化肥种类对不同品种菜心吸收累积Cd的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同形态Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥对菜心（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）吸收Ｃｄ的影响以及华南地区多个菜心品种对Ｃｄ的吸收累积的差异．结果表明,化肥形态主要影响土壤ｐＨ、水溶性和交换性Ｃｄ含量．５个品种菜心茎叶Ｃｄ浓度高低顺序为：迟菜心２号≥四九菜心１９号＞迟菜心２９号≥特青菜心８０天＞特青菜心６０天．水培试验表明,特青６０天单位根表面积吸Ｃｄ速率和向地上部的迁移率比迟菜心２号低．     

黑麦草生长过程中有机酸对镉毒性的影响

研究了低分子量有机酸草酸、柠檬酸、乙酸及高分子量有机酸胡敏酸对黑麦草(Lolium Loinn)生长过程中Cd毒性的影响.结果表明,随着低分子量有机酸浓度增加,Cd毒性有所增强,致使黑麦草中的叶绿素含量降低及黑麦草的生物量降低,递降顺序是草酸＜乙酸＜柠檬酸.而施入胡敏酸后,Cd毒性逐渐减弱,黑麦草中的叶绿素含量及黑麦草生物量逐渐增加.对低分子量有机酸而言,无论迁移到黑麦草茎叶中,还是迁移到黑麦草根系中的Cd,随着施入的有机酸浓度增加,增加顺序为柠檬酸＞乙酸＞草酸.对胡敏酸而言,迁移到黑麦草茎叶和根系中的Cd,随着施入的胡敏酸浓度增加,Cd含量减少,说明其具有降低Cd毒性的作用.另外,根系中Cd含量明显高于茎叶中Cd含量,由此得知,黑麦草根系对Cd有较强的富集作用,并阻止Cd向茎叶中迁移.     

水稻根系在根袋处理条件下对氮养分的反应

通过大田试验对 1 0个水稻品种根系与产量的关系研究表明 ,抽穗期和成熟期根冠比与产量呈极显著的负相关关系 ,相关系数分别为 - 0 .861 6和 - 0 .8889。随之在大田试验基础上选择根冠比大的品种粳籼89,设计水分和养分能自由通过 ,而根系不能穿过的根袋 ,根袋从小到大不同 ,以便产生不同大小的水稻植株根冠比。通过水培实验研究在根袋处理后对不同养分条件的反应。水培液设 3种氮素养分水平 ,即2 0 mg/kg,40 mg/kg,60 mg/kg。结果表明 ,在不同氮素养分条件下 ,经过根袋处理后在抽穗期根系干重都有下降趋势 ,根冠比显著降低 ,而根系活性吸收面积在抽穗期有不同程度的增加 ,茎鞘贮存性碳水化合物含量明显增加 ,叶绿素含量则无明显影响。在抽穗期较大的根袋处理根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积及所占比例与对照相比增加效果较为明显 ,而较小的根袋处理根系吸收的能力降低 ,根系吸收能力大小顺序为 :大袋 >中袋 >对照 >小袋。随养分浓度的增加 ,不同根袋处理在抽穗期的根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积有下降的趋势。较大的根袋处理在 2 0 mg/kg和 60 mg/kg氮素养分条件下能适当减少根系直径 ,增强根系的活性吸收比例 ,从而提高根系的活力 ;但在成熟期根袋处理对根系的活性吸收无明显影响     

