Generation of Probucol Radicals and Their Reduction by Ascorbate and Dihydrolipoic Acid in Human Low Density Lipoproteins

Probucol, 4.4′-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(thio)]bis-[2,6-bis(1.1-dimethyl)phenol], is a lipid regulating drug whose therapeutic potential depends on its antioxidant properties. Probucol and x-tocopherol were quantitatively compared in their ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals generatcd by the thermal decomposition of the lipid-soluble azo-initiator 2,2′-azo-bis(2,4-dimethyl-valeronitrile), AMVN, in dioleoylphos-phatidylcholine (DOPC) liposomes. Probucol showed 15-times lower peroxyl radical scavenging efficiency than x-tocopherol as measured by the effects on AMVN-induced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. We suggest that probucol cannot protect x-tocopherol against its loss in the course of oxidation, although probucol is known to prevent lipid peroxidation in membranes and lipoproteins. In human low density lipoproteins (LDL) ESR signals of the probucol phenoxyl radical were detected upon incubation with lipoxygenase + linolenic acid or AMVN. Ascorbate was shown to reduce probucol radicals. Dihydro-lipoic acid alone was not able to reduce the probucol radical but in the presence of both ascorbate and dihydrolipoic acid a synergistic effect of a stepwise reduction was observed. This resulted from ascorbate-dependent reduction of probucol radicals and dihydrolipoic acid-dependent reduction of ascorbyl radicals. The oxidized form of dihydrolipoic acid, thioctic acid, did not affect probucol radicals either in the presence or in the absence of ascorbate.     

Generation of Radical Anions of Nifurtimox and Related Nitrofuran Compounds By Ascorbate

Nifurtimox analogues bearing triazol-4-yl, benzimidazol-1-yl, triazin-4-yl or related groups as counterpart of the (5-nitro-2-furfurylidene) amino group were reduced to their nitro anion radicals by ascorbate in anaerobic solutions at high pH. The ESR spectra of the radical anions showed hyperfine spin couplings restricted to the nitrofuran moiety. With these compounds, the spin density at the nitro group was greater than with nifurtimox, nitrofurazone and nitrofurantoin. At neutral pH, solutions containing ascorbate and nitrofuran derivatives consumed oxygen, the compounds bearing unsaturated nitrogen heterocycles being the most effective. Superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased the rate of oxygen consumption, thus demonstrating the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. NMR spectra of the triazol-4-yl and triazin-4-yl nitrofuran derivatives showed a deshielding effect for the azomethine proton, which was undetectable with nifurtimox and nitrofurazone.     

The Control of Iron-Induced Oxidative Damage in Isolated Rat-Liver Mitochondria by Respiration State and Ascorbate

The reaction of iron (II) with H₂O₂ is believed to generate highly reactive species (e.g., OH) capable of initiating biological damage. This study investigates the possibility that the severity of oxidative damage induced by iron in hepatic mitochondria is determined by the level of mitochondrial-H₂O₂ generation, which is believed to be particularly prominent in state-4 respiration.

Iron-induced damage is found to be greater in state-4 than in state-3 respiration. Experiments using uncoupling agents and Ca⁺⁺ to mimic state-3 conditions indicate that this effect reflects differences in the steady-state oxidation-level of the electron carriers of the respiratory chain (and hence the level of H₂O₂ -generation). rather than changes in redox potential or transportation of the metal-ion. Evidence is also presented for a mechanism in which Fe(II) and H₂O₂ react inside the mitochondrial matrix.

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is shown to be pro-oxidant in this system. except when present at very high concentration when it becomes antioxidant in nature.     

The Control of Iron-Induced Oxidative Damage in Isolated Rat-Liver Mitochondria by Respiration State and Ascorbate

The reaction of iron (II) with H₂O₂ is believed to generate highly reactive species (e.g., OH) capable of initiating biological damage. This study investigates the possibility that the severity of oxidative damage induced by iron in hepatic mitochondria is determined by the level of mitochondrial-H₂O₂ generation, which is believed to be particularly prominent in state-4 respiration.

Iron-induced damage is found to be greater in state-4 than in state-3 respiration. Experiments using uncoupling agents and Ca⁺⁺ to mimic state-3 conditions indicate that this effect reflects differences in the steady-state oxidation-level of the electron carriers of the respiratory chain (and hence the level of H₂O₂ -generation). rather than changes in redox potential or transportation of the metal-ion. Evidence is also presented for a mechanism in which Fe(II) and H₂O₂ react inside the mitochondrial matrix.

