草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

研究了植物生长季节海北高寒草甸生态系统高寒嵩草草甸覆被下草毡寒冻雏形土的 CO2 释放速率。其结果表明 :CO2 释放速率有明显的日变化和季节动态。日最大排放速率多出现在 1 4 :0 0～ 1 6:0 0时 ,最小排放速率在 6:0 0～ 8:0 0时。植物生长季日最大振幅为 797.75mg/m2·h,最小振幅 1 97.33mg/m2·h。CO2 排放白天大于夜晚。不同物候期 CO2 释放速率不同 ,其顺序为草盛期 >枯黄期 >返青期。生长季土壤 CO2 释放速率的范围是 4 41 .72 mg/m2 · h± 1 55.2 9mg/m2· h,最大日均值为 681 .0 6mg/m2 · h( 7月 1 6日 ) ,最低值 1 76.65mg/m2 · h ( 6月 1日 )。退化草地土壤 CO2 释放速率明显低于未退化草地 ,生长季平均日均值低 1 37.4 7mg/m2·h。相关分析表明 :土壤 CO2 排放速率与气温、地表温度、土壤5cm、1 0 cm、1 5cm、2 0 cm、30 cm地温均呈显著和极显著相关关系。温度是影响土壤 CO2 释放速率的主要因子。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘气孔导度及其影响因子

依据 1 998年在半干旱黄土丘陵区安塞的观测资料 ,对沙棘适应该地区生境的气孔运动进行了分析研究。结果表明 :(1 )沙棘气孔导度日均值为 2 1 4.47mmol· m- 2 · s- 1,日变化曲线呈双峰型。 (2 )沙棘气孔导度与 CO2 浓度间有十分显著的相关关系 ,复相关系数为0 .96 3 5 ;与光合有效辐射、气温、叶水势间有显著的相关关系 ,复相关系数为 0 .70 3 3～0 .8971 ;但与相对湿度间相关性不显著。 (3 )沙棘适应半干旱黄土丘陵区生境的气孔调节机制为反馈式反应 ,即由于叶水势降低导致气孔导度减小 ,从而减少蒸腾耗水 ,达到节约用水 ,适应干旱的目的 ;(4)沙棘的水分利用效率随气孔限制值的增大而减小 ,二者间呈显著的负相关。这为了解沙棘的抗旱机理 ,选育节水抗旱品种 ,提高水分利用效率提供了科学依据     

CO2浓度增高对三裂叶蟛蜞菊光合生理特性的影响

在人工控制CO2浓度梯度条件下,测量了喜阴多年生草本植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊1月和3月的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(Vpdl)。结果表明:CO2浓度升高对三裂叶蟛蜞菊的光合生理特性影响较大,当CO2浓度由0升高到1900μmol·mol1的过程中,Pn增加很快,其值在1.53～11.3μmol·m2·s1之间;水分利用率(WUE:光合与蒸腾之比)随CO2浓度的升高也在增大,当CO2浓度为1900μmol·mol1时,1月份的WUE是18.248μmol·mmol1,3月份的只有8.794μmol·mmol1,高水分利用效率与其对干旱的适应性密切相关。     

5℃夜间低温对红树幼苗光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响

5℃夜间低温处理温室栽培红海榄（Rhizophora stylosa和银叶树（Heritiera littoralis)幼苗,白天20℃室温分别恢复1h和4h,测定功能叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量。结果表明：夜间低温明显降低红海榄和银叶树的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率,促进胞间CO2浓度增加,而叶绿素含量变化不大。白天空温恢复时间增长,净光合速率、气孔导率和蒸腾速率回升,胞间CO2浓度下降,红树幼苗对低温有一定的适用能力。低温处理2d,红海榄叶净光合速率的抑制程度大于1d处理,而银叶树叶净光合速率的抑制程度则有所减轻。两种红树叶气孔导度与净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈线性关系,气孔导度是控制叶片光合成和蒸腾水分丢失动态平衡的主要因素。     