铅镉抗性菌株JB11强化植物对污染土壤中铅镉的吸收

研究了铅、镉抗性菌株(JB11)和生物降解螯合剂乙二胺二琥珀酸(S,S)-EDDS)提高高羊茅和红三叶草吸收土壤中铅、镉的能力。从土壤样品中筛选出1株对Cd、Pb具有较强抗性的菌株JB11,经鉴定为成团泛菌属(Pantoea agglomerans)。JB11对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+等多种重金属和卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、四环素等抗生素具有抗性,在温度15—35℃和pH为5.0—9.0范围内生长良好,最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH值为7.0左右,在低于3%的NaCl浓度下生长良好。盆栽试验研究了菌株JB11、EDDS及1/2EDDS+JB11 3种处理下对生长在Cd 100 mg/kg、Cd 200 mg/kg、Pb 500 mg/kg和Pb 1000mg/kg的土壤中的高羊茅和红三叶生长及从土壤富集Cd、Pb能力的影响。结果表明,外加JB11能使高羊茅和红三叶的干重分别比对照都有增加。除外加JB11后在经Pb 1000 mg/kg处理的土壤中高羊茅地上部的Pb浓度、经Cd 200 mg/kg处理的土壤中红三叶地上部的Cd浓度以及经Cd 100 mg/kg处理的土壤中高羊茅和红三叶根部的Cd浓度以外,外加JB11后对其他重金属处理植物中Pb和Cd的含量都显著增加。外加EDDS后除在经Pb 500 mg/kg的土壤中高羊茅根部的Pb浓度增加差异不显著,对其余重金属处理都可产生显著的影响(P0.05)。1/2EDDS+JB11的复合处理下植物重金属吸收量多数高于JB11和EDDS单独处理,JB11用于植物修复土壤Pb和Cd污染具有很大的潜力。     

镉在土壤-香根草系统中的迁移及转化特征

以无植物组处理为对照,采用盆栽试验方式探讨不同Cd浓度胁迫条件下香根草根际土壤中重金属Cd的积累、迁移及转化特征。土壤Cd处理设4个浓度梯度,分别为0、2、20、80 mg/kg土壤干重。结果表明:(1)香根草可以显著降低土壤中生物有效态Cd和总Cd含量。(2)香根草各部分Cd积累量随处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而增加,90 d时80 mg/kg处理组地上部分和根的Cd积累量分别高达180.42 mg/kg和241.54 mg/kg。(3)各浓度Cd处理下,富集系数随着Cd处理浓度的增加而显著降低,随处理时间的延长而升高。(4)香根草地上部分Cd含量小于根部,各处理转移系数均小于1。随着处理时间的延长,中低浓度处理组的转移系数稍有降低,高浓度处理组的转移系数则显著上升。(5)种植香根草使其根际土中残渣态的Cd转化为生物有效态Cd,提高Cd清除效率。研究结果表明,香根草能够有效地吸收土壤中的Cd,降低土壤中总Cd含量,提高土壤安全性,可作为Cd污染地区植物修复的备选物种。     

鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究富集植物鬼针草对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过野外调查,原土盆栽试验和田间试验,测定鬼针草及其根系土壤Cd含量,计算鬼针草的富集系数和去除率。结果表明,野外调查中不同铅锌矿区生长的鬼针草叶片中Cd含量最大值为53.3 mg/kg。盆栽试验中,低浓度Cd土壤处理(T1),鬼针草地上部Cd的富集系数为4.70,转运系数1.59,大于1。高浓度Cd土壤处理(T2 13.4 mg/kg),其地上部Cd积累量达到43.1 mg/kg,其地上部Cd富集系数为3.51。鬼针草对Cd表现出稳定的积累特性。田间试验小区中,土壤Cd含量均值为2.66 mg/kg,鬼针草中地上部Cd含量均值为10.9 mg/kg,富集系数为4.16,使用鬼针草修复Cd污染土壤每公顷地种植一茬鬼针草的去除率为4.3%—6.2%。使用富集植物鬼针草修复农田Cd污染具有较好的工程应用前景。     

土壤水分变化对玉米苗期吸收积累镉的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分含量对玉米苗期吸收积累 Cd的影响。试验结果表明 ,玉米生物量及其吸收 Cd量在玉米不同的生长时期差异较大。2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部和地下部生物量均随着田间持水量 (35 %～ 85 % )的增加而提高 ;而 16 d收获时 ,玉米生物量在田间持水量为 35 %和 85 %时比在其它水分时低许多。 16 d和 2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部 Cd含量在田间持水量 5 5 %时分别达到最大值 ,5 5 .4 1mg/ kg和 39.33mg/ kg;而在田间持水量 85 %时分别达最小值 ,2 7.97mg/ kg和 2 3.5 2 m g/kg。在玉米根系的影响下 ,土壤溶液 Cd含量基本上随着玉米的不断生长而降低。田间持水量为 6 5 %时的土壤溶液 Cd含量比田间持水量为 75 %和 85 %时大。玉米总吸 Cd量与水分蒸腾量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系     

