西藏山溪鲵精子的形态

在光学显微镜下观察和测量了西藏山溪鲵 (Batrachuperustibetanus)精子 ,结果表明 ,该物种精子具有小鲵科科精子的共同特征 :由头、颈和尾组成。头部细直 ,颈部短而不显 ,尾部长曲 ;波动膜螺旋盘绕尾部轴棒 ,轴丝游离 ;顶体包括顶体鞘和穿孔器 ;颈部短。西藏山溪鲵精子种的特异性主要表现在量度方面 :其全长为 (2 89. 85± 1 3 0 2 ) μm ,顶体长为 (1 7. 96± 3. 69) μm ,头长为 (90 . 84± 8 .3 3 ) μm ,尾长 (1 81 .0 6±1 1. 5 3 ) μm ,头宽 (2. 75± 0. 3 7) μm ,其头部在已知精子形态的小鲵科物种中最宽。本文为该科物种的生态适应进化和系统学研究提供精子形态学依据。     

山溪鲵卵黄发生的显微与超微结构

用光镜和透射电镜观察了山溪鲵（Batrachuperus pinchonii)不同发育时期卵母细胞的显微与超微结构,特别注意了与卵黄发生相关的细胞器变化。结果表明,类核周体为线粒体、高尔基体、内质网等膜性细胞器聚集的场所;线粒体自身也可演变成卵黄前颗粒,参与构成卵黄小板的成分;吞饮泡和髓样小体是卵母细胞利用外源卵黄物质的中间媒介。经过与其他动物卵黄发生过程相比较,认为非哺乳脊椎动物卵黄发生是卵母细胞在多种细胞器参与下整体活动的结果,不是经由单一的模式或途径形成,因此呈现发生上的多元化;不同物种在卵黄发生中分别采取与各自相适应的模式或途径。     

山溪鲵卵巢滤泡细胞的显微与超微结构

对两栖类卵巢滤泡细胞的研究已有一些报道。Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｏｎ等 ( 1973)用电镜观察比较了蟾蜍 (Ｂｕｆｏｂｕｆｏ)的成熟滤泡细胞和排卵后滤泡细胞 ,认为两栖类没有膜细胞和颗粒细胞的分化。Ｄｕｍｏｎｔ等 ( 1978)较为系统地观察并描述了光滑爪蟾 (Ｘｅｎｏｐｕｓｌａｅｖｉｓ)卵泡壁的超微结构。Ｋｗｏｎ等( 1994)对黑斑蛙 (Ｒａｎａｎｉｇｒｏｍａｃｕｌａｔａ)卵巢组织细胞的离体培养研究表明 ,其类固醇激素的生成是在卵泡壁上完成的 ,并提出了两栖类卵泡类固醇生成的两类细胞模型。但目前有关有尾两栖类滤泡细胞结构与功能的研究仍少见…     

山溪鲵的骨骼系统

用硬骨-软骨双色染色技术对山溪鲵Batrachuperus pinchonii骨骼系统做了较全面观察,对各骨块的形状、位置及与邻近骨块的关系作了较详细描述,并与小鲵科中其它5个种骨骼特征作了比较.     

山溪鲵消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖

对山溪鲵的消化系统和呼吸系统进行解剖观察,结果表明,山溪鲵的犁骨齿排列方式变异较大,有呈′‵型、ˋˊ型、--型和⌒⌒型;消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠;消化腺有肝脏和胰腺,肝脏前方约80%完整不分叶,后方约20%分为三叶;喉部没有软骨,气管直接连接两肺,无支气管.     

