阿片受体在大鼠丘脑中央下核和顶盖前区前核介导电针镇痛中的不同作用

本文旨在研究阿片受体是否参与丘脑中央下核(nucleus submedius,Sm)和顶盖前区前核(anterior pretectal nucleus,APtN)所介导的不同强度电针的镇痛作用。以辐射热诱发甩尾(tail flick,TF)反射潜伏期为伤害性反应的指标,观察了Sm和APtN微量注射阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮对不同强度电针“足三里”穴(St．36)抑制大鼠TF反射的效应。结果表明,Sm给予纳洛酮(1．0μg,0．5μl)阻断强电针(5mA)对TF反射的抑制效应,而对弱电针(0．5mA)的效应无明显影响;相反,APtN给予纳洛酮阻断弱电针对TF反射的抑制效应,而对强电针的效应无明显影响;纳洛酮供给到Sm或APtN邻近其它脑区对强、弱电针的效应均无影响。这些结果提示,Sm内的阿片受体参与介导强电针兴奋细传入纤维(A-δ和C类)产生的镇痛,而APtN内的阿片受体则介导弱电针兴奋粗传入纤维(A-β类)产生的镇痛。     

Role of L-DOPA in spinal nociceptive reflex activity: higher sensitivity of Aδ versus C fibre-evoked nociceptive reflexes to L-DOPA

The role of L-DOPA in spinal nociceptive reflex activity has been re-evaluated. In high spinal cats, with supraspinal loops being excluded, the onset of reflex facilitation induced by noxious radiant heat is delayed after injection of L-DOPA by 4 to 10 s, i.e. the early component of nociceptive reflex facilitation is blocked, while the late component persisted. Further investigations have shown that the early component of reflex facilitation induced by noxious radiant heat is mediated by Adelta-fibres and the late component by C-fibres. Therefore, it can be assumed that L-DOPA, like opioids, preferentially blocks the transmission in nociceptive reflex pathways from Adelta-fibres.     

Comparison of analgesic and body temperature responses to intrathecal beta-endorphin and D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin

The inhibition of tail flick response to radiant heat and body temperature changes after intrathecal administration of β-endorphin (β-EP) and D-Ala²-D-Leu⁵-enkephalin (DADL) were studied in rats. Both opioid peptides caused inhibition of tail flick response. On a molar basis, β-EP was 73% as potent as DADL, but the duration of tail flick inhibition of β-EP was much longer than that of DADL. β-EP induced hyperthermia while DADL did not cause any significant change in body temperature. The tail flick inhibition induced by β-EP (1 nmole) was reversed by 2 mg/kg of naloxone, ip; however, the tail flick inhibition induced by DADL (7 nmole) was not reversed by 2 mg/kg and was incompletely reversed by a higher dose of naloxone one (6 mg/kg, ip). These studies demonstrate the existence of naloxone-resistant opioid receptors in the spinal cord which are sensitive to enkephalin. These results indicate that the opioid receptors involved in the production of opioid responses in the spinal cord are different from those in supraspinal brain areas.     

异氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪中的应用

目的探讨异氟醚吸入麻醉方法对小型猪麻醉的效果。方法对20头巴马小型猪进行异氟醚吸入麻醉,进行麻醉监测。结果麻醉20例,无麻醉意外情况或死亡,成功率100%。结论异氟醚吸入麻醉应用于小型猪实验,麻醉效果好,麻醉过程平稳,麻醉深度容易控制,安全性高,生命体征稳定,手术后苏醒快,是一种理想的麻醉方法 。     

General anesthesia of infant mice by isoflurane inhalation for medium-duration surgery.

In this report we describe a means of general anesthesia for medium-duration (i.e., 20 to 60 min) surgery of infant mice. We tested isoflurane inhalation (2.0% isoflurane in air or oxygen during induction, and 1.5% after surgical anesthesia) anesthesia of 6-to 10-day-old C57BL/6JJcl mice and obtained safe, effective, and reproducible results.     

The hypothalamus neurons response to the signals from surface and deep skin thermoreceptors

1. 1.197 neurons have been studied in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus of 30 rabbits; 28 of them responded to the thermal skin stimulation. The response latencies were different and varied from 2–5 to 50–80 s; the response latencies of the same neuron were constant under repeated stimulation.

