素生物合成的影响。【方法】通过向发酵培养基中添加抑制剂和促进剂,比较分析纤维堆囊菌中SAMs的活性变化以及埃博霉素的产量变化。【结果】在埃博霉素的合成期,SAMs的活性较高。加入抑制剂吲哚乙酸(IAA)之后,SAMs的活性和埃博霉素的产量都不同程度的降低,而加入促进剂对甲苯磺酸钠(p-TSA-Na)之后,SAMs的活性和埃博霉素的产量在不同程度上都有提高。在纤维堆囊菌的次级代谢中,SAMs活性与埃博霉素的生物合成量呈正相关。【结论】S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶在纤维堆囊菌的埃博霉素生物合成过程中发挥了重要的作用。     

地中海拟无枝酸菌“硝酸盐效应”的研究进展

地中海拟无枝酸菌"硝酸盐效应"是指发酵基质中的硝酸盐在一定浓度下大幅度促进该菌合成利福霉素,并对初级代谢产生多种影响的现象。针对该效应,本实验室开展了多年的研究,阐明硝酸盐主要通过两个方面促进利福霉素的生物合成:一方面,硝酸盐增加利福霉素生物合成前体的供给(如UDP-葡萄糖、AHBA、丙二酰Co A以及甲基丙二酰Co A等),尤其是通过抑制体内脂肪酸的合成来保障利福霉素前体丙二酰Co A的供给;另一方面,硝酸盐提升利福霉素生物合成酶基因的表达。因此,在充足的利福霉素前体和合成酶系的协同效应下,菌体生成大量的利福霉素。进一步的工作将围绕"硝酸盐效应"的信号分子、信号转导途径以及相关基因的表达调控和翻译后修饰机制等方面展开。     

梅岭霉素高产菌株链霉素抗性基因突变株筛选

通过链霉素对梅岭霉素 (Meilingmycin)产生菌南昌链霉菌NS 41 80菌株孢子致死浓度的测定 ,采用诱变剂EMS 4种不同剂量对菌株孢子进行诱变处理 ,然后涂布在含链霉素致死浓度的高氏平板上 ,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株。并进一步筛选到梅岭霉素高产菌株 80 5 1 1 2 2 1 ,在摇瓶条件下 ,只产梅岭霉素不产南昌霉素 ,梅岭霉素活性单位达 1 ,52 1 μg/mL,比NS 41 80的摇瓶发酵单位 855μg/mL提高了 77 9% ,该菌株连续传 6代进行摇瓶发酵     

芳香途径终产物和中间体对力复霉素SV生物合成的调节作用

本文报道了芳香化合物对力复霉素生物合成和芳香途径开始的DAHP合成酶活力的调节作用。首先,洗涤菌体实验结果指出,色氨酸对力复霉素sV合成有明显抑制,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸本身作用不明显。其次,酶活力测定结果表明,色氨酸抑制力复霉素生物合成是由于它对DAHP合成酶的反馈抑制;同时,在无细胞抽出液中酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸对色氨酸抑制也显示了协同作用。此外,力复霉素芳香前体(C7N)的结构类似物对氨基苯甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对抗生素合成也有影响,主要影响c,N的生物合成。     

溶解氧对γ-聚谷氨酸合成的影响

在5L发酵罐上研究了溶解氧(DO)对地衣芽孢杆菌分批发酵生产γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的影响并考察在8h、32h、56h时,葡萄糖激酶、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的活性及对应时间点上γ-PGA的生产速率。通过溶解氧电极和搅拌转速的串联控制发酵过程中溶解氧水平,发现高溶解氧(60%)水平和低溶解氧(10%)水平均不能高效积累γ-PGA。6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶活性的提高对产物的积累有抑制作用,葡萄糖激酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的酶活提高对产物积累有促进作用,过高的丙酮酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶的活性在一定程度上可以促进菌体生长但不利于产物的积累。此外,通过对三种不同DO水平下γ-PGA生物合成途径中相关代谢流量的计算表明,在p H 6.5的条件下,对于谷氨酸依赖型生产菌株,提高外源谷氨酸利用率可以促进γ-PGA的生物合成。     