西藏山溪鲵繁殖生态的初步观察

本文作者于1987年3月至1988年3月,在甘肃临夏与甘南交界的太子山中,对西藏山溪鲵的栖息地和习性、产卵的外部条件、卵袋特征、生殖腺的季节变化进行了观察。证明该鲵一年中产卵期集中在4月,在夏季有上岸的习性。并对西藏山溪鲵的繁殖生态、生物学意义进行了初步探讨。     

山溪鲵头部肌肉大体解剖

通过染色、解剖、观察和绘图对山溪鲵头部肌肉做了详细描述.山溪鲵头部肌肉包括头侧肌肉、头腹肌肉、眼部肌肉及喉部肌肉.其肌肉组成与有尾类头部肌肉的一般构成基本一致.从第二鳃弓游离端内侧发出一细条状肌纤维,附着在三角骨外侧末端,此种情况在以前其他有尾类肌肉系统研究中未见报道.     

西藏山溪鲵生殖腺的季节性变化

关于有尾两栖类性腺的周期性变化规律，仅见有关东方蝾螈的报道，本文通过对西藏山溪鲵生殖腺季节变化的研究，发现该鲵每年的生殖期集中在３，４月份，４种不同发育阶段卵的数量，也有与之相应的季节性变化。输卵重量也发生与之相适应的变化。     

大鲵和山溪鲵甲状腺和肾上腺的观察

大鲵和山溪鲵都有一对甲状腺,腺体结构相似而分布位置不同。大鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的前端背面、山溪鲵的甲状腺位于颏舌骨肌的后部外侧。二种动物的肾上腺由许多分布手肾脏腹面的一肾上腺小体组成,小体呈斑状,由类固醇分泌细胞群和嗜铬细胞群构成。另外,在大鲵的生殖系膜等处可见到肾上腺小体。     

高原珍稀两栖动物——西藏山溪鲵

西藏山溪鲵是一种分布于高海拔地区冷水溪流中的有尾两栖动物,但近年来,由于人类的砍伐和开垦活动使其栖息地严重丧失,同时掠夺式的抓捕使其种群数量急剧下降,已渐显濒危之势。因此,加强其保护已刻不容缓。     

镇海棘螈的精子结构

应用透射电镜和扫描电镜对镇海棘螈Echinotritonchinhaiensis精子的超微结构进行了研究。结果表明 :镇海棘螈的精子具有蝾螈科精子的一些共同特征 ,如精子头部较长、前端有顶体钩、细胞核周围有核脊、尾部轴丝旁有边缘丝 ,但也具有其自身的形态结构特点 ,如精子颈部的长度、核脊的形状和大小等与有尾两栖类物种的精子存在明显差别。镇海棘螈精子发达的颈部和丰富的核脊具类群特异性     

Geographic Variation in the Skull Morphometry of Four Populations of Batrachuperus karlschmidti(Urodela: Hynobiidae)

Geographic variation of morphology is an important topic of evolutionary biology, and research on geographic variation can provide insights on the formation, evolution, and adaptation of species and subspecies. The vertebrate skull is a developmentally and functionally complex morphological structure with multiple functions, that is susceptible to vary according to selection pressure. In this study, geographic variations in skull morphology of Batrachuperus karlschmidti from four different geographic populations(Shade, Gexi,Shangluokema, and Xinduqiao) were examined via geometric morphometrics. No significant differences were found among these populations with regard to skull size; however, significant variation was found in skull shape. The most notable shape changes are the relative sizes and positions of the frontal, maxilla,pterygoid, and vomer. Skull shape changes were not related to allometry. However, due to limitation of sample populations and size, the results of this study need to be further verified by more sample populations and individuals in the future. The results of this study contribute to our knowledge about these aspects of morphological variability in this species as well as in hynobiid salamanders.     

