国产泊沙康唑对生殖器来源念珠菌的体外药物敏感性研究

目的了解国产泊沙康唑对生殖器念珠菌病病原菌的体外抑菌活性。方法参照美国临床和实验室标准协会制定的M27-A4方案测定国产泊沙康唑及其他常用抗真菌药物对60株生殖器念珠菌病致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值。结果国产泊沙康唑对氟康唑耐药白念珠菌的MIC范围为0.25～0.50μg/mL,几何均数为0.40μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.5μg/mL,MIC_(90)为0.5μg/mL;对近平滑念珠菌的MIC范围为0.03～0.125μg/mL,几何均数为0.10μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.125μg/mL,MIC_(90)为0.125μg/mL;对热带念珠菌的MIC范围为0.125～8.0μg/mL,几何均数为0.57μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.5μg/mL,MIC_(90)为2μg/mL;对光滑念珠菌的MIC范围为0.06～2.0μg/mL,几何均数为0.25μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.125μg/mL,MIC_(90)为1μg/mL;对克柔念珠菌的MIC范围为0.125～0.50μg/mL,几何均数为0.29μg/mL,MIC_(50)为0.25μg/mL,MIC_(90)为0.5μg/mL。结论对生殖器来源的氟康唑耐药白念珠菌及非白念珠菌,国产泊沙康唑均表现出了较好的体外抗菌活性,未来有望成为临床生殖器念珠菌病治疗的新选择。     

喷昔洛韦体外抗疱疹病毒活性的研究

为评价新合成的喷昔洛韦的细胞毒性和抗疱疹病毒活性,通过观察病毒感染细胞的CPE、病毒滴度、抗病毒指数,从而判定喷昔洛韦的抗疱疹病毒作用.结果发现喷昔洛韦对HEL细胞、Hep-2细胞的半数中毒浓度(TD\-50)分别为105.2μg/mL和85.1μg/mL;对HSV-1、HSV-2、VZV、HSV-1吴株的平均半数抑制浓度(IC\-50)分别为21.78μg/mL、20.15μg/mL、23.19μg/mL和17.87μg/mL,对各毒株的治疗指数分别为5.84、6.31、5.49和7.11.故喷昔洛韦是一种有效体外抗疱疹病毒药物.     

10种抗生素对厌氧菌体外抗菌活性的研究

本研究采用琼脂平板稀释法测定了6种抗生素对105株临床分离厌氧菌及4种临床常用抗生素对分离的50株类杆菌体外抗菌活性。结果表明:氯林可霉素对所有试验菌株均具极强的抗菌活性,MIC_(90)不超过0.78μg/ml。甲硝唑对类杆菌和梭菌也有很强的抗菌活性,MIC_(90)分别为3.13μg/ml和0.78μg/ml,但对其它种厌氧菌的抗菌活性不强。头孢唑肟、氧哌嗪青霉素对试验菌株的MIC_(50)较小,但对部分菌株的MIC_(90)为25μg/ml,抗厌氧菌的活性有限。头孢噻肟和头孢噻甲羧肟对各类厌氧菌以及头孢噻啶、头孢唑啉、氨苄青霉素和羧苄青霉素对类杆菌的抗菌活性均很弱。     

柠条锦鸡儿籽油体外抗真菌作用及其机制研究(英文)

参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的《产孢丝状真菌的液基稀释法抗真菌药物敏感性试验方案》(M38-A),测定超临界CO2萃取的柠条锦鸡儿籽油对3种(每种15株)临床常见的皮肤癣菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);高效液相色谱法研究柠条锦鸡儿籽油对真菌细胞膜麦角甾醇生物合成的影响以探讨其作用机制。结果表明柠条锦鸡儿籽油对犬小孢子菌、须癣毛癣菌、红色毛癣菌的MIC范围分别为64～512μg/mL、32～512μg/mL、64～1024μg/mL;高效液相色谱法检测显示,与其生长对照菌相比,籽油作用的皮肤癣菌细胞膜上麦角甾醇含量明显降低,且具有剂量依赖性。柠条锦鸡儿籽油主要是通过影响真菌细胞膜上麦角甾醇的合成而发挥抗真菌作用。     

