洞穴体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应

从大气降水、土壤水和洞穴滴水的继承关系的角度,在对洞穴化学沉积物形成的必备因素-洞穴滴水的地球化学形成过程作逐步分析的基础上,综合讨论了洞穴体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系。提出对洞穴综合体系开展详尽的长期观测与研究,更加深入地揭示现在正在进行的洞穴碳酸盐沉积过程,即观测现在环境下洞穴化学沉积物的沉积过程及其对环境的响应,是洞穴化学沉积物应用于全球变化研究领域需要更加引起重视的方向。     

三种犬科动物春季洞穴特征

2004年4月-2005年6月在内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区对20个狼穴、27个赤狐洞穴、33个沙狐洞穴进行测量调查,结果如下：3种犬科动物洞穴的洞口朝向无显著差异,赤狐和沙狐洞穴在洞口倾角、洞口直径、第一洞道长度3个特征上无显著差异,洞口直径可作为判别狼穴与其它两者洞穴的依据。影响狼春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是隐蔽、人为干扰和水源。影响赤狐春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是地形、水源、和人为干扰。影响沙狐春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是微气候、人为干扰和食物。通过对3种犬科动物春季洞穴生境选择的比较发现：3种动物洞穴都有远离人为干扰,提高隐蔽性的趋势;不同的是赤狐和狼的洞址都靠近水源,沙狐洞址则远离水源;3种动物在地形及坡位选择上也存在差异,赤狐和狼的洞穴多位于平地。而沙狐洞穴多位于坡地的坡顶,且洞穴周围啮齿类数量显著大于赤狐洞穴和狼穴。柳灌丛、干旱苇塘、高草坡地分别是赤狐、狼、沙狐偏爱的生境类型。3种犬科动物中洞穴生态位宽度最大的是狼（0．5051）,其次为赤狐（0．4292）,最小为沙狐（0．2591）。其中狼与赤狐洞穴空间生态位重叠指数较高,达到了0．4692,沙狐与赤狐洞穴空间生态位重叠指数最低,只有0．2356。     

广西雅长自然保护区洞穴动物调查

洞穴生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。广西是我国喀斯特地貌主要分布区之一,洞穴生物多样性丰富,但目前研究甚少。2007年5–6月,对广西雅长自然保护区8个洞穴中的动物进行了采集分类,共获标本180余号,隶属4门10纲20目31科36种（或类群）。其中,洞穴灶马、马陆、蜘蛛等为洞穴常见类群,弹尾目、蜈蚣目、双翅目的蚊类、蝇类等是洞穴分布较广泛的类群,蜚蠊目、脉翅目等在洞穴中很少见到,是数量极少的稀有类群。潮湿洞穴比干燥洞穴物种多样性丰富,较深的洞穴比较浅的洞穴物种多样性丰富,在同一洞穴中,潮湿的洞段比干燥洞段分布的洞穴动物数量多。就洞穴动物的居栖习性而言,洞穴温度适中、湿度大、洞穴环境稳定,不受外来洪水或外来生物的侵扰,比较适宜洞穴动物生存。另在调查的过程中,发现部分洞穴生态环境遭到严重破坏,洞穴生物的生存受到威胁,为防止我国洞穴生物多样性的丧失,必须加强当地居民的洞穴生物多样性保护意识,保护洞穴环境,并制定相关法律法规保护洞穴生物。     

洞穴微生物组:已知与未知

洞穴是由于岩石受到溶蚀或火山岩浆冷却形成的地下空间和通道。洞穴遍布世界各地,蕴藏着大量的微生物资源。洞穴内黑暗潮湿,温度相对稳定,营养比较贫瘠,是一种极端的生态系统,存在着高度特异性的洞穴微生物。对洞穴微生物组的研究,有助于认知洞穴微生物群体结构、组成及其地理学分布,加深对洞穴生态系统的理解,并为保护和开发洞穴资源提供指导。本文主要介绍了洞穴微生物组的研究方法,总结分析了洞穴微生物的研究进展,并着重阐述了含特殊化合物成分的洞穴中化能自养的特色微生物组。     