Coalescence patterns of endemic Tibetan species of stream salamanders (Hynobiidae: Batrachuperus)

Orogenesis of topographically diverse montane regions often drives complex evolutionary histories of species. The extensive biodiversity of the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which gradually decreases eastwardly, facilitates a comparison of historical patterns. We use coalescence methods to compare species of stream salamanders (Batrachuperus) that occur at high and low elevations. Coalescent simulations reveal that closely related species are likely to have been influenced by different drivers of diversification. Species living in the western high‐elevation region with its northsouth extending mountains appear to have experienced colonization via dispersal followed by isolation and divergence. In contrast, species on the eastern low‐elevation region, which has many discontinuous mountain ranges, appear to have experienced fragmentation, sometimes staged, of wide‐ranging ancestral populations. The two groups of species appear to have been affected differently by glaciation. High‐elevation species, which are more resistant to cooler temperatures, appear to have experienced population declines as recently as the last glaciation (0.016–0.032 Ma). In contrast, salamanders dwelling in the warmer and wetter habitats at low‐elevation environs appear to have been affected less by the relatively recent, milder glaciation, and more so by harsher, extensive glaciations (0.5–0.175 Ma). Thus, elevation, topography and cold tolerance appear to drive evolutionary patterns of diversification and demography even among closely related taxa. The comparison of multiple species in genealogical analyses can lead to an understanding of the evolutionary drivers.     

挂榜山小鲵的核型(有尾目:小鲵科)

本文首次报道了挂榜山小鲵Hynobius guabangshanensis 的核型.其2n=56,分为4组,其中9对大型染色体,4对双臂中型染色体,5对双臂小型染色体和10对单臂小型染色体.挂榜山小鲵具有池塘类型小鲵的特征,即2n=56以及缺少中端着丝粒染色体,这与挂榜山小鲵的生态和形态特征也属池塘类型相符.     

Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa of Gymnotus cf. anguillaris and Brachyhypopomus cf. pinnicaudatus (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)

The ultrastructure of spermiogenic stages and spermatozoa of representatives of two gymnotiform families, Gymnotus cf. anguillaris (Gymnotidae) and Brachyhypopomus cf. pinnicaudatus (Hypopomidae) were studied. Spermiogenesis of both species is characterized by lateral development of the flagellum and formation of a nuclear fossa. Some differences were found between these species, such as whether (B. cf. pinnicaudatus) or not (G. cf. anguillaris) nuclear rotation occurs, permanence of the cytoplasmic channel, and type and localization of the nuclear fossa. In the G. cf. anguillaris spermatozoon the nucleus is spherical with highly condensed chromatin. The nuclear fossa is shallow and lateral and is associated with the centriolar complex through stabilizing fibrils. The midpiece is short, with many vesicles, a cytoplasmic channel, and elongate mitochondria. In the B. cf. pinnicaudatus spermatozoon the ovoid nucleus is elongated lateral and posterior to the centriolar complex, and has highly condensed chromatin. The eccentric nuclear fossa is of the moderate type, and contains the entire centriolar complex. The midpiece is long, with numerous vesicles, elongate mitochondria, and no cytoplasmic channel. In both species the flagella are laterally disposed in relation to the nucleus and comprise of the classical 9+2 axoneme. Most of the characteristics found in the spermatozoa of these two species of Gymnotiformes are shared with species of Characiformes, whereas only a few are also found in Siluriformes. This suggests that Gymnotiformes and Characiformes may be more closely related than previously proposed.     

Productivity and significance of headwater streams: population structure and biomass of the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus)

1. Headwater streams are a significant feature of the southern Appalachian landscape, comprising more than 70% of the total stream length in the region. Salamanders are the dominant vertebrate within headwater‐riparian forest ecosystems, but their ecological role is not clearly understood. 2. We studied a population of black‐bellied salamanders (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) at a headwater stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains using radio‐telemetry and mark‐recapture methods. The length and area of headwater streams in the region were estimated using GIS. 3. Home ranges of radio‐tracked salamanders were relatively small (mean = 1.06 m²). Adult salamanders in our telemetry study inhabited edge microhabitats significantly more often than either stream or riparian microhabitats, and the same trend was observed in the mark‐recapture study. 4. We estimated the population density at this site to be 11 294 salamanders ha^?1, amounting to 99.30 kg ha^?1 of biomass, an estimate that is six times greater than reported in previous studies. The majority of this biomass was found within the stream, but 22% was found in the surrounding riparian habitat more than 1 m from the stream. Using headwater stream length and area estimates, we extrapolated biomass estimates for black‐bellied salamanders inhabiting stream and riparian microhabitats across the study region. 5. We report one of the largest estimates of secondary consumer biomass for a headwater ecosystem, attesting to the overall productivity of headwater streams. Headwaters are known to be important for ecological and ecosystem processes and our biomass estimates suggest that salamanders are a critical component to these systems.     

