Postembryonic development of Tisbe gracilis (T. Scott) (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

All six naupliar and five copepodite stages of Tisbe gracilis (T. Scott, 1895) are described. A key for the identification of the nauplius stages is given. The oral appendages of all copepodite stages are described. Sexual dimorphism is visible from the copepodite IV stage on.     

Ultrastructural detection of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in oocytes of Amblyomma triste (Koch, 1844) (Acari; Ixodidae) during the vitellogenesis process

The ovary of the tick Amblyomma triste is classified as panoistic, which is characterized by the presence of oogonia without nurse and follicular cells. The present study has demonstrated that the oocytes in all developmental stages (I-IV) are attached to the ovary through a pedicel, a cellular structure that synthesizes and provides carbohydrate, lipids and proteins supplies for the oocytes during the vitellogenesis process. The lipids are deposited during all oocyte stages; they are freely distributed as observed in stages II, III and IV or they form complexes with other elements. The proteins are also deposited in all stages of the oocytes, however, in lower concentration in the stage IV. There is carbohydrate deposition from oocytes in the stage II as well as in stages III and IV. In addition, the present work has demonstrated that the oocyte yolk of A. triste has a glycolipoprotein nature and the elements are deposited in the following sequence: firstly the lipids and proteins, and finally the carbohydrates.     

双孔皮珠蚧形态学研究（半翅目：蚧总科：珠蚧科）

重描了双孔皮珠蚧Kuwania bipora Borchsenius, 1960 的雌成虫,首次记述和图示了各龄若虫和雄成虫的形态特征,并提供了分龄检索表。     

Population dynamics, life stage and ecological modeling in Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

In this study we investigated the population dynamics of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) with laboratory experiments, employing survival analysis and stage structure mathematical models, emphasizing survival among life stages. The study also assessed the theoretical influence of density dependence and cannibalism during immature stages, on the population dynamics of the species. The survival curves were similar, indicating that populations of C. albiceps exhibit the same pattern of survival among life stages. A strong nonlinear trend was observed, suggesting density dependence, acting during the first life stages of C. albiceps. The time-series simulations produced chaotic oscillations for all life stages, and the cannibalism did not produce qualitative changes in the dynamic behavior. The bifurcation analysis shows that for low values for survival, the population reaches a stable equilibrium, but the cannibalism results in chaotic oscillations practically over all the parametric space. The implications of the patterns of dynamic behavior observed are discussed.     

Immature stages of the Brazilian crescent butterfly Ortilia liriope (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

We provide the first information on the morphology of the immature stages (egg, larva, and pupa), oviposition and larval behavior, and host plant, for the Brazilian crescent butterfly Ortilia liriope (Cramer), based on material from Santarém Municipality, Pará State, Northern Brazil. Females of O. liriope lay eggs in clusters. After hatching, larvae eat the exochorion and remain gregarious in all but the final instar. The host plant recorded in the study site is Justicia sp. (Acanthaceae). Despite the scarcity of data on the immature stages of Neotropical Melitaeini, we can already say that some morphological and behavioral traits observed in the immature stages of O. liriope are also present in all known genera in this tribe.     

The hemocytes of Hyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera)

The hemocytes of selected stages of Hyalophora cecropia from first instar larvae to four-day-old adults were examined and compared with those of Samia cynthia and Antheraea polyphemus. Five classes and two subclasses of hemocytes are described in these moths: (1) prohemocytes, (2) plasmatocytes (of several morphological types), (3) spherule cells, (4) adipohemocytes (two subclasses), and (5) oenocytoids. All types except oenocytoids and subclass II adipohemocytes, are found in all stages examined. Mitotic figures were common among prohemocytes of most stages, but were seen only rarely among plasmatocytes and adipohemocytes, and were not seen among spherule cells or oenocytoids. Prohemocytes and plasmatocytes often contain lipid but rarely PAS positive material. Spherules of spherule cells are PAS positive, as are occasional cytoplasmic inclusions of oenocytoids. Adipohemocytes of both subclasses contain lipid and PAS positive materials in all stages examined. Adipohemocytes and plasmatocytes proved to be most active in phagocytizing ink. Relationships between hemocytes of these and other insects, and some possible functions of hemocytes are discussed.     