贵州省松桃县锰矿区洞穴动物群落结构与环境因子的关系

主要选取松桃锰矿区周边大洞、下洞为对象,研究洞穴环境因子与洞穴动物群落的关系,探索两洞穴环境中是否存在重金属Mn污染,对比分析两洞穴动物群落结构,探讨不同重金属、环境因子与两洞穴动物群落之间的相关性是否一致。通过采集,共获标本1274号,其中大洞660号,隶属于5门10纲21目24科26种,下洞614号,隶属于4门7纲15目21科26种。群落多样性分析结果显示,多样性指数由高到底的顺序为群落D(2.4745)C(1.4036)A(1.3549)B(1.1935)E(1.1384)F(0.7265)。分析大洞、下洞洞穴群落多样性与环境因子Pearson相关系数矩阵得出,大洞土壤中As、Mn与物种数均呈显著正相关,P值分别为0.039、0.029,下洞水体中重金属As与物种优势度呈显著正相关(0.021),重金属Mn与多样性指数呈显著负相关(0.044),温度是影响下洞洞穴群落数量、分布的主要原因。重金属污染评价显示,两洞穴水质污染小,土壤中的重金属除Hg达到极严重污染外,其余重金属均未超过中度污染等级。     

中国洞穴甲壳动物多样性及其对洞穴环境的适应性

简要阐述了洞穴环境的研究现状以及洞穴动物的生态特征,初步探讨了中国洞穴甲壳动物的形成过程、多样性、地理分布以及对洞穴环境的适应性。截止到2008年10月,我国已记录的洞穴甲壳动物(主要指十足目虾类和端足目钩虾类)共有33种,分别隶属6科10属,主要分布在贵州省、广西省等喀斯特洞穴密集地区。洞穴甲壳动物由于长期生活在洞穴的黑暗带,食物匮乏,水温恒定,CO2浓度过高,且O2浓度相对较少的环境中,其在形态结构、消化系统、生理及行为等方面逐渐表现出与地表甲壳动物不同的适应性特征。如:眼缺失、体无色、触角和附肢显著增长、新陈代谢减慢、代谢率小,昼夜节律降低,不能调节体温,生活步调放慢,寿命长,发育周期长等。     

喜马拉雅旱獭的洞穴特征及其生态意义

穴居性动物的洞穴对其生存有着重要的影响。为了解喜马拉雅旱獭（Marmota himalayana）利用洞穴特征及其生态意义,于2017年5月至10月以及2018年4月至5月在四川省阿坝州若尔盖县班佑乡多玛村对30对喜马拉雅旱獭繁殖对所利用的洞穴进行了定量研究。按照当年被频繁利用的洞穴（夜宿洞与繁殖洞）与临时利用的洞穴1∶2的比例取样,共测量了90个洞穴的7个物理特征参数,比较了不同类型洞穴的物理特征差异。结果表明：（1）当地喜马拉雅旱獭利用洞穴外径的长轴和短轴分别为59.3 ± 21.9 (16~100) 和45.8 ± 20.5 (18~100) cm,内径内横径和内竖径分别为24.4 ± 4.0 (16~39) 和19.7 ± 3.5 (15~39) cm;（2）洞道首段长为127.3 ± 43.3 (60~240) cm;（3）洞道首段倾斜角度为45.7° ± 9.5° (20°~72°);（4）洞口朝向角度为195.8° ± 96.2° (3°~356°)。除了夜宿洞与繁殖洞临时洞的内竖径有显著性差异,其它不同洞穴类型之间的物理特征基本一致。喜马拉雅旱獭利用洞穴物理特征参数表明其洞穴具有躲避天敌、抵御不良天气、良好的排水性能以及维持洞穴小气候稳定的功能。大部分洞穴之间的物理特征基本一致结合行为观察,说明喜马拉雅旱獭存在年际间的换洞行为。     