2. 2.These differences were concluded to be accounted for by some neurons being connected to the surface skin layers thermoreceptors, and others to the deeper ones. These facts support the hypotheses that the thermoregulatory system measures the intensity of the heat flow through the skin.

Effect of chronic intermittent exposure to AM radiofrequency field on responses to various types of noxious stimuli in growing rats

There are several reports of altered pain sensation after exposure (from a few minutes to hours in single or repeated doses for 2-3 weeks) to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in adults. The commonly utilized noxious stimulus is radiant heat. The nociceptive responses are known to be influenced by characteristics of stimulus, organism, and environment. We studied the pattern of nociceptive responses to various noxious stimuli in growing rats exposed to radiofrequency field (73.5 MHz amplitude modulated, 16 Hz power density 1.33 mw/cm(2), SAR = 0.4 w/kg) for 45 d (2 h/d). Threshold current for stimulation of nociceptive afferents to mediate motor response of tail (TF), vocalization during stimulus (VD), and vocalization after discharge (VA); the withdrawal latency of tail (TFL) and hind paw (HPL) to thermal noxious stimulus and tonic pain responses were recorded in every rat. The TFL was not affected, HPL was decreased (p < 0.01), and the thresholds of TF and VD were not affected, while, that of VA was significantly decreased. The tonic pain rating was decreased (p < 0.01). A decrease in the threshold of VA (p < 0.01) is indicative of an increase in the emotional component of the response to the phasic pain, whereas a decrease in the pain rating indicates analgesia in response to the tonic pain. The results of our study suggest that chronic (45 d), intermittent (2 h/d) amplitude modulated RF field exposure to the peripubertal rat increases the emotional component of phasic pain over a basal eaualgesic state, while late response to tonic pain is decreased. The data suggest that amplitude modulated RF field differentially affects the mechanisms involved in the processing of various noxious stimuli.     

The effect of repeated daily measurements on paw withdrawal latencies in Hargreaves test

The hypothesis that repeated measurements during 4 subsequent days affect withdrawal latencies in Hargreaves test was investigated. Paw withdrawal latencies to radiant heat were determined in the control, tramadol or saline group of male Wistar rats. The control group (N=10) had no treatment. Tramadol group (N=7) and saline group (N=7) received one daily intraperitoneal injection of tramadol (15 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl), respectively. A significant decline in withdrawal latencies was observed in the control group on the day 2 to day 4, when compared to day 1 (p < 0.05 Bonferroni test). In the saline and tramadol groups, latencies remained stable from day 1 to day 4. During the entire testing period withdrawal latencies were 27-50% longer in tramadol group (p < 0.05 ANOVA) compared with the saline group. When compared to the control group, the effect of tramadol, was noted from the second to forth day (p < 0.01 Bonferroni test), but not on the first day. Finally, a tendency to decrement in withdrawal latencies existed on day 1 in the saline group compared with control group, but this difference does not reach significance. We conclude that one day of training affect withdrawal latencies in the Hargreaves test.     