AM真菌与镉互作影响桑生长和无机元素吸收转运

为评价Cd胁迫下接种AM真菌(AMF)对减轻桑树Cd毒害及Cd迁移规律的影响,采用了分室培养法开展试验。在菌根室种植无菌桑苗并接种AMF(Gigaspora rosea),菌丝室设置兼菌丝收集器功能的Cd陷阱。陷阱中的Cd处理浓度为0、5、20、40mg/kg,菌根室每室种植3株桑苗,6个重复,对照不接种AMF。培养60d后检测桑苗的菌根侵染率、不同部位的生长量、AMF菌丝生物量、4种矿质营养元素组分及Cd在AMF菌丝体和桑株中的定位及转运情况。结果表明:在0–40mg/kg的Cd处理下,不接种AMF处理的对照桑,其菌根侵染率、AMF菌丝生物量以及镉含量都为0。接种AMF处理中,当Cd<5mg/kg时,桑苗菌根侵染率、AMF菌丝生物量、桑苗鲜生物量、枝叶中N、K、Ca、Mg以及根系N、K、Ca矿质元素的积累都有促进作用,在5mg/kg时促生效果最佳;当Cd>5mg/kg时,随着Cd浓度的升高,桑苗菌根侵染率、AMF菌丝生物量、桑苗鲜生物量、枝叶中N、K、Ca、Mg以及根系N、K、Ca矿质元素的积累都受到渐强的抑制;陷阱中Cd浓度高低与根系中Mg元素的吸收量之间显著负相关;接种AMF可以显著提高桑株生物量和矿质营养的积累;Cd主要集中在桑苗的根部,Cd处理浓度与AMF菌丝体中以及桑株中的Cd含量均显著正相关;Cd在菌根桑苗中的迁移率(<9%)和不同部位(根-茎、根-叶)的转移系数(<0.1)都极其低。结果证明:Cd胁迫对桑苗的菌根侵染率、营养生长、AMF菌丝生长和矿质吸收(除Mg外)都存在低促高抑的剂量效应;AMF对Cd胁迫有一定的抗性,接种AMF显著促进植物的生长以及矿质营养元素的吸收和转运;重金属Cd在菌根桑中的分布、迁移是不均匀的,具有一定的独特性。     

镉富集植物油菜与玉米间作对玉米吸收积累镉的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,在不同镉(Cd)添加水平下(0、2、5和10 mg·kg~(-1),分别记为Cd0、Cd2、Cd5和Cd10),研究玉米/油菜间作对营养生长期玉米生长和吸收积累Cd的影响。结果表明:间作促进了玉米生长,除Cd2处理外,间作玉米(Cd0、Cd5、Cd10)生物量比单作高19%~50%(P0.05);随着土壤中Cd浓度的增加,玉米各器官Cd含量也呈逐步增加的趋势,低、中浓度Cd污染条件下(Cd0、Cd2、Cd5),玉米/油菜间作可以阻控玉米地下部Cd向地上部转移,尤其是向叶转移,其中Cd2处理中间作玉米根系Cd含量与单作无显著差异,而间作玉米叶的Cd含量比单作低40%(P0.05);Cd5处理间作玉米根系Cd含量较单作显著增加25%(P0.05),而间作玉米叶的Cd含量较单作无显著增加;同处理间作玉米茎的Cd含量与单作间无显著差异;当土壤Cd污染浓度过高时,阻控作用会转变成促进效应,Cd10处理中间作玉米根系Cd含量与单作间无显著差异,而间作玉米叶、茎Cd含量比单作高17%、33%(P0.05);此外,土壤低、中浓度Cd污染条件下,间作对玉米单株Cd积累量的影响不明显,而高浓度Cd污染条件下(Cd10),间作显著提高玉米单株Cd积累量(61%)(P0.05)。因此,在低、中浓度Cd污染条件下,玉米/油菜间作对玉米吸收积累Cd有较明显的阻控效应,同时也是实现玉米安全、优质栽培的理想模式。     