铜离子急性胁迫对虎纹蛙肝脏中三羧酸循环及自由基代谢的影响

为探明铜离子(Cu2+)对两栖动物肝脏线粒体中三羧酸(Tricarboxyl acid, TCA)循环及自由基代谢的毒理作用,采用静水暴露实验,研究了Cu2+不同浓度和不同暴露时间对虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus chinensis)肝脏线粒体中异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDHm)活性、-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(-KGDH)活性、抗超氧阴离子(anti-O2)活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、抑制羟自由基(inhabit-OH)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量以及一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活性的影响。暴露实验共设置6个Cu2+浓度组(0.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0 mg/L),分5个暴露时间(0、24h、48h、72h和96h)取材,对每个浓度的不同暴露时间分别取6个样本,测定TCA循环及自由基代谢的相关指标。结果显示,在TCA循环中随着Cu2+浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长,时间和浓度因素对ICDHm活性影响无显著性交互作用(P0.05),暴露时间的延长对ICDHm活性无显著性影响(P0.05),但随着Cu2+浓度的增加ICDHm活性逐渐减小;而时间和浓度因素对-KGDH活性影响有显著交互作用(P0.05),暴露处理后-KGDH活性下降,分别在24h和96h的4.0、6.0 mg/L时活性最低。在自由基代谢中,时间和浓度因素对抗O2活性、H2O2含量影响有显著交互作用(P0.05),而对抑制OH活性、NO含量、NOS活性的影响无显著性交互作用(P0.05)。不同时间随着Cu2+浓度的增加,抗O2活性均呈现出逐渐下降的趋势;实验处理后H2O2含量升高,在24h的6.0 mg/L时含量最大;随着暴露时间的延长和Cu2+浓度的增加抑制OH活性均逐渐降低;而NO含量和NOS活性的变化趋势基本相同,即随着Cu2+浓度的增加先增加后减少并趋近0浓度组,且都在6.0 mg/L时达到最大。研究结果表明急性Cu2+暴露对虎纹蛙肝脏线粒体中TCA循环及自由基代谢有显著的毒性作用。       

埃博霉素（Epothilones）的PKS/NRPS杂合基因簇

埃博霉素是由粘细菌纤维堆囊菌产生的一类具有促微管聚合活性的大环内酯类化合物。埃博霉素生物合成的多酶复合体是一个由多个功能模块组成,同时含有多聚酮合酶（PKS）和非核糖体肽合成酶（NRPS）的大操纵子。根据同位素标记试验结果和合成酶全基因簇功能的推测,埃博霉素的生物合成包括聚酮链的引发、链合成的起始和噻唑环的形成、链的延伸和转移、链合成的终止释放和环化、及产物的后修饰5个阶段。埃博霉素的PKS/NRPS杂合基因簇是开展组合生物合成研究的良好材料。     

依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶的研究Ⅱ.615小鼠肝细胞核RNA聚合酶A、B、C的提取、分离和鉴定

本文报道了从615小鼠肝细胞核提取和分离A、B、C三种RNA聚合酶的方法。在80mM硫酸铵离子浓度下,B酶能选择性地吸附在DEAE-纤维素DE52上,从而和A、C酶分开,用500mM硫酸铵洗脱,呈现单一的峰。在50mM硫酸铵离子浓度下,将A、C酶吸附在DEAE-SephadexA25上,经50-500mM硫酸铵线性梯度洗脱,得到A酶和c酶两个峰。测定了这三种酶对α-鹅膏蕈碱的敏感性。A酶是抗α-鹅膏蕈碱的(在最高浓度为200微克/毫升时,酶活完全不受抑制);B酶在α-鹅膏蕈碱浓度为0.2微克/毫升时,活性受到50％以上的抑制;C酶在α-鹅膏蕈碱浓度为100微克/毫升时,活性受到50％以上的抑制。用提取的B酶免疫母鸡,获得了抗B酶的抗血清,这种抗血清在双向免疫扩散实验中和B酶之间产生沉淀反应,而和A酶或C酶之间不产生沉淀反应。     