建立新生大鼠吸入麻醉模型及异氟醚对其海马凋亡的影响

目的:建立新生大鼠吸入麻醉模型并探讨吸入麻醉药异氟醚对其海马凋亡的影响。方法:Penlon Prima SP麻醉机、异氟醚挥发罐及自制带进出气口的麻醉小室。共55只7日龄的SD大鼠用于实验。将其中35只大鼠随机分为7组(n=5)。实验组(Ⅰ-Ⅵ组)异氟醚挥发罐刻度分别为0.125%,0.25%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%;新生大鼠置于自制密封麻醉小室内,分别通入含上述异氟醚浓度的混合气体。对照组(第Ⅶ组)给予未混合异氟醚的30%的氧气。将小室安放于37℃恒温箱内。调节气体流量2L/min。实验组于通入气体5,10,15,30,90,180,360 min(T1-7)时于小室出口处抽取10mL气体,采用气相色谱法测定麻醉小室内异氟醚浓度。于通入气体360 min(T7)自新生大鼠左心室采血行血气分析;另取SD大鼠20只,随机分为对照组(C组,n=10),1.5%异氟醚组(I组,n=10),按上述方法建立异氟醚吸入麻醉模型,麻醉结束后2h处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学法观察C组和I组大鼠大脑海马区Active caspase-3的表达。结果:①麻醉小室出口异氟醚浓度(Y)与麻醉机挥发罐异氟醚浓度(X)的直线回归方程为Y=1.5472X-0.0575(r=0.9993)。②血气分析结果显示:Ⅰ-Ⅵ组与Ⅶ组血气分析组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③免疫组化结果显示:与C组相比,I组大鼠海马Active caspase-3明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过麻醉机、异氟醚挥发罐及自制密封带进出气口的麻醉小室成功建立了新生大鼠异氟醚麻醉模型;为进一步研究异氟醚及相关吸入麻醉药对突触发生期的神经毒性提供了实验基础。     

Cutaneous warming promotes sleep onset

Sleep occurs in close relation to changes in body temperature. Both the monophasic sleep period in humans and the polyphasic sleep periods in rodents tend to be initiated when core body temperature is declining. This decline is mainly due to an increase in skin blood flow and consequently skin warming and heat loss. We have proposed that these intrinsically occurring changes in core and skin temperatures could modulate neuronal activity in sleep-regulating brain areas (Van Someren EJW, Chronobiol Int 17: 313-54, 2000). We here provide results compatible with this hypothesis. We obtained 144 sleep-onset latencies while directly manipulating core and skin temperatures within the comfortable range in eight healthy subjects under controlled conditions. The induction of a proximal skin temperature difference of only 0.78 +/- 0.03 degrees C (mean +/- SE) around a mean of 35.13 +/- 0.11 degrees C changed sleep-onset latency by 26%, i.e., by 3.09 minutes [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.91 to 4.28] around a mean of 11.85 min (CI, 9.74 to 14.41), with faster sleep onsets when the proximal skin was warmed. The reduction in sleep-onset latency occurred despite a small but significant decrease in subjective comfort during proximal skin warming. The induction of changes in core temperature (delta = 0.20 +/- 0.02 degrees C) and distal skin temperature (delta = 0.74 +/- 0.05 degrees C) were ineffective. Previous studies have demonstrated correlations between skin temperature and sleep-onset latency. Also, sleep disruption by ambient temperatures that activate thermoregulatory defense mechanisms has been shown. The present study is the first to experimentally demonstrate a causal contribution to sleep-onset latency of skin temperature manipulations within the normal nocturnal fluctuation range. Circadian and sleep-appetitive behavior-induced variations in skin temperature might act as an input signal to sleep-regulating systems.     

Case study of skin temperature and thermal perception in a hot outdoor environment

Focusing on the understanding and the estimation of the biometeorological conditions during summer in outdoor places, a field study was conducted in July 2010 in Athens, Greece over 6 days at three different sites: Syntagma Square, Ermou Street and Flisvos coast. Thermo-physiological measurements of five subjects were carried out from morning to evening for each site, simultaneously with meteorological measurements and subjective assessments of thermal sensation reported by questionnaires. The thermo-physiological variables measured were skin temperature, heat flux and metabolic heat production, while meteorological measurements included air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, globe temperature, ground surface temperature and global radiation. The possible relation of skin temperature with the meteorological parameters was examined. Theoretical values of mean skin temperature and mean radiant temperature were estimated applying the MENEX model and were compared with the measured values. Two biometeorological indices, thermal sensation (TS) and heat load (HL)—were calculated in order to compare the predicted thermal sensation with the actual thermal vote. The theoretically estimated values of skin temperature were underestimated in relation to the measured values, while the theoretical model of mean radiant temperature was more sensitive to variations of solar radiation compared to the experimental values. TS index underestimated the thermal sensation of the five subjects when their thermal vote was ‘hot’ or ‘very hot’ and overestimated thermal sensation in the case of ‘neutral’. The HL index predicted with greater accuracy thermal sensation tending to overestimate the thermal sensation of the subjects.     