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is shown to be pro-oxidant in this system. except when present at very high concentration when it becomes antioxidant in nature.     

Measurement of Aldehydes in Low Density Lipoprotein by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A modified procedure is presented for the HPLC determination of nanomolar concentrations of n-alkanals, hydroxyalkenals, malondialdehyde and furfural in biological fluid. The modifications allow aldehyde profile analysis of small samples of fresh, human, low density lipoprotein (LDL), enabling more detailed studies of LDL fatty acid peroxidation. Aldehydes are reacted with 1,3-cyclohexanedione to produce fluorescent derivatives which are separated by gradient, reversed phase, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis time has been reduced by shortening the sample preparation. Sensitivity has been increased by miniaturization of the derivatisation procedure, reducing required sample size. Recoveries of added aldehydes have been improved. In addition, the method presented allows determination of three further aldehydes, not measured previously by CHD methods: malondialdehyde, formaldehyde and furfural. Recovery and variability data and concentrations of aldehydes found in human LDL are given. The capacity of the method for further development, to enable determination of other aldehydes such as the trans, 2-alkenals, is also demonstrated.     

高密度脂蛋白体外氧化修饰动力学研究

在体外ＨＤＬ在Ｃｕ＾２＋诱导下可发生氧化修饰,为了探讨体外务浆高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）氧化修饰中几种产物的动力学改变,用Ｃｕ＾２＋与ＨＤＬ保温２￣２４ｈ,分别观察了ＨＤＬ氧化修饰过程中硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（ＴＢＡＲＳ）,脂氢过氧化物（ＬＯＯＨ）、共轭二烯（ＣＤ）及相对电泳迁移率（ＲＥＭ）等的变化。结果显示,ＬＯＯＨ和ＣＤ两个指标动力学变化相似,呈现延滞期,扩增期和下降期三个时相,而ＴＢＡＲＳ和ＲＥＭ     

人可溶性低密度脂蛋白受体在甲醇酵母中的表达

为获得低密度脂蛋白受体配基结合结构域在甲醇酵母中的分泌表达 ,首先用RT PCR方法以人肝癌Bel 740 2总RNA为模板扩增了编码低密度脂蛋白受体配基结合结构域的基因片段。核酸测序分析表明克隆到的DNA片段的序列与报道的人LDLR的cDNA序列相同。然后构建了甲醇酵母表达质粒pPIC9K sLDLr ,并将其线性化后用电穿孔法导入PichiapastorisGS115。分别用SDS PAGE、Westernblot和Ligandbindingblot对GS115 pPIC9K sLDLr上清中的重组sLDLR进行鉴定。SDS PAGE和Westernblot分析表明表达的sLDLR的表观分子量为 36kD。Ligandbindingblot分析表明表达的sLDLR具有配基结合的生物学活性     

Antioxidant Activity of Ubiquinone-3 in Human Low Density Lipoprotein

The ability of ubiquinone-3, a short chain ubiquinone homologue, to prevent Cu²⁺ induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein was investigated. The results are as follows: in the presence of ubiquinone-3 the extent of peroxidation, as determined by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was only one third of that found in its absence; the quinone can also prevent the fragmentation of apolipo-protein B-100 and the increase of the net negative surface charge of the particle.     

Continuous Monitoring of in Vztro Oxidation of Human Low Density Lipoprotein

The kinetics of the oxidation of human low densit) lipoprotein (LDL) can be measured continuously by monitoring the change of the 234 nm diene absorption. The time-course shows three consecutive phases, a lag-phase during which the diene absorption increases only weakly. a propagation phase with a rapid increase of the diene absorption and finally a decomposition phase. The increase of the dienes is highly correlated with the increase of MDA or lipid hydroperoxides. The duration of the lag-phase is determined by the endogenous antioxidants contained in LDL (vitamin E. carotenoids. retinylstearate). Water-soluble antioxidants (ascorbic acid. urate) added in micromolar concentrations prolong the lag-phase in a concentration-dependent manner. The determination of the lag-phase is a convenient and objective procedure for determining the susceptibility of LDL from different donors towards oxidation as well as effects of pro-and antioxidants.     

Role of Ascorbic Acid in Scavenging Free Radicals and Lead Toxicity from Biosystems

Free radicals are reactive species that are responsible for damaging normal cells and creating diseases in humans. Antioxidants from natural resources or as supplements can scavenge these radicals. A MedLine search indicates that vitamin C is the most investigated antioxidant responsible for the elimination of free radicals. Its chelating property for the removal of neurotoxic lead, which creates oxidative stress in the human biosystem, was investigated and results indicate its great potential as a lead-detoxifying agent.     

