Measuring human disturbance using terrestrial invertebrates in the shrub–steppe of eastern Washington (USA)

Hanford Nuclear Reservation in eastern Washington is an ideal place to study biological responses to diverse human activities because minimally disturbed areas of native shrub–steppe exist in close proximity to areas that have been substantially altered. This range of conditions provides an opportunity to test which attributes of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages change systematically along a gradient of human influence and to select from these a set of biological metrics that can be used for site assessment. We sampled invertebrates at 25 sites at or near the Hanford Reservation: some sites showed past or present influence from agriculture, waste disposal, urbanization, or construction; others had a history of minimal human disturbance.We evaluated 57 attributes of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages to determine if they varied systematically with the intensity of human disturbance. Attributes were measured as taxa richness or percentage relative abundance of key taxonomic, trophic, or ecological groups. Ten attributes were consistently associated with disturbance in 3 years of independent sampling, and another 12 attributes were significant in 2 out of 3 years. Those selected as metrics were total number of invertebrate families (1) number of Diptera families (2) taxa richness of Acarina (3) predators (4) detritivores (5) ground-dwellers (6) and percentage relative abundance of detritivores (7); all declined with increasing disturbance. The percentage relative abundance of Collembola (8) and taxa richness (9) and relative abundance (10) of polyphagous Carabidae increased with disturbance. Two metrics (7 and 10) were excluded from further consideration because they were redundant with other metrics (6 and 9).We transformed the remaining eight metrics to a standard scale and added them to yield a multimetric index—a single value summarizing the biological condition of each site. Undisturbed sites had the highest index values; sites with physical disturbance related to construction or waste disposal ranked next; and agricultural sites had the lowest values, indicating the most severe changes in their resident biota. Index values were lower for more frequently disturbed sites, although the time since last disturbance produced no differences in index values. Repeat sampling at five sites indicated that index values varied little across years and that year-to-year differences were smaller at undisturbed than disturbed sites.This first effort to develop a terrestrial monitoring approach modeled after the aquatic index of biological integrity (IBI) shows promise, but validation of the metrics at other places will be needed before a terrestrial index of biological integrity (T-IBI) can reliably guide management, restoration, or policy decisions.     

Effects of removal and regeneration of bankside vegetation on fish population dynamics in the Warta River,Poland

In March 1989 both banks of a 450 m section of the Warta River, 2 km above a reservoir, were cleared of their riparian vegetation (osiers, willows and alders). In October 1988 17 fish species had been recorded there, with a standing crop (SC) of 31.9 kg ha ^–1. In April 1989, the number of species decreased to 11, and their SC to 7.9 kg ha ^–1.Over the next three years new alder trees appeared and osiers regrew to 3.5 m. The SC in October 1990, October 1991 and May 1992 was recorded at 36.5, 66.2 and 40.9 kg ha ^–1, respectively. The primary effect was on phytophils, whose biomass was directly proportional to the height of the trees and osiers (r = 0.87, p = 0.05). The litho-phytophils appeared to occupy the habitat vacated by the phytophils soon after bank clearance (r = –0.87, p = 0.05), but then declined as the osiers grew.     

Spatial distribution and temporal variability of some aquatic insects in the Franco-Geneva River,Allondon

The Allodon River, a tributary of the Rhône, has suffered considerably from the recent expansion of human activities in the Geneva region. This study documents changes in its benthic fauna by comparing species richness before and after 1986 and by considering the possibilities of recolonization by drift.

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Résumé L'Allondon, affluent du Rhône, est une rivière qui a considérablemen t souffert d'une expansion récente des activités humaines dans la région genevoise. Cette étude met en lumière l'évolution de certains éléments de la faune benthique en comparant les richesses specifiques avant et après 1986, année critique pour la macrofaune benthique du bassin genevois. Elle met en évidence les possibilités de recolonisation par dérive de certains recours de l'Allondon à partir d'affluents moins perturbés.

