多齿蛇鲻鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

本文对多齿蛇鲻鳞片表面结构进行扫描电镜观祭,描述了鳞纹、年轮形式、齿状粒突、辐射沟、伸缩缝、后区隆突和小棘。鳞纹嵴顶上的齿状粒突,其形态特征和排列方式可作为辅助鉴别疑难种类的依据。鳞纹和后区隆突上的伸缩缝,作者认为对鳞片的伸缩起着柔软缓冲作用。     

短盖巨脂鲤鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

本文对短盖巨脂鲤的鳞片作了扫描电镜观察,研究结果表明：短盖巨脂鲤具圆鳞、基区、侧区和顶区的鳞纹上皆具片状突起,辐射沟分为初级、次级和三级三种形态、鳞焦中央的鳞纹呈网状。     

大鳞副泥鳅鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

对大鳞副泥鳅的鳞片作了扫描电镜观察。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅具圆鳞;基区、侧区和顶区均具有辐射沟及环沟,二者交织成网状,将鳞片分割成块状,可增加鳞片的柔软度;次级辐射沟发出部位可作为确定年轮的主要依据。     

革鲀科鳞片构造的扫描电镜观察和比较研究

革鲀科的鳞片构造不同于一般真骨鱼类的骨鳞,由特化的基板和鳞棘两部分组成。中国有革鲀科鱼类12属19种,本文研究了其中10属14种的鳞片构造,运用扫描电镜进行了观察和比较。根据基板表面棱突的特征,可将革鲀科基板构造分为3个式型、2个亚型;根据鳞棘数目、形状及排列方式的不同,可以划分为4个式型。革鲀科各种间的鳞片具有不同的性状,而且比较稳定,因此可以作为分类鉴定的依据之一。     

杞麓湖鲤属鱼类分化在鳃耙超微结构上的表达

本工作以杞麓湖的鲤属鱼类为研究对象,应用扫描电镜技术研究各物种鳃耙形态结构的分化,探讨同域型物种分化在鳃耙超微结构上的表达形式。鳃耙的形态分化是多层次的,且不同物种鳃耙的分化可在各层次独立进行,也可在层次之间出现交叉,从而使分化形式丰富多彩。杞麓湖鲤属鱼类鳃耙分化模式对研究云南高原湖泊其它类群的物种分化具有一定参考意义。     

胭脂鱼鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

鳞片的数目和形态特征常作为鱼类分类的特征之一,也是年龄鉴定和生长状态分析的重要材料。对鱼类鳞片形态特征的研究早就受到广泛注意并在继续深入进行。自七十年代将扫描电镜技术应用于观察鳞片表面结构特征以来,已对近三十种鱼类的鳞片进行了扫描电镜观察研究,其中包括我国的淡水鱼类鲤亚科的几个种。上述研究结果显示出鳞片表面结构的亚显微特征在探讨鱼类系统发育和区别疑难种类上具有一定意义。为丰富我国鱼类鳞片表面亚显微结构资料和满足教学需要,我们对长江中的胭脂鱼Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker 鳞片进行了扫描电镜观察。     

东方沙蟒显微皮纹结构与功能

对隶属蟒科的东方沙蟒唇鳞的光学显微结构和扫描电镜下的超微结构的观察发现了类似小窝的结构,可能是原始的鳞片感受器官;对鳞片感受器的大小做了测量;同时观察了头部其他鳞片和身体中部背鳞和腹鳞的显微皮纹结构。所有鳞片的角皮层细胞平坦,没有大的表面特征结构,除了后缘齿状结构、微孔和窄而短的边界。考虑到穴居种类减少反光不是主要的选择因子,而主要选择是减少摩擦和清除污物,显微皮纹特征很好地符合这一假说。不同部位鳞片的差异主要表现在角皮层细胞的形状和的大小,微孔的有无,细胞后缘齿状结构的有无和大小以及细胞边界重叠的程度。首次描述了鹅卵石样多孔细胞这一微饰类型。     

南极鳕鳞片表面结构的光镜和扫描电镜的观察

本文对南极鳕鳞片表面结构进行了光镜和扫描电镜形态学的初步研究。观察同一鱼体上圆鳞和栉鳞的各自形态,论述了两种鳞片年轮的特点及鳞峭、鳞沟、鳞棘等的特征。经过观察分析,认为年轮的断裂型即为生殖轮,生殖轮的出现将是性成熟的标志。     