Radical Intermediates and Antioxidants: An Esr Study of Radicals Formed on Carnosic Acid in the Presence of Oxidized Lipids

Carnosic acid, an antioxidant extracted from rosemary, is shown to produce radicals when in contact with oxidized methyl oleate in the absence of air above 50°C. Two radical species are formed: the first one, stable up to -110°C, is an hydroxy-phenoxy radical whose ESR spectrum was analyzed by studying its temperature dependence and its sensitivity to deuterium/proton exchange. The second species was observed above 110°C, its ESR spectrum was identical to the spectrum obtained when carnosol, another antioxidant extracted from rosemary, was heated at the same temperature in the presence of oxidized lipid. This observation is probably due to the transformation of carnosic acid into carnosol; the analysis of the corresponding ESR spectrum suggests the formation of a keto phenoxy radical exhibiting a great delocalization of the unpaired electron.     

Hypoxia-Induced Generation of Nitric Oxide Free Radicals in Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Guinea Pigs

Previous studies have shown that brain tissue hypoxia results in increased N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and receptor-mediated increase in intracellular calcium which may activate Ca⁺⁺-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The present study tested the hypothesis that tissue hypoxia will induce generation of nitric oxide (NO) free radicals in cerebral cortex of newborn guinea pigs. Nitric oxide free radical generation was assayed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Ten newborn guinea pigs were assigned to either normoxic (FiO₂ = 21%, n = 5) or hypoxic (FiO₂ = 7%, n = 5) groups. Prior to exposure, animals were injected subcutaneously with the spin trapping agents diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC, 400 mg/kg), FeSO₄.7H₂O (40 mg/kg) and sodium citrate (200mg/kg). Pretreated animals were exposed to either 21% or 7% oxygen for 60 min. Cortical tissue was obtained, homogenized and the spin adducts extracted. The difference of spectra between 2.047 and 2.027 gauss represents production of NO free radical. In hypoxic animals, there was a difference (16.75 ± 1.70 mm/g dry brain tissue) between the spectra of NO spin adducts identifying a significant increase in NO free radical production. In the normoxic animals, however, there was no difference between the two spectra. We conclude that hypoxia results in Ca²⁺- dependent NOS mediated increase in NO free radical production in the cerebral cortex of newborn guinea pigs. Since NO free radicals produce peroxynitrite in presence of superoxide radicals that are abundant in the hypoxic tissue, we speculate that hypoxia-induced generation of NO free radical will lead to nitration of a number of cerebral proteins including the NMDA receptor, a potential mechanism of hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor resulting in neuronal injury.     

Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Respiratory Distress Induced by Arachidonic Acid In the Rat

The purpose of our present study is the possible implication of oxygen free radicals in the respiratory distress induced in rats by intravenous administration of arachidonic acid (20mg/kg). The respiratory frequency was measured and plasma TXB2 concentration was assayed by RIA from blood withdrawn I min after arachidonic acid administration. The substances studied were: SOD, catalase, manifold, DMSO, BHT, imidazole. All the drugs, except imidazole, significantly protect the rats from the respiratory distress induced by arachidonic acid. SOD, catalase, BHT and imidatole inhibit whereas mannitol and DMSO increase the plasma levels of TXB2. We suggest that oxygen free radicals generated in the respiratory burst induced by arachidonic acid are mainly responsible for the consequent respiratory distress.     

Growth of myoblasts in lipoprotein-supplemented,serum-free medium: Regulation of proliferation by acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor

Summary BC₃H1 myoblast cells seeded at low density on gelatin-coated dishes and exposed to a 1∶1 (vol/vol) mixture of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and Ham’s F12 medium, proliferate actively when exposed to high density lipoproteins (HDL), transferrin, insulin, and basic or acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). This serum-free medium combination supported cell multiplication at a rate equal to that of serum-supplemented medium, and at low cell input (10³ cells/35-mm dish). It also allowed serial transfer of the cultures under serum-free conditions. HDL seems to promote cell survival and to act as progression factor allowing cells to divide when exposed to either basic or acidic FGF. When the potency of basic and acidic FGF were compared, acidic FGF was 20-fold less potent than basic FGF.     