     

Spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure in the Mary River,south-eastern Queensland: the influence of habitat structure

Synopsis Fish assemblages at eleven sites within the Mary River were sampled over a 15 month period by back-pack electrofishing. The study took place during a period of abnormally low flows but included two high flow events one of which approached record levels. Spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure was pronounced. Spatial variation was related to position within the catchment and correlated with habitat attributes related to substrate composition and water depth. The absence of a strong effect due to water velocity was probably due to overall low water flows throughout the study period. Temporal variation at some sites, particularly headwater sites, was correlated with changes in the amount and type of cover available to fishes. Cover was significantly correlated with the mean species richness of each site. Flooding had very little effect on both fish assemblage structure and the physical structure of the habitat but resulted in substantial reduction in the amount and type of cover available to fishes. The flow regime of the Mary River was highly variable and consequently both the timing and duration of high and low flows was unpredictable.     

Spatial and temporal variation in the macroinvertebrate community structure of the lower Elands River,Mpumalanga, South Africa

The Elands River, Mpumalanga, is an ecologically sensitive river that is constantly threatened by a variety of human activities. The influence of a pulp and paper mill on the river's macroinvertebrate assemblages was studied in March and June 2005, representing high- and low-flow seasons, respectively. Macroinvertebrates were collected from various biotopes using a standard sampling net, and were preserved and identified to family level. A range of multivariate and univariate statistical analyses was applied to assess the spatial and temporal variations in the macroinvertebrate communities. Diversity loss and dominance by a single taxon, Melanoides tuberculata, were noted directly below the mill. Other sites did not appear to be affected. Macroinvertebrate communities at all sites showed a strong seasonal variation.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of cystic fibrosis and of its mutations in Brittany,France: a retrospective study from 1960

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common severe inherited disorder that affects children in Caucasian populations. The aim of this study was to define the spatial and temporal distribution of CF and its mutations in Brittany (western France) where the frequency of the disease is high. We retrospectively registered all CF patients born in Brittany since 1960 by cross-checking various data sources (e.g. medical care centres, genetics laboratories, hospital archives). Councils were contacted so that the place of residence of patients at birth could be determined. Moreover, the spectrum of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations and their spatial distribution across Brittany were determined. A total of 520 patients was registered in this study. The incidence of CF was assessed according to administrative (department, district) and diocesan divisions of Brittany and its evolution analysed over four decades. The incidence of CF was 1/2630, with a west/east gradient that was confirmed over time (Finistère: 1/2071 vs Ille-et-Vilaine: 1/3286). At present, the incidence of CF is decreasing, mainly as a result of prenatal diagnosis. An excellent mutation detection rate of 99.7% was obtained. Western Brittany presented a specific spectrum of mutations: 1078delT (9.4% of mutated alleles in the diocese of Cornouaille), G551D (7.7% in the diocese of Léon), 4005+1G-->A (2.9% in Cornouaille) and W846X (1.5% in western Brittany). On the other hand, the eastern region showed a spectrum more similar to the overall picture in France as a whole. This study enabled a precise measurement of the incidence of CF in Brittany to be obtained. The high frequency of the CFTR mutated alleles may result from founder effects and genetic drifts. Moreover, the study brings together the regional specificities of the CFTR gene and highlights disparities that exist in this part of France, both in incidence and in mutation distribution. These are attributable to different degrees of isolation and of population movements between the eastern and western parts of the region. Given that this is the first time that such a detailed study of the CFTR gene has been performed on a large population, this heightened knowledge of the epidemiology of CF in Brittany should provide a basis for the improvement of diagnostic strategies and refinement of genetic counselling.     

