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1.
Hansgeorg Rehbein 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1976,110(3):233-250
| 1. | An extracellular recording and staining technique has been used to study the structure of individual ventral-cord elements in the auditory pathway ofLocusta migratoria. |
| 2. | Three groups of auditory ventral-cord neurons can be distinguished: (a) neurons ascending to the supraesophageal ganglion, (b) T-shaped neurons, and (c) neurons limited to the thoracic ventral cord. |
| 3. | The ventral-cord neurons ascending to the supraesophageal ganglion link the auditory centers of the thorax to those of the supraesophageal ganglion. These are, at least in part, richly arborized neurons of large diameter. |
| 4. | The ventral-cord neurons with T structure send equivalent signals along both arms of the T; they resemble the neurons of the first group in that they make synaptic connections in the supraesophageal ganglion, but they also conduct auditory information to caudal regions of the thorax via the descending trunk of the axon. |
| 5. | In the supraesophageal ganglion there are several extensive projection areas of the auditory ventral-cord neurons. No direct connections to the mushroom bodies, the central body or the protocerebral bridge could be demonstrated. |
| 6. | The thoracic ventral-cord neurons act as short segmental interneurons, providing a connection between the tympanal receptor fibers and the ascending and T-shaped ventral-cord neurons. They play a crucial role in auditory information processing. |
| 7. | The possible functional properties of the various morphological sections of the auditory ventral-cord neurons are discussed, with reference to their connections with motor and other neuronal systems. |
2.
Walter Kaiser 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1988,163(5):565-584
| 1. | The behaviour of isolated individual forager honeybees during the night has been investigated with a variety of experimental methods. Prolonged rest in these diurnal insects is accompanied by: reduced muscle tone (Figs. 1, 6, 10–12), decreased motility (Figs. 2, 3, Table 1), lowered body temperature (Figs. 7, 8) and raised reaction threshold (Fig. 9). These phenomena strongly resemble four characteristic features of sleep in humans, mammals and birds. It is thus very likely that the profound rest which forager bees experience at night is sleep. This assumption is further supported by the results of previous investigations of visual interneurones in the bee. |
| 2. | The antennae of sleeping bees manifest characteristic postural constellations (Fig. 6). High reaction thresholds are associated with particular antennal positions. |
| 3. | The total sleep time (duration of antennal immobility plus duration of small antennal movements) in 24 h for two bees was 7.6 h and 4.9 h (Table 1). |
| 4. | Bees which rest in a hive at night also display phenomena which have been encountered during the laboratory investigations. |
| 5. | Sleep in mammals is an active, controlled process; the same seems to be true of sleep in honeybees (Figs. 3, 4). Unlike mammals, bees experience their deepest sleep towards the end of the sleep phase (Figs. 3, 9, 10, 12). |
3.
Gareth Rice Roland Clift Richard Burns 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1997,2(1):53-59
Twelve of the main European LCA software packages currently available are examined wirh the aim of establishing which are
the most appropriate for LCAs on industrial processes. The packages performances are assessed in terms of
The review concludes with a Specification Table which summarises the facilities available on each software package.
The general conclusion from this study is that for industrially based LCAs, there are four packages which may offer advantages
over the rest. These are The Boustead Model, The Ecobilan Group’s TEAM™, PEMS 3.0 and SimaPro 3.1. 相似文献
| – | • Volume of Data |
| – | • WindowsTM environment |
| – | • Network Capabilities |
| – | • Impact Assessment |
| – | • Graphical representation of the inventory results |
| – | • Sensitivity analysis |
| – | • Units |
| – | • Cost |
| – | • User Support |
| – | • Flow Diagrams |
| – | • Burdens allocation |
| – | • Transparency of data |
| – | • Input & output parameters |
| – | • Demo version |
| – | • Quality of data |
4.