高羊茅叶片表皮蜡质含量与其抗旱性的关系

以14个高羊茅品种为试验材料,在田间试验中对干旱高温胁迫下的叶片表皮蜡质含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等生理指标测定分析。结果表明,干热胁迫下高羊茅品种间的叶片表皮蜡质含量和水分利用效率均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);叶片蜡质含量与综合抗旱性和水分利用效率的等级相关系数分别为0.78(P<0.01)和0.68(P<0.01);蜡质含量越高的品种,其叶片气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度越低,水分利用效率越高,但所有品种的水分利用效率绝对值都较低。研究发现,在干热胁迫时,高羊茅叶片表皮蜡质可通过对气孔导度的调节来减少气孔蒸腾,提高水分利用效率,最终提高其抗旱性;表皮蜡质含量可以作为高羊茅品种抗旱性鉴定的一个新指标。     

干旱、CO2和温度升高对春小麦光合、蒸发蒸腾及水分利用效率的影响

研究了干旱、CO2 浓度和温度升高对春小麦生育期、光合速率 (Pn)、蒸发蒸腾 (ET)及水分利用效率 (WUE)的影响 .结果表明 ,大气CO2 浓度升高 (5 5 0、70 0 μmol·mol-1)虽可延长抽穗 成熟期 ,但高温 (日平均温度高于正常日平均温度约 4 .8℃ )对生育期的影响远大于高CO2 影响 ,使得高CO2 、高温下抽穗 成熟期缩短 ,且种子提前萌发 ;CO2 浓度升高和高温共同作用使各水分处理的小麦光合增强、气孔阻力增加、叶片水平的水分利用效率 (WUEl)和群体水平的水分利用效率 (WUE)增大 ,但对蒸腾速率影响不显著 .对蒸发蒸腾的影响因不同的土壤水分而不同 ,在高 (田间持水量的 75 %～ 85 % )、中 (田间持水量的 5 5 %～6 5 % )水分条件下 ,高温和高CO2 使蒸发蒸腾增加 ,而在低水分条件 (田间持水量的 35 %～ 4 5 % )下 ,高温和高CO2 使蒸发蒸腾减少     

大气CO_2浓度升高对香蕉光合作用及光合碳循环过程中叶氮分配的影响

生长在高CO2 浓度 (70 0± 5 6 μl·L-1) 1周的香蕉叶片 ,其光合速率 (Pn ,μmol·m-2 ·s-1)为 5 .14± 0 .32 ,较生长在大气CO2 浓度 (35 6± 30lμl·L-1)的高 2 2 .1% ,而生长在较高CO2 浓度下 8周 ,叶片Pn较生长在大气CO2 浓度的低 18.1% ,表现香蕉叶片对较长期高CO2 浓度的驯化和光合作用抑制 .生长在高CO2 浓度的香蕉叶片有较低光下呼吸速率 (Rd) ,而不包括光下呼吸的CO2 补偿点则变幅较小 .最大羧化速率 (Vcmax)和电子传递速率 (J)分别较生长在大气CO2 浓度的低 30 .5 %和 14 .8% ,根据气体交换速率计算的表观量子产率 (α ,molCO2·mol-1光量子 ) ,生长在较高CO2 浓度下 8周的叶片为 0 .0 14± 0 .0 1,而生长在大气CO2 浓度下的为 0 .0 2 5±0 .0 0 5 .较高CO2 浓度下叶片的表观量子产率降低 44% .光能转换效率 (electrons·quanta-1)亦从 0 .2 0 3降低至0 .136 .生长在较高CO2 浓度下香蕉叶片的叶氮在Rubicos分配系数 (PR)、叶氮在生物力能学组分分配系数(PB)和叶氮在光捕组分的分配系数 (PL)均较生长在大气CO2 浓度低 ,表明在高CO2 浓度下较长期生长 (8周 )的香蕉叶片多个光合过程受抑制 ,光合活性明显降低 .     