上海农田泽蛙蛰眠状况初步调查

于2004～2005年冬季对上海农田泽蛙的蛰眠状况进行了初步调查。结果表明,农田中的路径、田埂和沟渠岸边地下洞穴是泽蛙的主要越冬场所。蛰眠洞穴共用率高达34.0%,超过62.2%的泽蛙与其它个体共用洞穴蛰眠,各共用洞穴内的泽蛙只数为2～6只不等。泽蛙主要利用已有的地下洞穴蛰眠。86.6%蛰眠期的泽蛙为1龄个体。     

洞穴鱼类眼部退化机制的研究进展

黑暗环境中的洞穴鱼类眼部结构发生了退化,但不同洞穴鱼物种眼部退化程度存在差异,从眼部结构的部分缺失到完全消失的情况均存在。目前研究表明,不论是达尔文的自然选择学说,还是木村资生的中性进化理论均不能很好地解释洞穴鱼类眼部退化的产生机制。洞穴鱼类眼部退化是一个复杂的过程,若要揭示其机制需汇集多个学科的研究优势。该文介绍了国内外洞穴鱼类眼部退化研究领域的形态解剖学、发育生物学、动物行为学及分子遗传学研究进展,并对洞穴鱼眼部退化的研究现状与发展提出了一些思考和建议。     

野生大鲵繁殖洞穴生态环境的初步研究

为了探明野生大鲵(Andrias davidianus)自然繁殖所需要的主要生态条件,给人工养殖条件下大鲵的自然繁殖提供生态学依据,对张家界国家级大鲵保护区境内野生大鲵的栖息繁殖洞穴进行生态学考察。对海拔、洞口的宽度与高度等10个生态因子进行定量观测和主成分分析,结果表明,影响大鲵选择繁殖洞穴的主要因子是海拔、洞口高度、洞底组成,以及洞穴中水的透明度、pH、流速、饵料丰度7个因子。对大鲵繁殖洞穴相连河段进行调查,发现多为山溪流。对繁殖洞穴中水的溶解氧、化学耗氧量、硫化物等5项主要指标进行检测,除硫化物外,其他指标多达到国家饮用水的水质标准,可见大鲵自然繁殖对洞穴与水质的要求较高。     

Mid-Neolithic Exploitation of Mollusks in the Guanzhong Basin of Northwestern China: Preliminary Results

Mollusk remains are abundant in archaeological sites in the Guanzhong Basin of Northwestern China, providing good opportunities for investigations into the use of mollusks by prehistoric humans. Here we report on freshwater gastropod and bivalve mollusks covering the time interval from about 5600 to 4500 cal. yrs BP from sites of Mid-Late Neolithic age. They are identified as Cipangopaludina chinensis and Unio douglasiae, both of which are currently food for humans. The shells are well preserved and have no signs of abrasion. They are all freshwater gastropods and bivalves found in pits without water-reworked deposits and have modern representatives which can be observed in rivers, reservoirs, and paddy fields in the studied region. Mollusk shells were frequently recovered in association with mammal bones, lithic artifacts, and pottery. These lines of evidence indicate that the mollusks are the remains of prehistoric meals. The mollusk shells were likely discarded into the pits by prehistoric humans after the flesh was eaten. However, these mollusk remains may not have been staple food since they are not found in large quantities. Mollusk shell tools and ornaments are also observed. Shell tools include shell knives, shell reaphooks and arrowheads, whereas shell ornaments are composed of pendants and loops. All the shell tools and ornaments are made of bivalve mollusks and do not occur in large numbers. The finding of these freshwater mollusk remains supports the view that the middle Holocene climate in the Guanzhong Basin may have been warm and moist, which was probably favorable to freshwater mollusks growing and developing in the region.     