水分管理模式对水稻吸收累积镉的影响及其作用机理

利用盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理模式（全生育期淹水,WF;分蘖期晒田,TP;乳熟期晒田,MP;分蘖-乳熟期两次晒田,TMP;湿润灌溉,WI）对Cd污染红黄泥和潮泥田水稻吸收累积Cd的影响.结果表明：两种土壤Fe²⁺含量均以WF处理最高,TMP处理最低;潮泥田和红黄泥WF处理的Fe²⁺含量分别比TMP增加了585.4%和1316.3%(P<0.01).不同处理的两种土壤有效S和有效态Cd含量顺序均表现为：WF2+和有效S含量变化对两种Cd污染土壤水稻吸收累积Cd产生显著影响,其中有效S的影响程度显著大于Fe²⁺.     

Cadmium uptake and xylem loading are active processes in the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii

Sedum alfredii is a well known cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator native to China; however, the mechanism behind its hyperaccumulation of Cd is not fully understood. Through several hydroponic experiments, characteristics of Cd uptake and translocation were investigated in the hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) of S. alfredii in comparison with its non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE). The results showed that at Cd level of 10 microM measured Cd uptake in HE was 3-4 times higher than the implied Cd uptake calculated from transpiration rate. Furthermore, inhibition of transpiration rate in the HE has no essential effect on Cd accumulation in shoots of the plants. Low temperature treatment (4 degrees C) significantly inhibited Cd uptake and reduced upward translocation of Cd to shoots for 9 times in HE plants, whereas no such effect was observed in NHE. Cadmium concentration was 3-4-fold higher in xylem sap of HE, as compared with that in external uptake solution, whereas opposite results were obtained for NHE. Cadmium concentration in xylem sap of HE was significantly reduced by the addition of metabolic inhibitors, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), in the uptake solutions, whereas no such effect was noted in NHE. These results suggest that Cd uptake and translocation is an active process in plants of HE S. alfredii, symplastic pathway rather than apoplastic bypass contributes greatly to root uptake, xylem loading and translocation of Cd to the shoots of HE, in comparison with the NHE plants.     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0~12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L-1Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L^-1时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L^-1Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O2-·)明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd胁迫下,水稻根的SOD、POD活性大均低于单一处理组,而丙二醛(MDA)及羰基化蛋白含量均显著高于单一处理;(4)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd后,水稻幼苗根尖细胞死亡加剧,其中,10μmol·L-1Cd与12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合处理的根尖根冠区细胞伊文斯蓝染色最深;(5)1.5~6.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理水稻幼苗后,其根中Cd含量呈上升趋势,且在6.0 mg·L^-1浓度处理时达到最大值303.30μg·g-1;高浓度MWCNTs-COOH及其与Cd的复合均对水稻根产生毒性效应。     

Characterization of Cd translocation and identification of the Cd form in xylem sap of the Cd-hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri

Arabidopsis halleri is a Cd hyperaccumulator; however, the mechanismsinvolved in the root to shoot translocation of Cd are not wellunderstood. In this study, we characterized Cd transfer fromthe root medium to xylem in this species. Arabidopsis halleriaccumulated 1,500 mg kg^–1 Cd in the shoot without growthinhibition. A time-course experiment showed that the releaseof Cd into the xylem was very rapid; by 2 h exposure to Cd,Cd concentration in the xylem sap was 5-fold higher than thatin the external solution. The concentration of Cd in the xylemsap increased linearly with increasing Cd concentration in theexternal solution. Cd transfer to the xylem was completely inhibitedby the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP). Cd concentration in the xylem sap was decreased by increasingthe concentration of external Zn, but enhanced by Fe deficiencytreatment. Analysis with ¹¹³Cd-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)showed that the chemical shift of ¹¹³Cd in the xylem sap wasthe same as that of Cd(NO₃)₂. Metal speciation with Geochem-PCalso showed that Cd occurred mainly in the free ionic form inthe xylem sap. These results suggest that Cd transfer from theroot medium to the xylem in A. halleri is an energy-dependentprocess that is partly shared with Zn and/or Fe transport. Furthermore,Cd is translocated from roots to shoots in inorganic forms.     