抗厌氧菌中草药的系列研究：Ⅱ.桂皮醛抗厌氧菌的实验研究

为探索肉桂在防治厌氧菌感染应用于临床的可能性,作者进一步用122株厌氧菌检测肉桂的抗菌活性。肉桂起抗菌作用的主要成分是桂皮醛。本文用商品桂皮醛,加吐温80助溶,配成含桂皮醛512μg/ml、256μg/ml 等一系列培养液,进行试管法测定 MIC、MBC。结果 MIC 在128μg/ml 以下者占所试菌株的76%,在256μg/ml 以下占96.7%。脆弱类杆菌、产黑素类杆菌相对更敏感。MBC 一般显著高于 MIC,因此桂皮醛主要是抑菌作用。从细菌的形态学观察,推论桂皮醛主要是作用细菌的胞壁,鉴于桂皮醛有一定毒性,作者建议可作为局部抗厌氧菌药物。     

10种中药单体对球形孢子丝菌的体外抗真菌作用研究

目的观察10种中药单体对球形孢子丝菌体外抑菌效果。方法参照CLSI的制M38-A2(3rd),采用微量液基稀释法,检测10种中药单体对20株球形孢子丝菌的作用。结果 10种中药单体最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的几何均数范围为53.82μg/mL～1024μg/mL,大蒜素、小檗碱、苦参碱、蛇床子素和丹皮酚的抑菌活性最佳,几何均数分别依次为53.82μg/mL、84.45μg/mL、103.97μg/mL、137.19μg/mL和284.05μg/mL,大蒜素的抗菌作用最强,MIC的范围为16～128μg/mL。最小杀菌浓度(MFC)的范围为64μg/mL～1024μg/mL。大蒜素的MFC值最低,几何均数为415.87μg/mL。结论大蒜素、小檗碱、苦参碱、蛇床子素和丹皮酚对球形孢子丝菌具有一定的抑菌活性,不同中药单体抑菌活性存在差异。     

猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌耐药性分析及耐药基因和I类整合子检测

【背景】由于抗生素的长期大量且不合理使用,猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌(extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli,ExPEC)多重耐药性日趋严重。【目的】探究猪源ExPEC的耐药性及其与耐药基因和I类整合子的相关性。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定54株猪源ExPEC对22种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC);依据药敏试验结果确定相关耐药基因,采用PCR方法检测染色体DNA和质粒DNA上的耐药基因及I类整合子分布情况。【结果】54株猪源ExPEC对青霉素、氟苯尼考、氨苄西林、阿莫西林高度耐药,其中52株对甲氧苄氨嘧啶、复方新诺明高度耐药,它们的MIC值均大于256μg/mL,无MBC值;对头孢唑林、四环素、头孢氨苄、大观霉素、链霉素的MIC值在1-256μg/mL之间,MBC值分别为8、16、32、64、128、256μg/mL,均可耐受11种以上抗生素,其中以耐受17种为主,占比为18.52%...     

南海七种海藻多糖的抗病毒活性初步研究

采用体外细胞培养技术,对南海7种海藻多糖体外抗单纯疱疹Ⅰ型病毒(HSV-1)和柯萨奇B组3型病毒(CoxB3)活性进行研究。7种海藻多糖均表现出良好的抗病毒活性。其中,孔石莼多糖、蜈蚣藻多糖可明显抑制HSV-1,细胞病变半数抑制浓度(IC50)均为3.90μg/mL,选择指数(SI)分别达363和296.4。孔石莼多糖、小石花菜多糖可明显抑制CoxB3,IC50分别为1.95μg/mL和7.81μg/mL,SI分别为>1 025.6和212。同时理化实验结果表明,多糖样品均为硫酸酯多糖,其硫酸基和岩藻糖的含量与多糖的抗病毒效果密切相关。     