Putative nociceptive modulating neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla of the rat: firing of on- and off-cells is related to nociceptive responsiveness

In the unstimulated, lightly anesthetized rat, both on- and off-cells exhibit alternating periods of silence and activity lasting from several seconds to a few minutes. In the preceding paper, we showed that the active periods of all cells of the same class are always in phase, whereas the firing of cells of different classes is invariably out of phase. Thus, the pattern of firing of any single on- or off-cell provides a useful indication of the excitability of all on- and off-cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). In this study, we measured the latency of the tail flick response (TF) at set intervals while recording from TF-related neurons in RVM, and were able to demonstrate a significant relationship between the spontaneous firing of both on- and off-cells and the latency of the TF response. If noxious heat is applied at a time when an off-cell is spontaneously active (or an on-cell is silent), the TF latency is longer than if the TF trial falls during a period in which the off-cell is silent (or the on-cell is active). This correlation between on- and off-cell firing and changes in TF latency is consistent with a nociceptive modulatory role for either or both cell classes. These findings support the hypothesis that off-cells inhibit and on-cells facilitate spinal nociceptive transmission and reflexes.     

Putative Nociceptive Modulating Neurons in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla of the Rat: Firing of On- and Off-Cells Is Related to Nociceptive Responsiveness

In the unstimulated, lightly anesthetized rat, both on- and off-cells exhibit alternating periods of silence and activity lasting from several seconds to a few minutes. In the preceding paper, we showed that the active periods of all cells of the same class are always in phase, whereas the firing of cells of different classes is invariably out of phase. Thus, the pattern of firing of any single on- or off-cell provides a useful indication of the excitability of all on- and off-cells in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM).

In this study, we measured the latency of the tail flick response (TF) at set intervals while recording from TF-related neurons in RVM, and were able to demonstrate a significant relationship between the spontaneous firing of both on- and off-cells and the latency of the TF response. If noxious heat is applied at a time when an off-cell is spontaneously active (or an on-cell is silent), the TF latency is longer than if the TF trial falls during a period in which the off-cell is silent (or the on-cell is active). This correlation between on- and off-cell firing and changes in TF latency is consistent with a nociceptive modulatory role for either or both cell classes. These findings support the hypothesis that off-cells inhibit and on-cells facilitate spinal nociceptive transmission and reflexes.     

刺激皮肤感受野对大鼠多觉型伤害性感受器诱发放电的影响

在大鼠尾部,重复压力刺激皮肤感受野,当间隔时间小于2min时,多觉型伤害性感受器的单位放电数随间隔时间的缩短而减少。压力与辐射热交叉刺激同一感受野,随后刺激的放电数也显著减少。皮下注射致痛剂引起持续性放电的背景上,分别向感受野施加按压、辐射热或电针刺激,随着放电增多后出现一个放电减少的过程。刺激支配尾部的交感神经则使减少的放电显著增多。结果表明,多觉型伤害性感受器受到刺激兴奋后有个感受性降低的过程。本文讨论了这一过程在按摩、针灸缓解痛机制中的可能作用。     

东亚飞蝗耐高温能力及其体温调节行为

为明确东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis的耐高温能力和体温调节行为, 采用高温饲养、提供辐射热源和风力等方法, 对东亚飞蝗各发育期的高温耐受能力、体温（body temperature, Tb）与环境温度（air temperature, Ta）和辐射温度（radiant temperature, Tr）的关系、飞蝗对辐射热的选择行为、体温升高速率以及辐射角度和风力对体温的影响进行了研究。结果表明: 东亚飞蝗44℃下饲养, LT90 最长为326.4 h; 50℃下, LT90可达20.6 h。无辐射热条件下, Tb随Ta的上升而升高, 当Ta升至32℃, 蝗虫出现体温调节行为; Ta以0.5℃/min速率上升时, 出现体温波动的个体数占试虫总数的53.7%, Tb平均波动温差为1.15℃, 平均波动时间为5.2 min, Tb平均波动起始温度为47.2℃, 成虫致死时间略长于若虫。有辐射热条件下, 随笼顶辐射温度的逐渐升高, 飞蝗趋向选择温度相对较低的笼底, 试虫体温调节较无辐射热条件下强; 辐射角度和风力均对飞蝗的体温有显著影响。结果显示东亚飞蝗对高温的耐受能力较强, 并且具有明显的体温调节行为, 可调节体温达到最佳生理状态。     