美人蕉对镉的胁迫反应及积累特性

美人蕉(Canna indica)是我国城区普遍栽植兼具绿化、观赏和净化环境等重要价值的地被植物。为研究美人蕉对Cd的胁迫反应及积累特性, 使用盆栽方法对美人蕉进行不同含量水平Cd处理, 测定其生长过程中部分形态、生态、生理指标的变化和收获后体内Cd含量。结果表明, Cd含量小于1 mg·kg^-1时对美人蕉生长影响不大, 大于5 mg·kg^-1时抑制美人蕉生长。Cd含量小于5 mg·kg^-1时延长了美人蕉的花期。随着Cd含量的增大, 美人蕉根系活力、叶绿素含量和含水量逐渐降低, 可溶性糖含量先升高后降低, 游离脯氨酸含量和细胞膜透性逐渐升高。Cd在美人蕉体内的分布为根系>地上部分, 随着Cd含量的增大, 美人蕉根系和地上部分Cd含量逐渐升高、富集系数和转运系数逐渐降低; Cd含量为20 mg·kg^-1时美人蕉对Cd的积累量最大, 为5.89 mg·株^-1。综合分析美人蕉的生长、生理生态变化及富集Cd的能力, 美人蕉适于土壤Cd含量小于1 mg·kg^-1条件下的园林应用。     

干旱胁迫下镉处理对互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、镉积累及光合生理的影响

为探究干旱条件下,互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.)幼苗对重金属镉胁迫的生长及光合生理响应机制,以两年生互叶醉鱼草幼苗为试验材料,设置对照与干旱两个水分处理组(土壤相对含水率分别为:65%—60%,35%—30%),每个水分处理条件下再分别设置3个镉处理浓度(0.28、(0.6+0.28)、(1.2+0.28)mg/kg),共6个处理。测定不同水分及镉处理对互叶醉鱼草生长、生物量、光合参数及体内重金属含量的影响。结果表明:干旱与镉复合胁迫下植物的存活率为100%。镉胁迫、干旱与镉复合胁迫均不同程度抑制了互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、生物量积累、植株的光合作用及叶绿素含量,且其光合和叶绿素含量的降幅明显大于单一镉胁迫。镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草幼苗单株最高镉富集量为69.33 mg/kg,而复合胁迫下单株最高镉富集量为50.68 mg/kg。以上结果表明:干旱胁迫能够加重镉胁迫对植物的影响,使复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草生长、光合生理及镉富集能力下降。但单一镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草对镉具有更强的耐受性,并有较高的生物富集能力,且干旱与Cd复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草幼苗仍有一定的镉积累量。因此在干旱半干旱区园林绿化以及Cd污染地区的生态建设中,互叶醉鱼草是一种具有巨大应用潜力和前景的灌木树种。     

Maize plant growth and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments at short- and long-term exposure to cadmium

A wide range of cadmium concentrations (from 4 to 200 μM for seedlings and up to 2 mM for germinating kernels) was used to assess Cd toxic effects on maize (Zea mays L.) plants at the different developmental stages: germinating kernels, seedlings (4–9 days), and juvenile plants (34 days). Cd accumulation in plant organs was followed, and its lethal concentration was elucidated. In maize, cadmium was accumulated predominantly in roots; in shoots it was mainly accumulated in the lower leaves, and the higher was leaf position the lower was Cd content in it. At high concentrations (80 and 200 μM), kernels became the substantial cadmium depot. Germinating kernels manifested the lowest sensitivity to cadmium; seedlings were more sensitive; the inhibition of juvenile plant growth attained 90% and more. In the tested range of concentrations, cadmium suppressed shoot mass accumulation harder than that of roots. In 34-day-old plants, water content in shoots was stronger reduced than in roots. Plant death was also manifested earlier in shoots. It was concluded that maize plant sensitivity to cadmium increases with plant growing and that, under conditions of normal mineral nutrition, cadmium inhibits shoot growth more severe than root growth.     