铵离子对必特螺旋霉素组分生物合成的调控作用

通过考察铵离子浓度对必特螺旋霉素组分的影响,证实低浓度铵离子的培养条件可以有效提高必特螺旋霉素中异戊酰螺旋霉素Ⅲ的比例。在此基础上进一步测定了高铵(62·5mmol/L)和低铵(2·5mmol/L)培养条件下的糖、铵离子、相关有机酸、缬氨酸脱氢酶酶活等中间代谢数据,结果表明高浓度铵离子培养条件下,必特螺旋霉素产生菌中亮氨酸分解代谢途径的关键酶——缬氨酸脱氢酶的活性低于低铵对照试验,造成异戊酰螺旋霉素合成过程中酰基转移反应的底物——异戊酰CoA的相对不足,从而导致异戊酰螺旋霉素组分的降低。大幅度降低铵离子浓度至2·5mmol/L,使异戊酰螺旋霉素Ⅲ的比例从5·43%提高至28·59%。但氮源的不足影响了必特螺旋霉素的产量,低铵条件下的效价为107μg/mL,相对高铵条件下降了14·4%。在低铵培养条件的基础上添加亮氨酸,可以进一步改善必特螺旋霉素的组分,异戊酰螺旋霉素Ⅲ的比例增至37·84%。     

环境相关四环素长期暴露对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、肝脏脂肪代谢和抗氧化反应的影响

为研究水环境浓度四环素(Tetracycline, TC)长期暴露对鱼类的影响, 实验以吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验模型, 将其暴露于0、400和800 ng/L三种四环素水平下10周。结果表明, 相较于对照组, 四环素暴露显著提高了生长性能, 但增加了肝脏中甘油三酯含量和四环素浓度。脂肪生成基因表达(fas、scd、accα、srebp1和pparγ)被上调, 但降低了与脂肪分解相关基因的表达(atgl、hsl、cpt1和pparα)。此外, 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(6PGD)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(ME)及脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的活性显著增加, 但肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)活性则被显著抑制, 这与基因表达相一致。而且, 四环素暴露显著降低过氧化氢酶、总超氧化物歧化酶的活性及总抗氧化能力, 并诱导了鱼类的氧化应激, 导致丙二醛水平显著增加。因此, 与环境相关四环素浓度可促进吉富罗非鱼的生长性能、上调产脂代谢、降低抗氧化能力并诱导脂质过氧化。     

Relationship between threonine dehydratase and biosynthesis of tylosin in Streptomyces fradiae.

To elucidate the repression mechanism of ammonium ions on the biosynthesis of tylosin in Streptomyces fradiae NRRL 2702, enzyme activities involved in the metabolism of the aspartate family of amino acids were evaluated in relation to the ammonium ion concentration and tylosin production. It was found that aspartate aminotransferase was essential for both cell growth and tylosin production. However, both threonine dehydratase and valine dehydrogenase were repressed by supplemented ammonium ions at concentrations higher than 50 mM. Threonine dehydratase was purified from cell-free extracts by acetone precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 67,200 Da. The optimum pH and temperature for threonine dehydratase activity were 7.5 and 25 degrees C, respectively, and the Km value for threonine under these optimum conditions was 21 mM. The inhibition pattern of ammonium ions on the activity of threonine dehydratase appeared to be a mixed type.     

Nitrogen metabolism of Streptomyces antibioticus on media with various glucose contents

The dynamics of the glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity was studied during cultivation of Str. antibioticus on media with different contents of glucose and ammonium sulfate. No correlation between the enzymes activity and the levels of oleandomycin production by the mycelium was observed. It was shown that the levels of oleandomycin biosynthesis repression by glucose did not depend on ammonium sulfate concentration in the medium.     

Metabolic activities in Azospirillum lipoferum grown in the presence of NH4+

The utilization of some agro-industrial wastes as soil conditioners to provide free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterial populations (e.g. Azospirillum spp.) with carbon and energy sources, may be an interesting perspective for agriculture. However, the presence of ammonium nitrogen in cultivated soils and/or various wastes could inhibit the growth of the nitrogen-fixing populations. The present investigation shows that growth of Azospirillum lipoferum was restricted at a dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration equal to 135 microM, when the initial NH4Cl concentration increased from 0.5 to 0.9 g/l. The activities of both citrate synthase (CS) and isocitrate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased in the presence of 0.9 g/l NH4Cl (e.g., 40% and 66%, respectively, in cells incubated for 95 h), while ammonium assimilation occurred via the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction. Furthermore, growth limitation occurred even in the presence of 0.5 g/l NH4Cl, when the DO concentration decreased from 135 to 30 microM. The activities of both CS and succinate dehydrogenase were dramatically decreased in cells grown at the lower DO concentration (e.g., 90% and 93% respectively, in a 95 h incubation), while ammonium assimilation was limited due to the low activities of both glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase. It is concluded that the threshold of ammonium concentration at which growth of A. lipoferum is limited, depends on the DO concentration in the medium.     