Spatial and temporal variations in densities of small fishes across different temporary floodplain types of the lower Okavango Delta,Botswana

Small-sized and juvenile fishes as well as physicochemical water parameters in various primary, secondary and rarely flooded temporary floodplains of the Okavango Delta were assessed during the different hydrological phases of the 2009–2010 flooding season. Small fishes were sampled in the marginal zone of the floodplains using a throw-trap net and a suite of physicochemical properties were measured. Both physicochemical water quality parameters and densities of small fishes showed spatiotemporal variations across the temporary floodplain types. Turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, woody debris and chlorophyll a were all highest in rarely flooded floodplains compared to both primary and secondary floodplains (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Fish from 38 fish taxa belonging to 11 families were identified and classified during the study. The fish families Cichlidae (dominated by tilapias), Poeciliidae (Aplocheilichthys spp.) and Cyprinidae (Barbus spp.), were the most abundant across the study floodplains. The poeciliids were most abundant in frequently flooded primary and secondary floodplains, whereas juvenile cichlids dominated in rarely flooded floodplains. During high floods the rarely flooded portions of the delta function as important nursery habitats for juvenile cichlids, implying that a significant reduction in flooding may have negative effects on the delta's tilapia stocks due to reduced recruitment success.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton communities along a regulated river system, the Nakdong River, Korea

The longitudinal distribution and seasonal fluctuation of phytoplankton communities was studied along the middle to lower part of a regulated river system (Nakdong River, Korea). Phytoplankton biomass decreased sharply in the middle part of the river (182 km upward the estuary dam), and then increased downstream reaching a maximum at the last sampling station (27 km upward the estuary dam). In contrast, there was little downstream fluctuation in species composition, irrespective of pronounced differences in nutrient concentrations (TN, TP, NO₃, NH₄, PO₄) as well as in algal biomass. In the main river channel, small centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Cyclotella meneghiniana) and pennate diatoms (Synedra, Fragilaria, Nitzschia) were dominant from winter to early spring (November–April). A mixed community of cryptomonads, centric and pennate diatoms, and coenobial greens (Pediastrum, Scenedesmus) was dominant in late spring (May–June). Blue-green algae (Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillatoria) were dominant in the summer (July–September). A mid-summer Microcystis bloom occurred at all study sites during the dry season, when discharge was low, though the nutrient concentration varied in each study site. Nutrients appeared everywhere to be in excess of algal requirement and apparently did not influence markedly the downstream and seasonal phytoplankton compositional differences in this river.     

Spatial and temporal variation of fish communities in secondary channels of the San Juan River, New Mexico and Utah

Spatial and temporal variation of fish communities in four secondary channels of the San Juan River between Shiprock, NM and Bluff, UT were investigated from July 1993 through November 1994. Fish abundance and habitat availability data were collected to determine if physical attributes of sites influenced spatial and temporal variation in their fish communities. Stability of habitat was shown to positively influence the stability of the fish community. Analysis of variance revealed greater spatial than temporal variation in the abundance of red shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis, fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis, while speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus showed greater temporal variation. Ordination, using detrended correspondence analysis, revealed variation in fish communities by site, date, and sample year. Spatial variation was greatest during low-flow periods when the greatest differences in habitat among the four sites occurred. Spring runoff had the greatest temporal effect on the fish communities in secondary channels and appeared to reset the communities by displacing those species that were less resistant to increased current velocities. This annual event may help maintain native fish species adapted to these conditions in the San Juan River while moderating the abundance of nonnative fish species.     

The influence of flow and other environmental factors on benthic invertebrates in the Sacramento River, U.S.A.

We examined how community composition of benthic invertebrates was related to current velocities and other environmental variables within the Sacramento River in California, USA. Invertebrates were collected in 1998 and 1999 from 10 sites over a gradient of 187 river kilometers. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that current velocity was the most important variable explaining community composition. Other predicator variables that influenced community composition included periphyton biomass, altitude, and disturbance. Because of the importance of velocity in structuring benthic communities in this system, alterations of flow caused by changes in river regulation structures should be carefully considered.     

Composition and seasonality of benthic invertebrates,and drift in the Naro Moru River,Kenya

A survey was carried out to establish the nature and composition of the benthos along the Naro Moru, a tropical river in central Kenya using artificial substrate baskets, from November 1986 to October 1987. A clear longitudinal zonation existed for Diptera and Ephemeroptera which were the major benthic taxa. Maximum colonization took place after ten days of exposure. Seasonal variations in abundance were also observed. All taxa collected from the bottom samples were also collected in the drift samples, but the percentage composition of the benthos showed variations with that of the drift. Simulium sp. dominated the benthos whilst Baetis spp. dominated the drift. There was a positive correlation between drift rate and benthic fauna density.     