Morphology of juvenile stages of Zetorchestes micronychus (Acari, Oribatida, Zetorchestidae)

The morphology of all the juvenile stages of Zetorchestes micronychus (Oribatida, Zetorchestidae) is described. Diagnoses of juvenile stages of representatives of the family Zetorchestidae and of the genus Zetorchestes are given. The juvenile stages of Z. micronychus and Strenzkea depilata are compared.     

Observations on an Intranuclear Microsporidian in Lymphoblasts from Farmed Atlantic Halibut Larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

ABSTRACT. An intranuclear microsporidian was observed in lymphoblasts from the kidney of farmed Atlantic halibut larvae ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ). In addition to spores, intranuclear pre-spore stages were observed. Uninucleated stages with a slight thickening of the cell membrane were the most simple developmental stages observed. Multinucleated developmental stages contain electron-lucent vesicles and electron-dense discs. The spores are ovoid and measure 2.9 × 1.2 μm (mean). Sporophorous vesicles, diplokarya and mitochondria were not observed in any of the developmental stages. The developmental stages observed are similar to those of the family Enterocytozoonidae, genus Enterocytozoon. However, there are several differences between the present species and E. bieneusi from enterocytes in man. The relationship to the other species in the genus, E. salmonis can only be determined when all the developmental stages of the species from Atlantic halibut are identified.     

Obtaining molecular data for all life stages of Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) exhilaratus (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): consequences for species identification

Several species of the family Phytoseiidae are known to control mite pests in many crops worldwide. However, biological control success greatly depends on the accurate identification of these predatory mites. Species diagnostics is essentially based on the morphological characters of females. Thus, when only immature stages and/or males are collected, their identification is poorly supported. Molecular tools could be of great help to overcome these difficulties, as molecular sequences are assumed to be identical for the life stage considered. However, one of the essential points is to extract a sufficient DNA amount from a single specimen of immature stages (eggs, protonymphs, deutonymphs) and males (less than 300 μm in length) to amplify and sequence DNA. The markers used were two mitochondrial DNA fragments (12S rRNA and Cytb mtDNA) and the species studied were Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) exhilaratus and T. (T.) phialatus, two cryptic species, reported to control mite pests in crops of southern Europe and commonly found on the same plants. Despite a low quantity of DNA extracted, particularly for the egg, larva and protonymph stages, DNA was amplified and sequences were obtained from all the life stages considered with the two mtDNA fragments. Sequences from all the developmental stages of T. (T.) exhilaratus were identical and well differentiated from those of its sister-species. However, contaminations were observed especially for eggs and DNA amplified with the Cytb mt marker. Utility of the present results are discussed and protocol improvements are proposed.     

Biology, immature stages and rearing of cocoa-capsids (Miridae: Heteroptera)

Some aspects of the biology of four West African capsid pests of Cocoa, Distantiella theobroma (Distant), Sahlbergella singularis Haglund, Bryocoropsis laticollis Schumacher and Helopeltis corbisieri Schmitz (Miridae: Heteroptera) are briefly summarized. Their immature stages are described and sketched in detail. Keys to distinguish all the larval stages are given and the techniques for rearing them reviewed. The systematics of Bryocorinae is discussed.     

胚后发育期臭腹腺蝗中的血细胞种类

应用血球计数器统计了胚后发育期臭腹腺蝗Zonocerus variegatus中存在的血细胞类型和数目。从1龄幼虫至成虫的发育阶段中共观察到6种血细胞类型,即原血细胞 （PRS）、 浆血细胞 （PLS）、粒细胞 （GRS）、珠血细胞 （SPS）、绛色细胞（OES） 和adipohaemocytes （ADS）。不过,在1龄幼虫期未发现OES。在这6种血细胞中,PLS的总平均数最高,OES的总平均数最低。成虫期的血细胞数目显著高于其他发育阶段（P<0.05）,而1龄幼虫和2龄幼虫期的血细胞数目不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。     

Postembryonic development of dorsoventral and longitudinal musculature in Pycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida)

We investigated the development of dorsoventral and longitudinalmusculature in all postembryonic stages of the kinorhynch Pycnophyeskielensis. Although the earliest stages have only 8 externallyseparated trunk segments, they already possess dorsoventralmuscles for 10 (prospective) trunk segments. The last, 11th,pair is added in the third juvenile stage. Longitudinal musculature,in contrast, is slower to develop and reaches its full lengthonly in the adult. In several juvenile individuals, single fibersproject from the longitudinal musculature into the followingsegments. In all juvenile stages, longitudinal muscles are continuousbetween segments, whereas in adults they are segmentally separatedfrom each other. Such late occurrence of a segmental patternin the longitudinal musculature is in contrast to patterns ofmuscle development in arthropods and annelids.     