Ammonia metabolism in Aedes aegypti

We investigated the mechanisms by which Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are able to metabolize ammonia. When females were given access to solutions containing NH(4)Cl or to a blood meal, hemolymph glutamine and proline concentrations increased markedly, indicating that ammonium/ammonia can be removed from the body through the synthesis of these two amino acids. The importance of glutamine synthetase was shown when an inhibitor of the enzyme was added to the meal causing the glutamine concentration in hemolymph to decrease significantly, while the proline concentration increased dramatically. Unexpectedly, we found an important role for glutamate synthase. When mosquitoes were fed azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamate synthase, the glutamine concentration increased and the proline concentration decreased significantly. This confirms the presence of glutamate synthase in mosquitoes and suggests that this enzyme contributes to the production of glutamate for proline synthesis. Several key enzymes related to ammonium/ammonia metabolism showed activity in homogenates of mosquito fat body and midgut. The mosquito genes encoding glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase were cloned and sequenced. The mRNA expression patterns of these genes were examined by a real-time RT-PCR in fat body and midgut. The results show that female mosquitoes have evolved efficient mechanisms to detoxify large loads of ammonium/ammonia.     

Characterization of a Paracoccus denitrificans mutant pleiotropically impaired in nitrogen metabolism

A Tn5 insertional prototrophic mutant of Paracoccus denitrificans (UBM219) was generated which grew on high (>1 mM) but not low (<0.5 mM) ammonium as sole nitrogen source. It did not utilize nitrate and most amino acids except glutamate and aspartate. UBM219 showed more than 10-fold lower levels of ammonium (methylammonium) transport, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, but more than 10-fold higher activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase. This pleiotropy indicates a mutation in a regulatory gene affecting nitrogen metabolism in general. — Ammonia assimilation pathways and regulation in Paracoccus resemble the patterns in enterobacteria with the exception, that alanine is generated by amino transfer from glutamate to pyruvate.Non-standard abbreviations GS glutamine synthetase - GOGAT glutamate synthase - GluDH glutamate dehydrogenase - GPT glutamate/pyruvate aminotransferase - GOT glutamate/oxaloacetate aminotransferase     

C1-Tetrahydrofolate synthase from rabbit liver. Structural and kinetic properties of the enzyme and its two domains

C1-Tetrahydrofolate synthase is a multifunctional enzyme which catalyzes three reactions in 1-carbon metabolism: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase; 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. A rapid 1-day purification procedure has been developed which gives 40 mg of pure enzyme from 10 rabbit livers. The 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity of this trifunctional enzyme has a specific activity that is 4-fold higher than the enzyme previously purified from rabbit liver. Conditions have been developed for the rapid isolation of a tryptic fragment of the enzyme which contains the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activities. This fragment is a monomer exhibiting a subunit and native molecular weight of 36,000 in most buffers. However, in phosphate buffers the native molecular weight suggests that the fragment is a dimer. Conditions are also given whereby chymotryptic digestion allows the simultaneous isolation from the native enzyme of a large fragment containing the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity and a smaller fragment containing the dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities. The large fragment is a dimer with a subunit molecular weight of 66,000. The small fragment retains all of the dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities of the native enzyme. The large fragment is unstable but retains most of the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity. Km values of substrates for the two fragments are the same as the values for the native enzyme. The 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity of the native enzyme requires ammonium or potassium ions for expression of full catalytic activity. The effect of these two ions on the catalytic activity of the large chymotryptic fragment is the same as with the native enzyme. We have shown by differential scanning calorimetry that the native enzyme contains two protein domains which show thermal transitions at 47 and 60 degrees C. Evidence is presented that the two domains are related to the two protein fragments generated by proteolysis of the native enzyme. The larger of the two domains contains the active site for the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity while the smaller domain contains the active site which catalyzes the dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase reactions. Replacement of sodium ion buffers with either ammonium or potassium ions results in an increase in stability of the large domain of the native enzyme. This change in stability is not accompanied by a change in the quaternary structure of the enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Why does Escherichia coli have two primary pathways for synthesis of glutamate?