Observed change of the standardized precipitation index, its potential cause and implications to future climate change in the Amazon region

Observations show that the standard precipitation index (SPI) over the southern Amazon region decreased in the period of 1970-1999 by 0.32 per decade, indicating an increase in dry conditions. Simulations of constant pre-industrial climate with recent climate models indicate a low probability (p=0%) that the trends are due to internal climate variability. When the 23 models are forced with either anthropogenic factors or both anthropogenic and external natural factors, approximately 13% of sampled 30-year SPI trends from the models are found to be within the range of the observed SPI trend at 95% confidence level. This suggests a possibility of anthropogenic and external forcing of climate change in the southern Amazon. On average, the models project no changes in the frequency of occurrence of low SPI values in the future; however, those models which produce more realistic SPI climatology, variability and trend over the period 1970-1999 show more of a tendency towards more negative values of SPI in the future. The analysis presented here suggests a potential anthropogenic influence on Amazon drying, which warrants future, more in-depth, study.     

Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta‐analysis of experimental manipulation

Global mean temperature is predicted to increase by 2–7 °C and precipitation to change across the globe by the end of this century. To quantify climate effects on ecosystem processes, a number of climate change experiments have been established around the world in various ecosystems. Despite these efforts, general responses of terrestrial ecosystems to changes in temperature and precipitation, and especially to their combined effects, remain unclear. We used meta‐analysis to synthesize ecosystem‐level responses to warming, altered precipitation, and their combination. We focused on plant growth and ecosystem carbon (C) balance, including biomass, net primary production (NPP), respiration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem photosynthesis, synthesizing results from 85 studies. We found that experimental warming and increased precipitation generally stimulated plant growth and ecosystem C fluxes, whereas decreased precipitation had the opposite effects. For example, warming significantly stimulated total NPP, increased ecosystem photosynthesis, and ecosystem respiration. Experimentally reduced precipitation suppressed aboveground NPP (ANPP) and NEE, whereas supplemental precipitation enhanced ANPP and NEE. Plant productivity and ecosystem C fluxes generally showed higher sensitivities to increased precipitation than to decreased precipitation. Interactive effects of warming and altered precipitation tended to be smaller than expected from additive, single‐factor effects, though low statistical power limits the strength of these conclusions. New experiments with combined temperature and precipitation manipulations are needed to conclusively determine the importance of temperature–precipitation interactions on the C balance of terrestrial ecosystems under future climate conditions.     

Spatial and temporal changes in genetic structure of greenhouse and field populations of cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni

Trichoplusia ni is a subtropical moth that migrates annually from southern California to southern British Columbia, Canada where it invades vegetable greenhouses and field crops. The heated greenhouse environment has altered the natural extinction–recolonization dynamics of T. ni populations, and allows year‐round persistence in some locations. In addition, the extensive use of the biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Bt) in some greenhouses has selected for resistance. Here we investigated the genetic structure of T. ni populations in British Columbia greenhouses and in field populations in California and British Columbia using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) as related to patterns of Bt resistance. The majority of British Columbia field populations were similar to the California field populations, the potential source of migrants. However populations in two geographic areas with high concentrations of greenhouses showed local genetic differentiation. Some of these populations experienced severe bottlenecks over‐winter and following Bt sprays. Greenhouse populations showed a pattern of isolation by distance and a strong positive relationship between genetic differentiation and levels of Bt resistance. These patterns indicate that greenhouses that sometimes support year‐round populations of T. ni and the ensuing strong bottlenecking effects following winter cleanups and Bt application cause genetic differentiation of T. ni populations. Long distance migrants to field populations contribute to genetic homogeneity of these.     