Screen of Chinese Weed Species for Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation Characteristics

The cadmium (Cd) tolerance and metal-accumulation characteristics of 29 species (18 families) of weed were studied by using outdoor pot-culture experiments. The results of this screening showed that Bidens pilosa and Kalimeris integrifolia (both Asteraceae) expressed some properties that are characteristic of Cd hyperaccumulators. In 10 mg/kg Cd-spiked soil, they accumulated a good deal of Cd in shoots (28 and 25 mg/kg DW, respectively) with high Cd enrichment factors (EFs; concentration in plant/soil). Cd accumulations in shoots were greater than those in roots (translocation factor (TF) >1, concentration in shoot/root) and the shoot biomasses did not decreased significantly compared to the unspiked control. The other weed species showed little accumulation of Cd, Pb, Cu, or Zn. In a concentration-gradient experiment, the Cd accumulation potentials of B. pilosa and K. integrifolia were examined further. Cd concentrations in leaves of B. pilosa growing in soils spiked with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg Cd were up to 145, 160, and 192 mg/kg, respectively, and the Cd content in stems in the 100 mg/kg Cd-spiked soil was 115 mg/kg, all greater than the 100 mg/kg notional criterion for Cd hyperaccumulation. The Cd EFs and TFs were all greater than 1. The shoot biomasses did not decrease significantly compared to the controls. B. pilosa was thus shown to have some characteristics of a true Cd hyperaccumulator plant.     

Cd-K双重处理对水稻幼苗生长和Cd吸收转运的影响及相关转运通道分析

以水稻( Oryza sativa Linn.)高 Cd 积累品种‘T 优705’(‘T You 705’)和低 Cd 积累品种‘湘早籼24’(‘Xiangzaoxian 24’)为实验材料,采用水培法对不同浓度Cd(0.0和2.7μmol·L-1 Cd)和K(0、30和60 mmol·L-1 K)处理条件下2个品种幼苗的相对生长量、根系和地上部的Cd含量及其亚细胞分布特征进行了比较,并分析了添加离子通道活性抑制剂TEA和LaCl3后幼苗根系和地上部的Cd和K含量;在此基础上,比较了NSCCs(非选择性阳离子通道)和K专性通道对2个品种幼苗根系和地上部Cd和K吸收贡献率的影响。结果表明：与Cd单一处理组(2.7μmol·L-1 Cd)相比, Cd-K双重处理组(2.7μmol·L-1 Cd-30 mmol·L-1 K和2.7μmol·L-1 Cd-60 mmol·L-1 K)2个品种幼苗的相对生长量显著提高,而幼苗根系和地上部的Cd含量显著下降;随K浓度的提高,2个品种幼苗根系细胞壁和细胞液中的Cd含量显著下降,但细胞壁中Cd含量的分配比例增大而细胞液中Cd含量的分配比例则减小。在含2.7μmol·L-1 Cd和30 mmol·L-1 K的培养液中分别添加5 mmol·L-1 TEA或0.2 mmol·L-1 LaCl3后,2个品种幼苗根系和地上部的Cd和K含量均显著下降,其中,LaCl3处理组的根系Cd含量降幅高于TEA处理组,但LaCl3处理组的根系K含量降幅则低于TEA组。 NSCCs对品种‘T优705’幼苗根系和地上部Cd吸收的贡献率显著低于品种‘湘早籼24’幼苗,而K专性通道对品种‘T优705’幼苗根系K吸收和地上部Cd吸收的贡献率则显著低于品种‘湘早籼24’幼苗。研究结果显示：添加外源K可缓解Cd对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用,并通过提高细胞壁与Cd的结合能力来降低细胞液中Cd的积累,以此减弱幼苗对Cd的吸收和转运能力;幼苗体内的K和Cd均可通过K专性通道和NSCCs转运,其中,K吸收和转运主要通过K专性通道完成,而Cd吸收和转运主要通过NSCCs完成。此外,品种‘T优705’可能具有多种离子通道参与Cd的吸收和转运,而品种‘湘早籼24’主要依赖NSCCs参与Cd的吸收和转运,且后者对K的吸收和积累强于前者。     