云南鲤属(Cyprinus)鱼类的分类整理

关于鲤属鱼类的分类,过去已有两次比较系统的研究,但对亚属的划分、种下阶元的判定等仍有争议。原因是分类所循的外形性状变异较大,且多互相重叠。本文试从骨骼比较入手,寻找新的、较为稳定的分类依据。经比较分析,鲤属鱼类的第一脊椎横突、上颌骨、上筛骨、额骨、枕骨突、犁骨、下咽骨和下颌骨等存在明显差异,可作为划分亚属和种的鉴别特征。据此重新分类整理,认为Mesocyprinus亚属仍能成立,首次把产于洱海的厚唇鲤cyprinus crassilabris Chen et Hwang归入杞麓鲤Cyprinus carpio chilia Wu et al.的同物异名;Cyprinus pellegrini pellegrini Tchang,Cyprinus pellegrini barbatus Chen et Hwang,Cyprinns yunnanensis yunnanensis Tchang和Cyprinus yunnanensis daliensis Chen et Hwang在骨骼上有明显分化,由亚种提升为各自独立的种。整理后云南共有鲤属鱼类12个种和亚种,以骨骼特征做出检索表。     

白鲢的鳞长与体重及外部形态性状的关系

为了全面地了解鱼类鳞片在鱼类生长及鱼类学的研究中的作用,本文研究了白鲢的鳞片生长与体重及形态可量性状生长的关系。结果表明:白鲢的鳞长与体重、鳞长与24个形态可量性状都呈显著的相关关系,可以从鳞片材料上反映出白鲢体型的基本特征和生长情况。在每尾鱼体上,只要测得体长、全长及鳞长便可预测此尾鱼其它可量性状及体重的数值。这将给鱼类数量分类学及鱼体生长的研究提供简捷方便的途径。 本文还讨论了白鲢的长度与体重关系的表达式,建议应根据具体情况,对鱼体长度指标——全长与体长进行选用。     

Scale surface micro-structures of British freshwater cyprinidae

The scales of the roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), rudd (Scardinus erythropthalmus L.) and Crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) Cyprinidae, Teleostei, were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The circuli in the overlapped areas of the scales were found to be denticulated. Inter-specific variation of denticular morphology, height and spacing was revealed when circuli of comparable ontogenetic age were investigated. The osseus material forming the circuli is reduced in thickness or absent at the scale radii. On the basis of the results of this study it is considered that the term micro-structure should be used in preference to ‘ornamentation’ to describe scale surface characteristics.     

Molecular phylogeny of three subspecies of common carp Cyprinus carpio, based on sequence analysis of cytochrome b and control region of mtDNA

The complete cytochrome b and the control region of mtDNA (about 2070 bp in total) of 10 strains belonging to three subspecies of the common carp, including three wild subspecies (the Yangtze River wild common carp – Cyprinus carpio haematopterus , Yuanjiang River wild common carp – Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus and Volga River wild common carp – Cyprinus carpio carpio ) and seven domestic strains (Xingguo red carp, Russian scattered scaled mirror carp, Qingtian carp, Japanese Koi carp, purse red carp, Big-belly carp, German mirror carp) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 10 strains form three distinct clades, corresponding to C. c. haematopterus , C. c. rubrofuscus and C. c. carpio respectively. Purse red carp, an endemic domestic strain in Jiangxi province of China, showed a higher evolution rate in comparison with the other strains of C. c. haematopterus , most probably because of intensive selection and a long history of domestication. Base variation ratios among the three subspecies varied from 0.78% (between C. c. haematopterus and C. c. rubrofuscus ) to 1.47%(between C. c. carpio and C. c. rubrofuscus ). The topography of the phylogenetic tree and the geographic distribution of three subspecies closely resemble each other. The divergence time between C. c. carpio and the other two subspecies was estimated to be about 0.9 Myr and about 0.5 Myr between C. c. haematopterus and C. c. rubrofuscus . Based on phylogenetic analysis, C. c. rubrofuscus might have diverged from C. c. haematopterus .     