B. D. Burrell B. H. Smith 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1994,174(5):581-592
Stinging behavior has been extensively studied in honey bees at the level of the individual, that is, in terms of stimuli that release stinging in adult bees, and in terms of integration of individual behavior into colony defense. Yet very little is known about the physiological basis for this behavior. Using an isolated abdominal preparation factors that influence peripheral control of the sting extension response are analyzed. Results show that:
相似文献
| 1. | Electromyogram activity released by severing the ventral nerve cord changed during the first few days of adult life but not later. Abdomens from older bees (nurses, guards, foragers) showed significantly higher EMG activity than newly emerged or 24 h-old bees. |
| 2. | The reflex matured over 5–7 days after emergence as an adult. |
| 3. | Younger bees (24h) had a lower threshold for initiating sting extension than older bees. However, the threshold for initiating the full sting response, i.e., extension and venom pumping, did not differ due to age. |
| 4. | Caste status was not correlated to any of the parameters of sting extension, indicating that any effect of caste on stinging behavior must arise in more anterior ganglia and/or in the brain. |
5.
Simon Rotzler 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1989,165(1):27-34
| 1. | Some units in the lateral ocellar nerves of the locust,Locusta migratoria, are influenced transsynaptically by the activity of ascending fibres in the thoracic connectives and therefore may be efferent to the afferent ocellar system. |
| 2. | A variety of sensory inputs excite the ocellar nerve units, including illumination of the compound eyes, active and passive movement of the wings, wind stimuli to the thorax and sound. |
| 3. | Most ocellar interneurons are influenced transsynaptically by electrical stimulation of the cervical connectives. L-neurons are depolarized and the components of their response to a rectangular light pulse are changed in amplitude. Only a few S-neurons could be examined. All of them were excited directly or indirectly. |
| 4. | The descending ocellar interneurons (DN's) are influenced by stimulation of the contralateral connective, perhaps via efference to the ocellus or to ocellar L-cells. |
6.
J. Robb 《Human Evolution》1994,9(3):215-229
In recent years anthropologists have made much progress in understanding ancient activities from skeletal remains. In this
paper, material from the Iron Age cemetery at Pontecagnano (VII-IV century BC) is used to illustrate activity-related traits
of eight basic categories:
These traits, and others, can be used not only singly but in conjunction to define (a) patterns of activity and occupational
specialization for individuals, and (b) distributions within society reflecting the basic division of labor by geneder and
class. 相似文献
| (1) | idiosyncratic patterns of dental wear |
| (2) | activity-related articular degeneration |
| (3) | non-pathological functional alterations (neoformations, contact facets) |
| (4) | mechanical remodelling of bone architecture |
| (5) | enthesopathies (muscular lesions) |
| (6) | traumatic lesions |
| (7) | activity-related pathologies |
| (8) | activity-related nutritional characteristics |
7.
Miriam Lehrer 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1990,167(2):173-185
| 1. | Bees were trained to enter the central hole in a disc containing 89 holes and collect sugar-water from a box placed behind it (Fig. 1). Visual marks were offered on the inner surface of a cylinder placed in front of the disc (Fig. 2), thus projecting onto peripheral (nonfrontal) regions of the bees' eye. The trained bees were tested by recording their choices among the holes. |
| 2. | Bees use the memorized position of peripheral marks to localize the frontally positioned goal (Figs. 6–9). The effectiveness of a mark depends on its retinal position, the most effective marks being lateral ones (Figs. 8, 9). |
| 3. | Altering the dimensions of the mark does not influence the distribution of the bees' choice (Figs. 11–13). Thus, image motion rather than image size is used for distance estimation in the present task. |
| 4. | Cinematographic recordings (Fig. 14) revealed that the searching bees' whereabouts are correlated with the choice distribution (Fig. 6a). The hypothesis that the bees stabilize the mark in the trained retinal position by correcting for retinal image slip is proposed. |
| 5. | Experiments using coloured patterns revealed that the bees' performance is mediated by the green-sensitive channel (Figs. 17–22), as predicted by the above hypothesis. |
8.
J. H. van Hateren M. V. Srinivasan P. B. Wait 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1990,167(5):649-654
| 1. | Honey bees (Apis mellifera, worker) were trained to discriminate between two random gratings oriented perpendicularly to each other. This task was quickly learned with vertical, horizontal, and oblique gratings. After being trained on perpendicularly-oriented random gratings, bees could discriminate between other perpendicularly-oriented patterns (black bars, white bars, thin lines, edges, spatial sinusoids, broken bars) as well. |
| 2. | Several tests indicate that the stimuli were not discriminated on the basis of a literal image (eidetic template), but, rather, on the basis of orientation as a single parameter. An attempt to train bees to discriminate between two different random gratings oriented in the same direction was not successful, also indicating that the bees were not able to form a template of random gratings. |
| 3. | Preliminary experiments with oriented Kanizsa rectangles (analogue of Kanizsa triangle) suggest that edge detection in the bee may involve mechanisms similar to those that lead to the percept of illusory contours in humans. |
9.