Solar heat load on man

Different methods have been compared for the estimation of solar heat load on man. The comparison comprised several methods based on the calculation of absorbed solar radiation and one method for calculation of mean radiant temperature (Mrt). Regression analysis was carried out for predicted values and values calculated for a vertical cylinder, assumed as an analog model of a standing man. Regression of mean skin temperature, measured in 10 subjects exposed to solar radiation under a variety of climatic conditions, on predicted radiant heat load was also analysed. Mean skin temperature correlated best withMrt, accounting for more than 50% of the variance. The results indicated that three methods provide a realistic estimation of the radiation heat load, whereas some methods show deviations of several hundred per cent.     

Effect of negative air ions on morphine-induced changes in the latency of the tail-flick reflex

Adult male Long-Evans rats were exposed to negatively charged air ions at high concentrations (7 x 10(5)/cm3) for six days. Sham-exposed rats were treated identically except that the source of ions was not activated. At the end of the exposure, the latency of the tail-flick reflex was measured in each rat before and 30 and 60 min after an injection of morphine sulphate. The tail-flick reflex was initiated by thermal stimulation. Two heat settings were employed, the lower considered to impart a submaximal and the higher a maximal thermal stimulus. Three morphine doses were tested: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg. Statistically significant differences between ion-exposed and sham-exposed rats were observed in tail-flick latencies 30 min after the administration of the two lower doses, but not after the highest dose of morphine sulphate. These differences were found at both intensities of thermal stimulation. Tail-flick latencies measured in each group prior to morphine injection were not affected by negative-ion exposure. The data indicate that exposure of rats to negative air ions tends to inhibit the action of morphine on the latency of the tail-flick reflex at morphine doses below 1.0 mg/kg.     

两种用于小型猪胰肾联合移植实验麻醉方法的比较

目的比较静脉复合吸入全麻和静脉全麻两种方法用于小型猪胰肾联合移植实验中的麻醉效果,探讨简单、安全、易行的麻醉方法。方法A、B两组健康贵州小香猪,每组6只,基础麻醉后气管插管,A组：持续吸入异氟醚维持麻醉,根据手术要求间断注入万可松和芬太尼;B组：持续注入氯胺酮,间断静脉注射万可松和芬太尼维持麻醉。观察麻醉持续时间,镇痛和肌松药量,术后拔管和完全清醒时间,监测麻醉过程中血压、心率、脉搏氧的变化。结果A组术中麻醉效果好,血压、心率和脉搏氧稳定,与B组有显著差异（P〈0.05）;B组麻醉效果较差,肌松用药量明显增多,术后完全清醒时间长于A组（P〈0.05）。结论气管插管后静吸复合的麻醉方法是用于贵州小型猪实验安全、合适的麻醉方法。     

A method of uroneurophysiological investigation in children

Characteristics and reproducibility of bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) and pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials (PSEP) elicited by mechanical stimulation in children were tested. Twenty-five male children aged 5-14 years without uroneurological complaints were enrolled in the study. In addition to electrical stimulation, a specially constructed electromechanical hammer triggered by an oscilloscope was used for mechanical stimulation of distal penis. All responses were detected by surface electrodes. The latencies and amplitudes of averaged as well as latencies of single BCR on single and double electrical stimuli were determined. Mechanical stimulation was described as much less unpleasant than electrical stimulation. Both mechanical/electrical stimulation elicited consistent and reproducible responses in high percentages of children (BCR: average, 80%/71%, single, 94%/100%; PSEP: 96%/96%, respectively). BCR latencies were significantly longer and PSEP amplitudes were significantly higher on mechanical stimulation. The compliance with mechanical was much better than with the electrical stimulation and the former can be recommended for clinical use. The effective mechanical stimulus delivered by a particular mechanical stimulator has a characteristic `delay' (as to the actual point of triggering the oscilloscope ray) which influences the latency reading of responses; appropriate control data are therefore necessary.