Afrochlus Freeman: an African gondwanan midge and the phylogeny of the Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The immature stages and male adult of Afrochlus harrisoni Freeman are described for the first time, from the type locality, a granite outcrop in Zimbabwe. A phylogenetic position within the subfamily Podonominae as sister to South African-western/central Australian genus Archaeochlus Brundin, suggested in 1966 by Brundin from the adult female alone, is confirmed by cladistic analysis of all life history stages combined. Within the Podonominae, the tribes Boreochlini and Podonomini erected by Brundin are monophyletic only if Trichotanypus Kieffer is transferred from the former to the latter. Little or none of the structure provided by the combined evidence from all stages is retrieved by cladistic analyses of characters derived solely from the adult stage. The implications of erection of monotypic genera for adult-only taxa are discussed.     

成体雌性小熊猫卵巢组织学观察

2000 年至2009 年,12 只固定于10% 福尔马林中非生殖系统疾病死亡的小熊猫卵巢组织,按常规组织学技术制作组织切片,HE 染色,光学显微镜观察。结果:(1)不同发情时期卵巢均有原始卵泡、初级卵泡和次级卵泡分布。发情期的卵巢未观察到典型的成熟卵泡和卵母细胞; (2)原始卵泡数量较少,初级卵泡数量较多,多数初级卵泡和大多数的次级卵泡都处在闭锁状态;(3)卵泡腔出现之前,卵母细胞的直径和卵泡直径同时增长;卵泡腔出现之后,卵母细胞直径增长较慢,卵泡直径增长较快; (4)不同发情时期的小熊猫卵巢均存在大量的间质腺细胞;(5)妊娠小熊猫和发情间期无妊娠小熊猫的卵巢均有发育正常的黄体;(6)卵泡细胞发育呈低柱状至柱状时出现透明带。结论:(1) 卵泡闭锁主要发生在初级卵泡阶段,仅少数卵泡能发育至次级卵泡;(2)卵母细胞和卵泡生长呈双相生长的趋势; (3) 不同发情时期的小熊猫卵巢间质腺都发达; (4)发情排卵后,非妊娠黄体与妊娠黄体维持的时间相似,证实了小熊猫存在假孕现象。     

Eine fossile Stechmücke aus dem Unter-Oligozän von Céreste,Frankreich (Diptera: Culicidae)

Larvae of 4 different stages, pupae and adult fossil Culicidae from the Lower Oligocene of Cereste, Alpes de Haute-Provence, France, are described. All stages are considered to belong to the tribe Culicini and it is most likely that they all represent the same species.     

Histology of adult Litomosoides carinii (Nematoda: Filarioidea)

The histology of male and female Litomosoides carinii was studied in serial sections. The body wall of the female worm consists of a rather thin cuticle, very extended lateral hypodermal chords and small sectors of shallow coelomyarian muscle cells. In the female worm an intestinal lumen is found, which is filled with material throughout the worm's length. Both ovaries are situated close to the posterior end. In both genital tubes all stages of oogenesis and embryogenesis could be observed in approximately equal stages of development in most of the sections. The lateral chords of the male worm are very small, whereas the somatic muscle cells are large and of the circomyarian type. The intestine is a minute tube beside the much thicker testis and vas deferens. Considerable sexual dimorphism could be observed in almost all organs of adult Litomosoides carinii.     

Sabethes (Peytonulus) luxodens, a new species of Sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ecuador.

The adult male, larva and pupa of Sabethes (Peytonulus) luxodens, a new species from Ecuador, are described. The species is distinguished from Sabethes aurescens (Lutz), which it closely resembles in all life stages.