Conclusions
This work was supported byKBN grant no. 7 A203 013 07. 相似文献
| (1) | The aminoesters inhibit glucose-stimulated proton extrusion by yeast cells. |
| (2) | The inhibitory activity depends on aliphatic carbon chain length. |
| (3) | The inhibition of proton extrusion is concentration-dependent. |
| (4) | The aminoesters stimulate quinacrine accumulation in vacuoles of yeast cells so they should possess affinities for lysosomes. |
10.
3DFS is a 3D flexible searching system for lead discovery. Version 1.0 of 3DFS was published recently (Wang, T.; Zhou, J. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1998, 38, 71–77). Here version 1.2 represents a substantial improvement over version 1.0. There are six major changes in version 1.2 compared to version 1.0.
Besides the above, this paper supplies:
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0089490050231 相似文献
| 1. | A new rule of aromatic ring recognition. |
| 2. | The inclusion of multiple-type atoms and chains in queries. |
| 3. | The inclusion of more spatial constraints, especially the directions of lone pairs. |
| 4. | The improvement of the query file format. |
| 5. | The addition of genetic search for flexible search. |
| 6. | An output option for generating MOLfiles of hits. |
| 1. | More query examples. |
| 2. | A comparison between genetic search and Powell optimization. |
| 3. | More detailed comparison between 3DFS and Chem-X. |
| 4. | A preliminary application of 3DFS to K+ channel opener studies. |
11.
Victy Mercy Gerald 《Hydrobiologia》1976,49(1):77-85
| 1. | The overall rate of feeding at 28°C bears an inverse relationship to size; the time course of feeding appears to be size-independent and shows a decline with increase in time. |
| 2. | Absorption efficiency is independent of size. |
| 3. | The rates of absorption and conversion and conversion efficiency are inversely related to size. |
| 4. | The rate of feeding is reflected on the rates of absorption and conversion. |
12.
In the rift valley (North-East of France/South-West of Germany), the Rhine runs freely for 300 km from South to North. The absence of natural obstacles allows the development of a very regular profile of the river. We have therefore an opportunity to study very gradual modifications of the alluvial forest communities of the fluvial corridor from upstream to downstream, according to the gradual evolution of the ecological factors, related to slope decrease and hydrological modifications.We describe, from Basel to Mainz:
相似文献
| 1) | modification of dynamic processes in the forest communities such as successional sequences or sylvigenetic mosaïcs of the terminal stages. |
| 2) | modification of species richness. |
| 3) | reduction of species diversity. |
| 4) | simplification of the forest stratification. |
| 5) | modification of efficiency of the biogeochemical cycling. |
| 6) | ecological vicariances. |
| 7) | modification in species behaviour. |
13.
Oncostatin M, a multifunctional cytokine 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
14.
Victy Mercy Gerald 《Hydrobiologia》1976,49(2):103-109
| 1. | At 28°C conversion efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) was inversely related to size. |
| 2. | In the pre-adult stage protein nitrogen (PN) conversion efficiency was high whereas in the Post-adult stage non-protein nitrogen (NPN) conversion efficiency was high. |
| 3. | Lower temperature (20°C) was not congenial for PN conversion. |
| 4. | Higher temperature favoured PN conversion for smaller fish but NPN for larger fish. |
15.
Culture studies with healthy and virus-infected isolates of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Feldmannia simplex and F. irregularis gave the following results:
相似文献
| – | Virus particles are produced in deformed reproductive organs (sporangia or gametangia) of the hosts and are released into the surrounding seawater. |
| – | Their infective potential is lost after several days of storage under laboratory conditions. |
| – | New infections occur when gametes or spores of the host get in contact with virus particles. The virus genome enters all cells of the developing new plant via mitosis. |
| – | Virus expression is variable, and in many cases the viability of the host is not impaired. Infected host plants may be partly fertile and pass the infection to their daughter plants. |
| – | Meiosis of the host can eliminate the virus genome and generate healthy progeny. |
| – | The genome of the Ectocarpus virus consists of dsDNA. Meiotic segregation patterns suggest an intimate association between virus genome and host chromosomes. |
| – | An extra-generic host range has been demonstrated for the Ectocarpus virus. |
| – | Field observations suggest that virus infections in ectocarpalean algae occur on all coasts of the world, and many or all Ectocarpus and Feldmannia populations are subject to contact with virus genomes. |
16.