A comparative study of the hyobranchial apparatus in Hynobiidae (Amphibia: Urodela)

The morphology of the adult hyobranchial apparatus has played an important role in understanding the systematics and evolution of urodeles, but the hyobranchial apparatus of hynobiid salamanders has received little attention so far. In this study, the hyobranchial apparatus of eight hynobiid salamanders (Hynobius leechii, Onychodactylus zhangyapingi, Ranodon sibiricus, Batrachuperus pinchonii, Salamandrella keyserlingii, Liua shihi, Pachyhynobius shangchengensis and Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus) is described and compared based on the clearing and double-staining method. The basic elements of the hyobranchial apparatus of the eight species are similar, including one basibranchial, cornua, one pair of radial loops, one pair of ceratohyals, one pair of hypobranchials II, one pair of ceratobranchials II, one urohyal (absent in O. zhangyapingi), one pair of the complex of hypobranchial I and ceratobranchial I (separated in certain species). Although the hyobranchial apparatus is similar among hynobiid salamanders and shows a unique morphological pattern, there are also certain species-specific distinctions that may be used for specific or generic diagnosis. The results of an ancestral state reconstruction of five traits showed that the ossified basibranchial, the presence of a separated hypobranchial I and ceratobranchial I, the absence of a urohyal, the ossified hypobranchial I and the partially ossified ceratohyal are derived traits. The state shown by the traits of each species is consistent with the phylogenetic position of each species. Compared with other Urodela, the hyobranchial apparatus of this group shows certain distinctive features that may represent the diagnostic characters of the family Hynobiidae. The partially ossified ceratohyal is correlated with the habitat and represents an ecological adaptation.     

挂榜山小鲵精子形态结构研究

应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对挂榜山小鲵(Hynobius guabangshanensis)精子的超微结构进行观察和研究.结果表明:1)挂榜山小鲵的精子形态具有小鲵科精子的共同特征:头部细直、有锥形顶体;颈部短而不明显,尾部细长、有波动膜;2)该种小鲵的精子超微结构具小鲵科物种精子的共同特征,即精子无顶体钩,顶体呈三叶草状,尾部无线粒体,轴纤维粗大呈圆柱状等;3)除精子全长(194.1±7.15μm)在小鲵科物种中属于中等外,挂榜山小鲵和本科其他物种的精子在形态量度学方面差异明显:其头部占全长的比例(22.98%)比其他已知小鲵科的物种都低,尾部占全长的比例(65.79%)比其他小鲵科物种都高.     

Ultrastructure of Pagrus major and Rhabdosargus sarba spermatozoa (Perciformes: Sparidae: Sparinae)

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two Sparinae species Pagrus major and Rhabdosargus sarba. Ultrastructurally, the spermatozoa of P. major and R. sarba both consist of a spherical, homogeneously electron-dense nucleus with a deep axial nuclear fossa, and an unusual notch, in the nuclear region. The midpiece contains two spherical mitochondria in R. sarba and one in P. major. The comparison of spermatozoal ultrastructure of these two species of Sparidae shows that they closely resemble one another and suggests that they are closely related. Variation in the geometry and dimensions of the mitochondrion and nucleus is substantial in these two Sparidae species. It is concluded that the spermatozoa of both species are of primitive type, and they are distinguished by several unique features which may provide useful systematic characteristics.