An ecological assessment of the hazard of eight insecticides used in Desert Locust control, to invertebrates in temporary ponds in the Sahel

Temporary ponds are important surface waters during the rainy season in dry regions such as the Sahel. Because such ponds are relatively small, they may easily be contaminated by downwind drift or accidental overspraying during insecticide applications against Desert Locust. The possible impact of several insecticides on these waters has been assessed in the past by experimental trials in natural ponds in Senegal. Invertebrate populations were affected differently according to the insecticide used. Fairy shrimps (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), backswimmers (Hemiptera, Notonectidae) and cladocerans (Branchiopoda) represent the most important and most sensitive taxa to insecticides tested in the field. Populations of these three groups each recover after a fixed and characteristic time which can be linked to specific life-history traits. Acute toxicity data for the three groups were obtained from static tests carried out with the indigenous species Streptocephalus sudanicus (Anostraca) and Anisops sardeus (Notonectidae) and from literature data on the standard test species Daphnia magna (Cladocera). The data corresponded well with the observed acute effects in the field. A simple method for hazard ranking and risk analysis for temporary ponds, based on these species, was applied to eight antilocust insecticides. The method is based on operational application rates of the insecticides and their acute toxicity, but also on the characteristic population recovery speed for each group of species. Based on this method, the ranking in order of increasing adverse effects in the ponds was: fipronil < bendiocarb < fenitrothion < malathion < diflubenzuron < chlorpyrifos < lambda-cyhalothrin < deltamethrin. Because similar groups of species have a much wider distribution than only Senegal and the Sahel, the data may also be useful for risk assessment in other regions with a comparable arid climate. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their associations to habitat variables in a mountain stream of north Tiaoxi River,China

The spatial and temporal variations of the fish assemblages in mountain streams of China are poorly understood. The relationships between the fish assemblage and selected habitat features were examined in the North Tiaoxi River, one of headwaters of Taihu Lake. A total of 3,348 individuals belonging to 5 orders, 11 families, 25 genera and 34 species were collected including 33 native species and one invasive species. Among those, about 20 species were endemic to China. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) was applied to compare fish assemblage structures from upstream to downstream during four seasons. Species assemblages differed along the stream continuum, but there was little apparent change associated with the seasons. Species richness and Shannon-Weaver index (H′) tended to increase along the stream continuum from the upstream to downstream and the proportion of invertivorous fish tended to significantly decrease along the continuum with a parallel significant increase in the percentage of omnivores. Fish assemblages were significantly related to both water quality and habitat structure variables. Canonical Correspondence Analysis ordinations (CCA) revealed that 6 of the 14 selected environmental variables had significant relationships with the fish assemblage such as distance to source, stream width, altitude, pH, water depth, and water velocity and different sampling sites were associated with different environmental variables in different seasons. The main differences in fish assemblage structure and diversity within the whole watercourse are probably related to large-scale factors such distance to source, altitude and stream width. Differences of instream characteristics are likely to be caused by natural variability of the ecosystems but also, in some case, by anthropogenic influence like human settlements, agriculture and river embankment and pollution from small factory.     

Seston sedimentation in a lowland river (River Spree,Germany): their spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors

Sedimentation of organic particles plays a decisive role in streams in relation to pelagic loss as well as retention of nutrients and other substances. The plate sediment trap allows for the direct measurement of these net fluxes. Biweekly measurements were undertaken in the eutrophic lowland River Spree (MQ 14 m³ s^–1) 10 km upstream of Berlin in 1999 and 2000. Trapping rates between 0.5 and 25 g DW m^–2 day^–1 were found near the bank. The variance of seston sedimentation is controlled by the seston concentration, the settling velocity of the particles and the flow velocity. The sinking velocity exhibits significant seasonal fluctuations with highest values in summer. It is shown that the critical flow velocity for sedimentation is another important parameter. This controls the distribution of sedimentation over the width of the river and thus the effective average sedimentation rate for the entire river segment. This average rate ranged between 0.9 and 6.6 g DW m^–2 day^–1.