白岩脚洞石器类型的研究

本文讨论和分析了贵州普定白岩脚洞发现的砾石石器(砍砸器)和石片石器的类型。刮削器数量多,类型复杂,加工精致;尖状器数量较少,加工也不很精致;端刮器和修背石刀不太发达;雕刻器和凹缺刮器并不发达;砍砸器仍占相当比例。     

A 400,000-year-old Acheulean assemblage associated with the Aroeira-3 human cranium (Gruta da Aroeira,Almonda karst system,Portugal)

Bifaces dominate the Acheulean stone tools recovered during the archaeological excavation of layer X of Gruta da Aroeira, dated to 389–436 ka. Faunal remains and a human cranium were found in association with this lithic assemblage. The raw materials used are mostly quartz and quartzite cobbles available in the vicinity of the site. Technological and systematic analysis shows that there are no Levallois elements and suggests that on-site knapping consisted of the reduction of centripetal cores. Flake cleavers are absent. Use-wear analysis indicates the processing of hard materials, mainly wood. Gruta da Aroeira represents one of the few Middle Pleistocene sites that provide securely dated diagnostic human remains and associated Acheulean lithics, thus representing a major step forward in our understanding of the variability of westernmost Europe's Acheulean and of the human populations that made it.     

哈民忙哈遗址之石器工具

哈民忙哈遗址以发现大量凌乱堆弃的人骨而闻名,了解当时生产方式、文化生态关系对于了解史前灾难的原因很有意义。通过石器工具组合的功能分析,可以较清晰地了解到,其石器组合缺乏真正的农耕工具,当时人们依赖的是一种以狩猎采集兼营农业的生产方式,强调植物根茎与坚果的利用。结合当时的文化背景与自然环境条件分析,则进一步了解到,哈民忙哈先民利用了一个从前很少利用的农业边缘环境,他们选择了一种与其经济基础不相宜的集中居住模式,这为史前灾难埋下了祸根。     

丁村石制品再观察

本文用测量统计方法对50年代从丁村各地点采集的1932件石制品重新进行观察分析。初步结果为:石器原料多半为角页岩;打片很可能以锤击法为主,砸击法偶尔使用,碰砧法也可能使用;石器组合以刮削器为主,手斧占一定比例;用大石片制成的大型尖状器长大于100毫米。总的来看,石器加工比较粗糙;大型尖状器和砍研器有反复加工痕迹;两面加工的工具占24％。     

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SHELL SHAPE OF THREE SPECIES OF CO-EXISTING LITTORINID SNAILS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

The shape and relative weight of the shell have been shown tovary intraspecifically and interspecifically in a number ofspecies of gastropods, including many different littorinids.These differences give rise to different shell forms in differenthabitats. In those species which have non-planktotrophic development,differences in shell form among shores have been usually explainedin terms of natural selection because exposure to waves supposedlyfavours light shells with large apertures, while predation bycrabs on sheltered shores favours elongated, thick shells withsmaller apertures. Differences in shell shape among speciesfound at different heights on the shore have been explainedin terms of resistance to desiccation and temperature. Suchvariables would tend to act on a relatively broad-scale, i.e.causing differences among heights on a shore or among shores.Rates of growth, which might vary at much smaller scales withina shore, have also been shown to affect the shapes of many shells. In this study, the shape and relative weight of shells of threespecies of co-existing littorinids (Littorina unifasciata, Bembiciumnanum and Nodilittorina pyramidalis) were measured. These speciesall haveplanktotrophic development and they are found on manyshores where there is no evidence that they are preyed uponby crabs. Before explanations of shell shape are proposed, itis necessary that patterns of variation, within different partsof ashore and among different shores are clearly documented.These patterns were measured at a number of different spatialscales within and among replicate shores with different amountsof wave exposure. Large and small specimens were included toallow intraspecific comparisons among snails of different sizesfound at different heights on the shore. The results showedsignificant differences among shores in shape and relative weightof shells, but these differences could not be explained by exposureto waves. In addition, snails of different sizes and differentspecies did not show the same patterns although they were collectedfrom the same sites. Importantly, the shell shape of Liuorinaunifasciata varied significantly among sites at approximatelythe same height within a shore. These differences could notbe clearly correlated with density, mean size nor exposure towaves. The only consistent pattern was a decrease in relativeaperture size in specimens living higher on the shore. Modelsthat have commonly been proposed to explain shape and relativeweight of shells in other species of gastropods are not adequateto explain the small- and large-scale variation of the measurementsdescribed here. It is proposed that any selective advantageof shell morphology and the effects of any variables on thedevelopment of shell morphology in these species can only beidentified after appropriately designed and replicated fieldexperiments. (Received 4 March 1994; accepted 13 September 1994)     