水淹导致皇冠草光合机构发生变化并加剧其出水后光抑制

通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光等方法研究了水淹及胁迫解除后皇冠草不同功能叶的光合特性及光抑制的变化.结果表明:与对照相比,气生叶(全淹组淹水前形成的功能叶)在水淹条件下叶片大小和气孔没有明显变化,但沉水叶(全淹组淹水后新生的功能叶)的叶面积增加,气孔变小,上表皮气孔密度增加.水淹导致气生叶碳同化能力、光化学效率和叶绿素含量下降.沉水叶在发育过程中碳同化能力、光化学效率和叶绿素逐渐升高.气生叶和沉水叶出水后其活体叶片在强光下的相对含水量急剧下降,发生明显的光抑制;而弱光下无明显光抑制发生.出水后离体叶片强光照射下6h后两种功能叶均发生严重光抑制,且弱光下不能恢复.因此,可以认为淹水条件下,沉水叶上表皮气孔密度的增加使其蒸腾速率提高;沉水叶较强的碳同化能力和增加的叶面积是确保其植株水下生存的重要因素;强光使气生叶和沉水叶出水后均发生严重光抑制,导度和蒸腾速率提高导致的叶片失水则加剧了这一过程,两者共同作用导致自然条件下两种功能叶的出水死亡.     

黄土高原4种豆科牧草的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日动态及水分利用效率

在晴天条件下 ,研究了 4年生甘肃红豆草 (Onobrychis viciaefolia scop.cv.‘Gansu’)、沙打旺 (Astragalus adsurgens)、东方山羊豆 (Galega orientalis)和多年生香豌豆 (L athyruslatifolius)人工种群花期 (5月 31日 )和再生期 (7月 10日 )的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率以及土壤贮水量和水分利用特征。结果表明 ,自 5月 31日 (花期 )至 7月 10日 (再生期 ) ,4种牧草对土壤水分消耗由大到小依次为 :沙打旺 119.2 mm、多年生香豌豆 91.6 mm、山羊豆 81.9m m和红豆草 73.8m m。红豆草在花期和再生期的净光合速率分别为 12 .4 1和 9.0 6μ mol CO2 / (m2 · s) ,沙打旺为 10 .10和 7.0 1μ m ol CO2 / (m2 · s) ;红豆草在花期和再生期的日均蒸腾速率 8.13和 9.0 5 m m ol H2 O/ (m2· s) ,沙打旺刈割前和刈割后蒸腾速率分别为 7.4 0和 6 .5 4mmol H2 O/ (m2· s) ,属于高光合、高蒸腾型。而山羊豆和多年生香豌豆则属于低蒸腾、低光合类型 ,花期和再生期 ,山羊豆的日均光合速率分别为 4 .74和 4 .88μm ol CO2 / (m2· s) ,多年生香豌豆为 4 .4 1和 4 .6 4 μ mol CO2 / (m2· s) ,相应的蒸腾速率分别达到 3.75和 5 .4 2 m mol H2 O/ (m2 · s) ,4 .74和 4 .34m mol H2 O/ (m2 · s)。     

土壤水分和种植密度对春小麦叶片气孔的影响

 在不同土壤水分条件下,研究了不同种植密度（１、10、100、1 000、10 000株·m－2）的春小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.) 叶片气孔密度以及气孔分布的变化。结果表明：不同水分和种植密度不仅影响了叶片的气孔密度,而且也影响了其分布。随着种植密度的升高,气孔密度增大,在1 000株·m-2时气孔密度达最大值;当种植密度从1 000株·m-2上升到10 000株·m-2时,气孔密度下降;叶基部气孔数占全部气孔数的比例最大,叶尖最小,但随着种植密度的增大,气孔在叶片上的分布趋向均匀。干旱条件下随种植密度的升高气孔密度及分布的变化趋势与正常水分条件下的一致,但趋势更为明显。说明种植密度增大导致的气孔密度和分布的变化很可能是通过影响水分的供应而造成的。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.