Escherichia coli has two primary pathways for glutamate synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway is known to be essential for synthesis at low ammonium concentrations and for regulation of the glutamine pool, but the necessity for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been uncertain. The results of competition experiments between the wild type and a GDH-deficient mutant during nutrient-limited growth and of direct enzyme measurements suggest that GDH is used in glutamate synthesis when the cell is limited for energy (and carbon) but ammonium and phosphate are present in excess, while the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway is used when the cell is not under energy limitation. The use of alternative routes for glutamate synthesis implies that the energy cost of biosynthesis may be less when energy is limited than when energy is unlimited.     

The pathways of ammonium assimilation in Rhizobium meliloti

Two pathways of ammonium assimilation are known in bacteria, one mediated by glutamate dehydrogenase, the other by glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. The activities of these three enzymes were measured in crude extracts from four Rhizobium meliloti wild-type strains, 2011, M15S, 444 and 12. All the strains had active glutamine synthetase and NADP-linked glutamate synthase. Assimilatory glutamate dehydrogenase activity was present in strains 2011, M15S, 444, but not in strain 12. Three glutamate synthase deficient mutants were isolated from strain 2011. They were unable to use 1 mM ammonium as a sole nitrogen source. However, increased ammonium concentration allowed these mutants to assimilate ammonium via glutamate dehydrogenase. It was found that the sole mode of ammonium assimilation in strain 12 is the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase route; whereas the two pathways are functional in strain 2011.Abbreviations GS glutamine synthetase - GOGAT glutamate synthase - GDH glutamate dehydrogenase     

Derepressed levels of glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli mutants altered in glutamyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.

The levels of glutamate synthase and of glutamine synthetase are both derepressed 10-fold in strain JP1449 of Escherichia coli carrying a thermosensitive mutation in the glutamyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase and growing exponentially but at a reduced rate at a partially restrictive temperature, compared with the levels in strain AB347 isogenic with strain JP1449 except for this thermosensitive mutation and the marker aro. These two enzymes catalyze one of the two pathways for glutamate biosynthesis in E. coli, the other being defined by the glutamate dehydrogenase. We observed a correlation between the percentage of charged tRNAGlu and the level of glutamate synthase in various mutants reported to have an altered glutamyl-tRNA synthetase activity. These results suggest that a glutamyl-tRNA might be involved in the repression of the biosynthesis of the glutamate synthase and of the glutamine synthetase and would couple the regulation of the biosynthesis of these two enzymes, which can work in tandem to synthesize glutamate when the ammonia concentration is low in E. coli but whose structural genes are quite distant from each other. No derepression of the level of the glutamate dehydrogenase was observed in mutant strain JP1449 under the conditions where the levels of the glutamine synthetase and of the glutamate synthase were derepressed. This result indicates that the two pathways for glutamate biosynthesis in E. coli are under different regulatory controls. The glutamate has been reported to be probably the key regulatory element of the biosynthesis of the glutamate dehydrogenase. Our results indicate that the cell has chosen the level of glutamyl-tRNA as a more sensitive probe to regulate the biosynthesis of the enzymes of the other pathway, which must be energized at a low ammonia concentration.     

Increased activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and other lipogenic enzymes in human bladder cancer.

Common molecular changes in cancer cells are high carbon flux through the glycolytic pathway and overexpression of fatty acid synthase, a key lipogenic enzyme. Since glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase creates a link between carbohydrates and the lipid metabolism, we have investigated the activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and various lipogenic enzymes in human bladder cancer. The data presented in this paper indicate that glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human bladder cancer is significantly higher compared to adjacent non-neoplastic tissue, serving as normal control bladder tissue. Increased glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is accompanied by increased enzyme activity, either directly (fatty acid synthase) or indirectly (through ATP-citrate lyase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase) involved in fatty acid synthesis. Coordinated upregulation of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lipogenic enzymes activities in human bladder cancer suggests that glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase supplies glycerol 3-phosphate for lipid biosynthesis.