Influence of external zinc and phosphorus supply on Cd uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings with root surface iron plaque

Rice seedlings were grown in hydroponic culture to determine the effects of external Zn and P supply on plant uptake of Cd in the presence or absence of iron plaque on the root surfaces. Iron plaque was induced by supplying 50 mg l⁻¹ Fe²⁺ in the nutrient solution for 2 day. Then 43-day-old seedlings were exposed to 10 μmol l⁻¹ Cd together with 10 μmol l⁻¹ Zn or without Zn (Zn–Cd experiment), or to 10 μmol l⁻¹ Cd with 1.0 mmol l⁻¹ P or without P (P–Cd experiment) for another 2 day. The seedlings were then harvested and the concentrations of Fe, Zn, P and Cd in dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) extracts and in roots and shoots were determined. The dry weights of roots and shoots of seedlings treated with 50 mg l⁻¹ Fe were significantly lower than when no Fe was supplied. Adsorption of Cd, Zn and P on the iron plaque increased when Fe was supplied but Cd concentrations in DCB extracts were unaffected by external Zn or P supply levels. Cd concentrations in shoots and roots were lower when Fe was supplied. Zn additions decreased Cd concentrations in roots but increased Cd concentrations in shoots, whereas P additions significantly increased shoot and root Cd concentrations and this effect diminished when Fe was supplied. The percentage of Cd in DCB extracts was significantly lower than in roots or shoots, accounting for up to 1.8–3.8% of the plant total Cd, while root and shoot Cd were within the ranges 57–76% and 21–40% respectively in the two experiments. Thus, the main barrier to Cd uptake seemed to be the root tissue and the contribution of iron plaque on root surfaces to plant Cd uptake was minor. The changes in plant Cd uptake were not due to Zn or P additions altering Cd adsorption on iron plaque, but more likely because Zn or P interfered with Cd uptake by the roots and translocation to the shoots.     

Enhanced root-to-shoot translocation of cadmium in the hyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii

Sedum alfredii (Crasulaceae) is the only known Cd-hyperaccumulating species that are not in the Brassica family; the mechanism of Cd hyperaccumulation in this plant is, however, little understood. Here, a combination of radioactive techniques, metabolic inhibitors, and fluorescence imaging was used to contrast Cd uptake and translocation between a hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) and a non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) of S. alfredii. The K(m) of (109)Cd influx into roots was similar in both ecotypes, while the V(max) was 2-fold higher in the HE. Significant inhibition of Cd uptake by low temperature or metabolic inhibitors was observed in the HE, whereas the effect was less pronounced in the NHE. (109)Cd influx into roots was also significantly decreased by high Ca in both ecotypes. The rate of root-to-shoot translocation of (109)Cd in the HE was >10 times higher when compared with the NHE, and shoots of the HE accumulated dramatically higher (109)Cd concentrations those of the NHE. The addition of the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) resulted in a significant reduction in Cd contents in the shoots of the HE, and in the roots of the NHE. Cd was distributed preferentially to the root cylinder of the HE but not the NHE, and there was a 3-5 times higher Cd concentration in xylem sap of the HE in contrast to the NHE. These results illustrate that a greatly enhanced rate of root-to-shoot translocation, possibly as a result of enhanced xylem loading, rather than differences in the rate of root uptake, was the pivotal process expressed in the Cd hyperaccumulator HE S. alfredii.