Morten Buhl Jørgensen Barbara Schmitz Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,168(2):223-232
| 1. | We used laser vibrometry and free field sound stimulation to study the frequency responses of the eardrum and the lateral body wall of awake male Eleutherodactylus coqui. |
| 2. | The eardrum snowed one of two distinct frequency responses depending on whether the glottis was open (GO response) or closed (GC response) during the measurement. |
| 3. | The lateral body wall vibrated with a maximum amplitude close to that of the eardrum and in the same frequency range. |
| 4. | Covering the frog's body wall with vaseline reduced the vibration amplitude of the GC response by up to 15 dB. |
| 5. | When a closed sound delivery system was used to stimulate a local area of the body wall the eardrum also showed one of two types of responses. |
| 6. | These results suggest that sound is transmitted via the lung cavity to the internal surface of the eardrum. This lung input has a significant influence on the vibrations of the eardrum even when the glottis is closed. |
| 7. | The vibration amplitude of the eardrum changed with the angle of sound incidence. The directionality was most pronounced in a narrow frequency range between the two main frequencies of the conspecific advertisement call. |
17.
18.
J. B. Phillips O. Sayeed 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,172(3):303-308
| 1. | Wildtype Oregon-R Drosophila melanogaster were trained in the ambient magnetic field to a horizontal gradient of 365 nm light emanating from one of the 4 cardinal compass directions and were subsequently tested in a visually-symmetrical, radial 8-arm maze in which the magnetic field alignment could be varied. When tested under 365 nm light, flies exhibited consistent magnetic compass orientation in the direction from which light had emanated in training. |
| 2. | When the data were analyzed by sex, males exhibited a strong and consistent magnetic compass response while females were randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic field. |
| 3. | When tested under 500 nm light of the same quantal flux, females were again randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic field, while males exhibited a 90° clockwise shift in magnetic compass orientation relative to the trained direction. |
| 4. | This wavelength-dependent shift in the direction of magnetic compass orientation suggests that Drosophila may utilize a light-dependent magnetic compass similar to that demonstrated previously in an amphibian. However, the data do not exclude the alternative hypothesis that a change in the wavelength of light has a non-specific effect on the flies' behavior, i.e., causing the flies to exhibit a different form of magnetic orientation behavior. |
19.
S. Chu J. R. Kennedy 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1994,175(4):505-518
| 1. | Direct contact between intra-epithelial nerve endings and ciliated cells was observed in frog (Rana pipiens) palate epithelium. |
| 2. | Electrical stimulation of the palatine nerve to the explant or the explant culture induced an increase in ciliary beat frequency in explant and outgrowth cells. |
| 3. | Atropine inhibited electrically stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase in the explant and outgrowth cells. |
| 4. | Gap junctional intercellular communication appears to be involved in the propagation of stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase from innervated to non-innervated ciliated cells. |
20.
Yasuo Nakaoka 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1989,165(5):637-641
| 1. | Paramecium bursaria was stimulated by a light spot of 10–15 m diameter, and the photosensitive site was searched by recording responses in swimming behavior and in membrane potential. |
| 2. | Local stimulation to the anterior half of the cell caused an avoiding response. |
| 3. | Stimulation to the cells deciliated by ethanol treatment elicited a depolarization of the membrane potential. |
| 4. | Local stimulation to the anteroventral portion elicited a depolarization, but stimulation to the dorsal side induced no change in the membrane potential. |
| 5. | The action spectrum of depolarization elicited by local stimulation to the anteroventral surface showed two main peaks at 420 nm and 560 nm, corresponding to those of light stimulation of the whole cell. |
| 6. | It is concluded that a photosensitive site exists on the anteroventral surface ofParamecium, in particular within the oral groove of the cell. This local photosensitivity is discussed with respect to the mating reaction. |