白头翁汤正丁醇提取物对白念珠菌VVC临床株体外生物膜形成的抑制作用

目的探讨白头翁汤正丁醇提取物(Butyl alcohol extract of Bai Tou Weng decoction,BAEB)对分离自外阴阴道念珠菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC)的白念珠菌临床分离株(以下简称VVC临床株)生物膜形成的影响。方法采用微量稀释法测定BAEB对白念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度(Minimal Inhibitory Concentration,MIC);甲基四氮盐(XTT)还原法测定BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜代谢活性的影响,Time-kill法检测BAEB对白念珠菌活菌数的影响;结晶紫染色法测定BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜生物量(Biomass)的影响;扫描电镜(SEM)观察BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜形态结构的影响;激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)检测BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜荧光信号强度的影响;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测生物膜相关基因UME6、PES1和HSP90的转录水平变化。结果 BAEB对12株白念珠菌的MIC在64~256μg/mL之间,对白念珠菌生物膜的SMIC80(抑制80%生物膜形成的最低药物浓度)为1 024μg/mL或以上;Time-Kill曲线显示在12h之后,512、1 024μg/mL浓度的BAEB对白念珠菌均具良好的杀伤作用;结晶紫染色法表明512、1 024μg/mLBAEB能够减少其生物膜生物量;SEM观察到1 024μg/mL BAEB能够有效抑制白念珠菌在不同黏附介质上生物膜的完整度;CLSM显示512、1 024μg/mL的BAEB可以明显降低生物膜荧光信号强度;qRT-PCR检测显示在256、512、1 024μg/mL的BAEB作用下,UME6转录水平分别下调了72%、71%、77%,在512、1 024μg/mL的BAEB下HSP90转录水平上调了2.23和3.31倍,而PES1未有明显变化。结论 BAEB可以抑制白念珠菌VVC临床株体外生物膜的形成。     

螺旋藻多糖抗单纯疱疹病毒作用的实验研究

在体外进行了钝顶螺旋藻多糖(polysaccharides fromSpirulina platensis,PSP)抗单纯疱疹病毒活性的研究。以不同剂量的PSP分别作用于HSV-1及HSV-2病毒复制周期的各个环节,以病毒半数感染量(TCID50),细胞病变效应(CPE),蚀斑形成单位(PFU),MTT染色细胞保护率(MTT法)作为评价指标,判断PSP的抗病毒效果;FQ-PCR检测PSP抗病毒作用的时效关系。结果表明PSP对Vero细胞毒性极低(TC50为1750μg/mL),对HSV-1及HSV-2均无直接灭活作用,可阻滞HSV-1及HSV-2病毒吸附和抑制感染细胞内病毒的复制,但不影响病毒的释放;FQ-PCR结果显示随着PSP浓度及作用时间的增加,PSP对HSV-1病毒DNA的抑制作用明显增强,具有良好的剂量和时效关系。提示PSP抗HSV-1及HSV-2病毒作用的机制与抑制病毒吸附和感染细胞内病毒的生物合成有关。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences

Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host–pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant–pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within‐population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among‐population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and – to a lesser extent – by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.     

Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees

Electroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 10⁶, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6-year-old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.     

Aminoacylation in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and in methanogenic and halophilic archaebacteria

Abstract Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) from the sulphur-metabolizing thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been purified 150-fold using different chromatographic steps. The enzyme has a M _r of 270 000 and exhibits considerable thermostability in a temperature range up to 90°C with optimal activity at 70°C. Conservation of antigenic determinants could not be detected by antibodies against various PRS of all primary kingdoms. As a further means to detect traits of phylogenetic relationship, the cross-species reactivity between PRS and tRNAs of organisms from the three branches of archaebacteria and from all primary kingdoms reveals the group character of all 3 branches of the archaebacterial domain, the sulphur-metabolizing, methanogenic and halophilic archaebacteria.     

Advances in purine and pyrimidine metabolism in health and diseases

ABSTRACT

In June, 2015, the Purine and Pyrimidine Society organized the 16th biennial symposium on Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism at the Faculty House of Columbia University, New York City. This exciting meeting focused on these important molecules, new developments in inborn errors of metabolism; therapeutic analogs. In addition, the biochemistry of mammalian and non-mammalian systems were discussed. Due to significant advances in molecular medicine, the boundaries between clinical and basic sciences have merged into exciting translational research, of which a small portion was highlighted in the presymposium.     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.