Influence of age and sex on levels of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies and anti-LDL immune complexes in the general population

Most studies of antibodies to oxidized LDL have been undertaken in patients with different diseases and cardiovascular risk factors. However, very few studies have researched the distribution and determining factors of antibodies to oxidized LDL in the general population. A total of 1,354 persons (817 females and 537 males) aged 5-65 years were included in this study. They were selected randomly from the population census of Málaga, in southern Spain. The females had lower levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides and higher levels of HDL-cholesterol and a very significant increase (P < 0.0001) in levels of anti-oxidized LDL [low density lipoprotein modified by malondialdehyde (MDA-LDL)] antibodies but no difference in levels of immune complexes consisting of LDL and IgG antibodies (anti-LDL immune complex). Younger persons (16-35 years) had higher levels of anti-oxidized LDL (MDA-LDL) antibodies than persons older than 35 years (P = 0.05). Levels of immune complexes were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in persons aged 5-15 years than in persons older than 40 years. A very weak association was found between levels of anti-oxidized LDL (MDA-LDL) antibodies and anti-LDL immune complexes. The higher prevalence of anti-oxidized LDL (MDA-LDL) antibodies in females and young persons is in agreement with studies that found an inverse association between atherosclerosis and the level of these antibodies.     

Esr and Spin-Trapping Study of Free Radicals in γ-Irradiated Solid Lysozyme

Free radicals produced by γ-irradiation of solid lysozyme were investigated by a technique combining ESR, spin-trapping and enzymatic digestion. MNP and DMPO were used as spin-trapping reagents. The solid lysozyme was first γ-irradiated and then dissolved in an aqueous solution containing the spin-trapping reagent to stabilize free radicals. The spin adducts of lysozyme were digested to oligopeptides to get ESR spectra having a well-resolved hyperfine structure. The ESR spectra obtained showed that carbon-centered radicals, CH-, at the side chains of amino acids, and thiyl radicals, -CH₂-_-S^-, at disulfide bridges were produced in γ-irradiated solid lysozyme.     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的机理研究

近年来的研究发现,氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxi-dizedlowdensitylipoprotein,OX-LDL)是导致动脉粥样硬化发生的重要因素[1].OX-LDL具有双重效应,既有强烈的促细胞生长效应,又可诱导细胞发生凋亡.这主要根据过氧化物量的变化而定,少量的OX-LDL可促进增殖,而长时间大量的OX-LDL作用于平滑肌细胞则可导致其凋亡[2].OX-LDL诱导的平滑肌细胞凋亡有助于氧化脂质的生成,导致动脉粥样硬化形成.在动脉粥样硬化晚期,由于斑块中的平滑肌细胞凋亡,细胞外基质分泌减少,使斑块极不稳定而易于破裂,诱发急性临床事件如心肌梗塞、猝死等的发生[3].OX-…     

氧化修饰LDL诱导U937细胞凋亡及其机制探讨

用氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）诱导人髓系白血病细胞株U937细胞凋亡,并研究其作用机制.用脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口末端标记技术(TUNEL法)、流式细胞仪和DNA断裂分析检测细胞凋亡;用免疫组化检测c-fos、c-jun和c-myc蛋白表达,RT-PCR显示c-fos、c-jun和c-myc mRNA表达水平.结果表明ox-LDL可致U937细胞凋亡,其作用具有浓度效应;ox-LDL可以上调c-fos、c-jun和c-myc基因表达,使c-fos、c-jun和c-myc蛋白合成增多,最终诱导U937细胞凋亡.     

Generation of Free Radicals during Decomposition of Hydroperoxide in the Presence of Myeloperoxidase or Activated Neutrophils

It was shown with the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone that myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the presence of its substrates H2O2 and Cl- as well as activated neutrophils destroy tert-butyl hydroperoxide producing two adducts of O-centered radicals which were identified as peroxyl and alcoxyl radicals. Inhibitory analysis performed with traps of hypochlorite (taurine and methionine), free radical scavengers (2,6-di-tret-butyl-4-methylphenol and mannitol), and MPO inhibitors (salicylhydroxamic acid and 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide) revealed that the destruction of the hydroperoxide group in the presence of isolated MPO or activated neutrophils was directly caused by the activity of MPO: some radical intermediates appeared as a result of the chlorination cycle of MPO at the stage of hypochlorite generation, whereas the other radicals were produced independently of hypochlorite, presumably with involvement of the peroxidase cycle of MPO. The data suggest that the activated neutrophils located in the inflammatory foci and secreting MPO into the extracellular space can convert hydroperoxides into free radicals initiating lipid peroxidation and other free radical reactions and, thus, promoting destruction of protein-lipid complexes (biological membranes, blood lipoproteins, etc.).