中国鲤亚科鱼类的分类、分布、起源及演化

本文报道中国鲤亚科鱼类5属23种,内有1新种——尖鳍鲤Cyprinus acutidorsalis sp.nov.,该种的主要鉴别特征为:(1)背鳍前部呈三角形突出,后缘具一很深的缺刻;(2)腹鳍起点前于背鳍;(3)尾鳍下叶不呈桔红色。中国鲤亚科鱼类区系,远较其他国家丰富,地方种有乌原鲤Procypris merus、岩原鲤P.rabaudi、尖鳍鲤、龙州鲤Cyprinus longzhouensis、短鳍鲤C.micristius、抚仙鲤C.fuxianensis、异龙鲤C.yilongensis、大眼鲤C.megalophthalmus、厚唇鲤C.crassilabris、杞麓鲤C.chilia、春鲤C.longipectoralis、大头鲤C.pellegrini、洱海鲤C.barbatus、云南鲤C.yunnanensis、大理鲤C.daliensis和翘嘴鲤C.ilishaestomus,共16种。云南高原鲤亚科种类特多,仅见于云南的中国地方种多达12种。在云南各湖泊,鲤属鱼类种的分化十分明显,尤其在洱海,所产6种除杞麓鲤外,均为该湖所特有,同域种如此之多,殊属罕见,大概洱海一带即为鲤亚科鱼类的分布中心。云南高原特有种如此丰富,可能与云南地形地貌几经变迁,并具备着使该亚科鱼类区系得以繁荣和分化的良好生态条件密切有关。本文还对鲤亚科鱼类的起源和演化,进行了初步的讨论。       

Squamation and scale character stability in cichlids, examined in Sarotheroden galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Squamation and scale morphology provide interesting characters for phyletic analysis within the Cichlidae. It is not known, however, to what extent these characters are genetically fixed or determined by environmental parameters. To clarify this point, a study on Sarotherodon galilaeus was conducted. This species has an extensive distribution and lives in markedly different environments. Most scale characters were found to be remarkably stable within the species. The only large variations occur in scale counts, extent of caudal fin Squamation, number of circuli and radii, and the extent of scale granulation. The Squamation pattern, the form of the circuli and radii, the shape of interradial rostrad projecting tongues, the denticles on the circuli in the rostral field, and especially the kind of granulation in the caudal field is similar in all specimens examined and is also retained in fish bred in aquaria for several generations. Thus it seems justified to assume that these characters are strongly determined by genetic factors and that their analysis can be useful in the determination of phyletic relationships.     

几种鲤鱼染色体核仁组织者的银染观察

本文对鲤属（Cyprinus）春鲤C.longipectoralis杞麓鲤C.carpio chilia、以及鲤鱼C.carpio四种品系的核型与核仁组织者（NORs）进行了银染观察,结果表明: 1.几种鲤鱼的染色体数均为2n=100,核型组成均包括中着丝点（A组）、亚中着丝点（B组）和端着丝点或近端着丝点（C组）染色体,但构成比例彼此稍有差异。春鲤及杞麓鲤核型为22m 30sm 48st.t（昝瑞光,1980）;鲤鱼四种品系:荷包鲤、玻璃鲤、兴国红鲤及青鲤的核型为28m 22sm 50st.t,在C组第3对上有一对具随体的染色体,四种品系鲤鱼随体的形态,大小各不相同。 2.几种鲤鱼均有一对同源染色体带有NORS,且均出现在St染色体的短臂上。 3.几种鲤鱼的NORs均呈现显著的多态性。此外还观察到Ag-NORs的联合现象。     

Genetic Diversity in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

A survey of restriction fragment polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of three subspecies of Carassius auratus throughout four provinces in China was undertaken using 17 restriction enzymes. Two carp, Cyprinus carpio rubbrofuscus and Cyprinus carpio carpio, were included as the outgroup. A total of 16 haplotypes was observed: 5 in tetraploids of C. auratus auratus; 8 in hexaploids of C. auratus auratus; and 2 in C. auratus gibelio and C. auratus cuvieri, respectively. The tetraploids and hexaploids share three common haplotypes as I, V, and VI. C. a. Cuvieri may have diverged first among the three subspecies. Interestingly, C. a. auratus and C. a. cuvieri did not form monophyletic clades, which indicated that the classification of Carassius auratus required further studies. The current hypothesis, that hexaploids originated from tetraploids by a polyploidy event, is less favorable, based on the distribution of haplotypes and the lower diversity in tetraploids than in hexaploids. Our data also indicate that divergence of hexaploids and tetraploids might be recent and mtDNA polymorphism existed before the divergence. Meanwhile, genetic isolation exists between the hexaploids and the tetraploids.     

New species of myxosporidians in the genus Myxobolus (Myxosporidia, Myxobolidae) from cyprinid fishes of the Amur River

Five new species are described as follows: M. haematopterus from gills, fins and skin of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus; M. gibelio from connective tissue of gill filaments, fin rays and kidneys of Carassius auratus gibelio; Myxobolus waleckii from gills of Leuciscus waleckii; Myxobolus junchisi from gills, muscles, kidneys and spleen of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus; M. alacaudatus of Cyprinus and Carassius Myxobolus divergens carassii from gills, muscles, fins, and cartilaginous tissue of operculim of Carassius auratus gibelio and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus.