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Mae Responte Yi&#x;Fan Chiu Po Peng Rafe M. Brown Chia&#x;Yen Dai Yong&#x;Chao Su 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(16):11241
Oceanic islands are unique geographic systems that promote local adaptations and allopatric speciation in many of their highly endemic taxa. This is a common case in the Philippine Archipelago, where numerous unrelated taxa on islands have been inferred to have diversified in isolation. However, few cases have been reported in invertebrates especially among parasitic organisms. Here, we tested for biogeographical structure in novel populations of the “generalist\" kleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes lanyuensis Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 1998 in the Philippines. Results showed that, in addition to Orchid/Lanyu Island, this species has a wide geographic distribution in the Philippine Archipelago. The estimated divergence time of this lineage using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt‐CO1) suggests that this species diverged ca 3.12 MYA, during the Pliocene. Two reciprocal monophyletic clades were elucidated in A. lanyuensis, but with limited differentiation across Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) boundaries and modern‐day islands. However, in our analyses of morphological variation, we identified two phenotypically differentiated units in males (Orchid Island, Taiwan + Luzon, Philippine PAIC populations vs. Palawan + West Visayan + Mindanao PAIC populations). We infer that this species diverged in the southern portion of the Philippine Archipelago and only recently colonized Orchid Island. Our study provides new information on the extensive distribution of A. lanyuensis outside Orchid Island, Taiwan, but we documented a very limited geographically associated genetic variation. Our study points to behavioral phenomena such as foraging behavior as essential contributor to the evolutionary process of species diversification, in contrast to the traditionally invoked geographic drivers of divergence. 相似文献
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ANAHÍ ESPÍNDOLA SVEN BUERKI MARIJA BEDALOV PHILIPPE KÜPFER NADIR ALVAREZ 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,163(1):14-32
The heat‐ and odour‐producing genus Arum (Araceae) has interested scientists for centuries. This long‐term interest has allowed a deep knowledge of some complex processes, such as the physiology and dynamics of its characteristic lure‐and‐trap pollination system, to be built up. However, mainly because of its large distributional range and high degree of morphological variation, species' limits and relationships are still under discussion. Today, the genus comprises 28 species subdivided into two subgenera, two sections and six subsections. In this study, the phylogeny of the genus is inferred on the basis of four plastid regions, and the evolution of several morphological characters is investigated. Our phylogenetic hypothesis is not in agreement with the current infrageneric classification of the genus and challenges the monophyly of several species. This demonstrates the need for a new infrageneric classification based on characters reflecting the evolution of this enigmatic genus. To investigate the biogeography of Arum deeply, further spatiotemporal analyses were performed, addressing the importance of the Mediterranean basin in the diversification of Arum. Our results suggest that its centre of origin was the European–Aegean region, and that major diversification happened during the last 10 Myr. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163 , 14–32. 相似文献
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Simon Y. W. Ho K. Jun Tong Charles S. P. Foster Andrew M. Ritchie Nathan Lo Michael D. Crisp 《Biology letters》2015,11(9)
Molecular estimates of evolutionary timescales have an important role in a range of biological studies. Such estimates can be made using methods based on molecular clocks, including models that are able to account for rate variation across lineages. All clock models share a dependence on calibrations, which enable estimates to be given in absolute time units. There are many available methods for incorporating fossil calibrations, but geological and climatic data can also provide useful calibrations for molecular clocks. However, a number of strong assumptions need to be made when using these biogeographic calibrations, leading to wide variation in their reliability and precision. In this review, we describe the nature of biogeographic calibrations and the assumptions that they involve. We present an overview of the different geological and climatic events that can provide informative calibrations, and explain how such temporal information can be incorporated into dating analyses. 相似文献
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Ana Tronholm Frederique Steen Lennert Tyberghein Frederik Leliaert Heroen Verbruggen M. Antonia Ribera Siguan Olivier De Clerck 《Journal of phycology》2010,46(6):1301-1321
Taxonomy of the brown algal genus Dictyota has a long and troubled history. Our inability to distinguish morphological plasticity from fixed diagnostic traits that separate the various species has severely confounded species delineation. From continental Europe, more than 60 species and intraspecific taxa have been described over the last two centuries. Using a molecular approach, we addressed the diversity of the genus in European waters and made necessary taxonomic changes. A densely sampled DNA data set demonstrated the presence of six evolutionarily significant units (ESUs): Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) J. V. Lamour., D. fasciola (Roth) J. V. Lamour., D. implexa J. V. Lamour., D. mediterranea (Schiffn.) G. Furnari, D. spiralis Mont., and the newly described D. cyanoloma sp. nov., which was previously reported as D. ciliolata from the Mediterranean Sea. Species distributions, based on DNA‐confirmed occurrence records, indicate that all species are geographically confined to the NE Atlantic Ocean with the exception of D. dichotoma and D. implexa, which also occur in South Africa and Bermuda, respectively. To investigate potential hybridization between D. dichotoma and D. implexa, which were previously shown to be sexually compatible in culture, we compiled and analyzed sets of mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear markers to detect putative hybrids or introgression in natural populations. Failure to detect natural hybrids indicates that effective pre‐ and postzygotic isolation mechanisms are at play in natural populations and supports the by‐product hypothesis of reproductive isolation. 相似文献
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Fumana is a diverse genus of the Cistaceae family, consisting of 21 currently accepted species. In this study, nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK, trnT‐L) molecular markers were used to reconstruct the phylogeny and to estimate divergence times, including 19 species of Fumana. Phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian Inference, Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood) confirmed the monophyly of Fumana and did not support the infrageneric divisions previously established. The results support four main clades that group species that differ in vegetative and reproductive characters. Given the impossibility to define morphological characters common to all species within the clades, our proposal is to reject infrageneric divisions. Molecular dating and ancestral area analyses provide evidence for a Miocene diversification of the genus in the north‐western Mediterranean. Ancestral state reconstructions revealed ancestral character states for some traits related to xeric and arid habitats, suggesting a preadaptation to the Mediterranean climate. 相似文献
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Angélica Cervantes Susy Fuentes Jorge Gutiérrez Susana Magallón Thomas Borsch 《Journal of Biogeography》2016,43(9):1773-1785
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CLAUS RASMUSSEN SYDNEY A. CAMERON 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,99(1):206-232
Stingless bees (Meliponini) are one of only two highly eusocial bees, the other being the well studied honey bee (Apini). Unlike Apini, with only 11 species in the single genus Apis, stingless bees are a large and diverse taxon comprising some 60 genera, many of which are poorly known. This is the first attempt to infer a phylogeny of the group that includes the world fauna and extensive molecular data. Understanding the evolutionary relationships of these bees would provide a basis for behavioural studies within an evolutionary framework, illuminating the origins of complex social behaviour, such as the employment of dance and sound to communicate the location of food or shelter. In addition to a global phylogeny, we also provide estimates of divergence times and ancestral biogeograhic distributions of the major groups. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses strongly support a principal division of Meliponini into Old and New World groups, with the Afrotropical+Indo‐Malay/Australian clades comprising the sister group to the large Neotropical clade. The meliponine crown clade is inferred to be of late Gondwanan origin (approximately 80 Mya), undergoing radiations in the Afrotropical and Indo‐Malayan/Australasian regions, approximately 50–60 Mya. In the New World, major diversifications occurred approximately 30–40 Mya. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 206–232. 相似文献
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Trusty JL Olmstead RG Santos-Guerra A Sá-Fontinha S Francisco-Ortega J 《Molecular ecology》2005,14(4):1177-1189
Abstract A molecular phylogenetic study of Bystropogon L'Her. (Lamiaceae) is presented. We performed a cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and of the trnL gene and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Bystropogon odoratissimus is the only species endemic to the Canary Islands that occurs in the three palaeo-islands of Tenerife. This species is not part of an early diverging lineage of Bystropogon and we suggest that it has a recent origin. This phylogenetic pattern is followed by most of the species endemic to the palaeo-islands of Tenerife. The two sections currently recognized in Bystropogon form two monophyletic groups. Taxa belonging to the section Bystropogon clade show interisland colonization limited to the Canary Islands with ecological shifts among three ecological zones. Taxa from the section Canariense clade show interisland colonization both within the Canary Islands and between the Canary Islands and Madeira. Speciation events within this clade are mostly limited to the laurel forest. The genus has followed a colonization route from the Canaries towards Madeira. This route has also been followed by at least five other plant genera with species endemic to Macaronesia. Major incongruences were found between the current infrasectional classification and the molecular phylogeny, because the varieties of Bystropogon origanifolius and Bystropogon canariensis do not form two monophyletic groups. The widespread B. origanifolius appears as progenitor of the other species in section Bystropogon with a more restricted distribution. 相似文献
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Sven Buerki Dion S. Devey Martin W. Callmander Peter B. Phillipson Félix Forest 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,171(2):304-329
Madagascar is renowned for its unparalleled species richness and levels of endemism, which have led, in combination with species extinction caused by an unprecedented rate of anthropogenic deforestation, to its designation as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots. It is home to 10 650 species (84% endemic) of angiosperms in 1621 genera (19% endemic). During the last two centuries, botanists have focused their efforts on the provision of a taxonomic framework for the flora of the island, but much remains to be investigated regarding the evolutionary processes that have shaped Madagascan botanical diversity. In this article, we review the current state of phylogenetic and biogeographical knowledge of the endemic angiosperm genera. We also propose a new stratified biogeographical model, based on palaeogeographical evidence, allowing the inference of the spatio‐temporal history of Madagascan taxa. The implications of past climate change and extinction events on the evolutionary history of the endemic genera are also discussed in depth. Phylogenetic information was available for 184 of the 310 endemic genera (59.3%) and divergence time estimates were available for 67 (21.6%). Based on this evidence, we show the importance of phylogenetic clustering in the assemblage of the current Madagascan diversity (26% of the genera have a sister lineage from Madagascar) and confirm the strong floristic affinities with Africa, South‐East Asia and India (22%, 9.1% and 6.2% of the genera, respectively). The close links with the Comoros, Mascarenes and Seychelles are also discussed. These results also support an Eocene/Oligocene onset for the origin of the Madagascan generic endemic flora, with the majority arising in the Miocene or more recently. These results therefore de‐emphasize the importance of the Gondwanan break‐up on the evolution of the flora. There is, however, some fossil evidence suggesting that recent extinctions (e.g. Sarcolaenaceae, a current Madagascan endemic, in southern Africa) might blur vicariance patterns and favour dispersal explanations for current biodiversity patterns. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
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Diane L. Rowe Katherine A. Dunn Ronald M. Adkins Rodney L. Honeycutt 《Journal of Biogeography》2010,37(2):305-324
Aim In order to resolve disputed biogeographical histories of biota with Gondwanan continental distributions, and to assess the null hypothesis of vicariance, it is imperative that a robust geological time‐frame be established. As an example, the sudden and coincident appearance of hystricognath rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) on both the African and South American continents has been an irreconcilable controversy for evolutionary biologists, presenting enigmas for both Gondwanan vicariance and Late Eocene dispersal hypotheses. In an attempt to resolve this discordance, we aim to provide a more robust phylogenetic hypothesis and improve divergence‐date estimates, which are essential to assessing the null hypothesis of vicariance biogeography. Location The primary centres of distribution are in Africa and South America. Methods We implemented parsimony, maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods to generate a phylogeny of 37 hystricognath taxa, the most comprehensive taxonomic sampling of this group to date, on the basis of two nuclear gene regions. To increase phylogenetic resolution at the basal nodes, these data were combined with previously published data for six additional nuclear gene regions. Divergence dates were estimated using two relaxed‐molecular‐clock methods, Bayesian multidivtime and nonparametric rate smoothing. Results Our data do not support reciprocal monophyly of African and South American lineages. Indeed, Old World porcupines (i.e. Hystricomorpha) appear to be more closely related to New World lineages (i.e. Caviomorpha) than to other Old World families (i.e. Bathyergidae, Petromuridae and Thryonomyidae). The divergence between the monophyletic assemblage of South American lineages and its Old World ancestor was estimated to have occurred c. 50 Ma. Main conclusions Our phylogenetic hypothesis and divergence‐date estimates are strongly at odds with Gondwanan‐vicariance isolating mechanisms. In contrast, our data suggest that transoceanic dispersal has played a significant role in governing the contemporary distribution of hystricognath rodents. Molecular‐clock analyses imply a trans‐Tethys dispersal event, broadly confined to the Late Cretaceous, and trans‐Atlantic dispersal within the Early Eocene. Our analyses also imply that the use of the oldest known South American rodent fossil as a calibration point has biased molecular‐clock inferences. 相似文献
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John A. H. Benzie 《Hydrobiologia》1987,145(1):51-65
The AustralianDaphnia (D. occidentalis, D. jollyi, D. lumholtzi, D. carinata, D. nivalis, andD. cephalata) include representatives from three distinct groups within the genus. The worldwide distribution of species within these three groups is consistent with a Gondwanan or pre-Gondwanan origin for each group. These data suggest an even more ancient origin for the genusDaphnia. The finding thatD. cephalata must have been separated fromD. carinata since Gondwanan times is consistent with recent biochemical data on the phylogenetic relations of AustralianDaphnia, but contrasts with electrophoretic evidence of continuing hybridization between these two taxa. It is suggested that continued gene exchange between otherwise discrete species, or clonal complexes, ofDaphnia may be maintained for millions of years, partly as a result of the varying degrees of cyclical parthenogenesis, and partly as a result of the highly fragmented population structures, found in these taxa. 相似文献
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The evolutionary relationship among Vibrio fischeri isolates obtained from the light organs of Euprymna scolopes collected around Oahu, Hawaii, were examined in this study. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on a concatenation of fragments of four housekeeping loci (recA, mdh, katA, pyrC) identified one monophyletic group (‘Group-A'') of V. fischeri from Oahu. Group-A V. fischeri strains could also be identified by a single DNA fingerprint type. V. fischeri strains with this fingerprint type had been observed to be at a significantly higher abundance than other strains in the light organs of adult squid collected from Maunalua Bay, Oahu, in 2005. We hypothesized that these previous observations might be related to a growth/survival advantage of the Group-A strains in the Maunalua Bay environments. Competition experiments between Group-A strains and non-Group-A strains demonstrated an advantage of the former in colonizing juvenile Maunalua Bay hosts. Growth and survival assays in Maunalua Bay seawater microcosms revealed a reduced fitness of Group-A strains relative to non-Group-A strains. From these results, we hypothesize that there may exist trade-offs between growth in the light organ and in seawater environments for local V. fischeri strains from Oahu. Alternatively, Group-A V. fischeri may represent an example of rapid, evolutionarily significant, specialization of a horizontally transmitted symbiont to a local host population. 相似文献
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Rebecca R. Gray Yasuhito Tanaka Yutaka Takebe Gkikas Magiorkinis Zelma Buskell Leonard Seeff Harvey J. Alter Oliver G. Pybus 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2013,368(1626)
Reconstructing the transmission history of infectious diseases in the absence of medical or epidemiological records often relies on the evolutionary analysis of pathogen genetic sequences. The precision of evolutionary estimates of epidemic history can be increased by the inclusion of sequences derived from ‘archived’ samples that are genetically distinct from contemporary strains. Historical sequences are especially valuable for viral pathogens that circulated for many years before being formally identified, including HIV and the hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, surprisingly few HCV isolates sampled before discovery of the virus in 1989 are currently available. Here, we report and analyse two HCV subgenomic sequences obtained from infected individuals in 1953, which represent the oldest genetic evidence of HCV infection. The pairwise genetic diversity between the two sequences indicates a substantial period of HCV transmission prior to the 1950s, and their inclusion in evolutionary analyses provides new estimates of the common ancestor of HCV in the USA. To explore and validate the evolutionary information provided by these sequences, we used a new phylogenetic molecular clock method to estimate the date of sampling of the archived strains, plus the dates of four more contemporary reference genomes. Despite the short fragments available, we conclude that the archived sequences are consistent with a proposed sampling date of 1953, although statistical uncertainty is large. Our cross-validation analyses suggest that the bias and low statistical power observed here likely arise from a combination of high evolutionary rate heterogeneity and an unstructured, star-like phylogeny. We expect that attempts to date other historical viruses under similar circumstances will meet similar problems. 相似文献
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MARTA POLA YOLANDA E. CAMACHO‐GARCÍA TERRENCE M. GOSLINER 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2012,165(2):311-336
Scyllaeidae represents a small clade of dendronotoid nudibranchs. Notobryon wardi Odhner, 1936, has been reported to occur in tropical oceans from the Indo‐Pacific and eastern Pacific to temperate South Africa. The systematics of Notobryon has not been reviewed using modern systematic tools. Here, specimens of Notobryon were examined from the eastern Pacific, the Indo‐Pacific, and from temperate South Africa. Additionally, representatives of Scyllaea and Crosslandia were studied. Scyllaeidae was found to be monophyletic. Notobryon was also found to be monophyletic and is the sister group to Crosslandia plus Scyllaea. The molecular data also clearly indicate that within Notobryon, at least three distinct species are present, two of which are here described. Genetic distance data indicate that eastern Pacific and South African exemplars are 10–23% divergent from Indo‐Pacific exemplars of Notobryon wardi. Scyllaea pelagica has been regarded as a single, circumtropical species. Our molecular studies clearly indicate that the Atlantic and Indo‐Pacific populations are distinct and we resurrect Scyllaea fulva Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 for the Indo‐Pacific species. Our morphological studies clearly corroborate our molecular findings and differences in morphology distinguish closely related species. Different species clearly have distinct penial morphology. These studies clearly reinforce the view that eastern Pacific, Indo‐Pacific, and temperate biotas consist largely of distinct faunas, with only a minor degree of faunal overlap. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165 , 311–336. 相似文献
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Identifying the current and past processes driving community assembly is critical in the effort to understand the Earth's biodiversity and its response to future environmental change. But while studies on community assembly often emphasize the role of contemporary ecological drivers, it has been particularly challenging to account for the effects of past processes in shaping present‐day communities. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Hao et al. (2020) provide a holistic analysis of factors driving the assembly of diverse communities of Lepidoptera in two mountain ranges in northeastern China. The authors use an impressively large data set and exceptionally comprehensive analyses to test how processes of range expansion and gene flow, speciation and extinction, dispersal limitation, environmental filtering and competition have led to present‐day diversity patterns. A key novelty of this work is the exhaustive use of DNA barcodes, relatively simple yet powerful molecular markers, to tackle complex biological questions. The authors elegantly show the utility of DNA barcoding data for research beyond simple taxonomic assignment. Their approach is remarkable as it manages to integrate population genetics, phylogenetic history, species diversity and ecology into a well‐rounded picture of community assembly. With this work, Hao et al. demonstrate the great promise of DNA barcoding for exhaustive community analysis of even highly diverse and complex systems, raising the bar for future research. 相似文献
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J. SCOTT KEOGH DAVID G. BARKER RICHARD SHINE 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,73(1):113-129
More than 100000 blood pythons (brongersmai) and short-tailed pythons (curtus and breitensteini) are taken from Borneo and Sumatra each year for the commercial leather trade. Traditionally, all have been treated as a single polytypic species (Python curtus) , with three subspecies differing in colour, size and geographic distribution. Analyses of DNA sequences and morphological data clarify the phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy and biogeography of this group. The lineage is monophyletic, and each of the three subspecies differs from the other two both morphologically and genetically. Given the morphological and genetic distinctiveness of each taxon, we here elevate the three subspecies to full species status. Python brongersmai is the most distinctive in terms of colour (of the three, only brongersmai has colour-morphs that are red or orange), size (it grows to 2.6 m, vs. approx. 2.0 m for the other taxa), and scalation (e.g. brongersmai has <166 ventral scales, vs. <166 in the other taxa and has two supralabials over each orbit, vs. one supralabial for the other two taxa). In terms of cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequence data, brongersmai is almost as distant genetically from the short-tailed pythons (8.9% divergence) as is the reticulated python (P. reticulatus: 10.3% divergence). The other two taxa (P. breitensteini from Kalimantan and P. curtus from western and southern Sumatra) are closely related (3% divergence), despite their disjunct distribution (separated by P. brongersmai). Sea-level fluctuations provide a plausible biogeographic scenario to explain phylogenetic divergence within this lineage. Given the distinctiveness of the component taxa, and the ease with which even dried skins can be identified to species level (based on ventral counts), the managers of this important commercial resource should no longer treat the P. curtus group as a single biological taxon. 相似文献