利用生物信息学方法对人类(Homo sapiens)肌肉增强因子2(MEF2)的特性比较及进化分析

肌肉增强因子2(Myocyte enhancer factor 2,MEF2)是MADS(MCM1,agamous,deficiens和serum response factor)家族成员之一,在动物发育过程中起到重要的调节作用。为了进一步了解其调控的复杂性,本文根据NCBI中已有的人类MEF2相关数据,应用ExPASy在线序列分析工具、CBS在线分析服务器软件、Conserved Domain Database(CDD)数据库、SABLE在线分析软件等对人类MEF2蛋白的不同亚型序列进行比较分析,同时,根据相关序列的比对结果构建系统进化树进行分析。结果表明,MEF2在人体内以多种蛋白形式存在,其理化性质存在一定差别,可能的翻译后糖基化修饰多为O型糖基化且均存在较多磷酸化位点。人类各MEF2蛋白具明显MADS结构域,多数具有MEF2结构域和HJURP_C结构域。各MEF2蛋白二级结构均包括了螺旋、折叠和无规则卷曲等多种形式,其三级结构模式相似。系统进化树显示MEF2B蛋白与其他蛋白有着较大的序列差异及较远进化关系,可能较为原始。     

浙江旧石器调查报告

2000年10—11月在湖州市辖区内开展旧石器时代考古调查,在安吉和长兴县发现了旧石器地点31处,其中5处发现于网纹红土等更新统的地层中。在安吉县发现了13个地点,找到石制品186件,长兴县18处,采到石制品147件,共计333件。石制品多粗大,与邻近的安徽和江苏发现的工业特征基本一致,同属南方主工业;它们的时代始于中更新世某一时段,一直延续到晚更新世。此项工作的结果,使中国境内再无旧石器时代文化的空白省,并扩大了南方主工业的分布区。     

古交遗址群文化性质初探

古交盆地地处汾河上游,前后发现的旧石器遗存共有五处,分别属于旧石器时代早、中、晚三期。其中以王家沟时代为最早,约处于中更新世之初。古交旧石器的丰富内涵,对研究汾河流域,以三棱大尖状器为特征文化的传承关系,将会赋予新意。     

Structure and evolution of human sub-telomeric regions

Recent progress in the field of human genome analysis has led to the development of new concepts in the definition of subtelomeric domains. Analysis of DNA sequences from human and yeast chromosome ends have shown that short stretches of degenerate TTAGGG are found at a distance from the telomeric repeats. These stretches define a boundary between two structurally different regions. The distal domain is characterised by numerous, short segments of interrupted homology to many other human telomeric regions and to a number of ESTs. The proximal domain shows much longer uninterrupted homology to a few chromosome ends. This domain evolved quickly within primates at least, as demonstrated by the detailed study of locus DNF92 which spread very recently in humans from 17 qter to at least ten other chromosome ends. At the different sites, presence-absence polymorphisms are observed within humans. The region remained single locus at the paralogous site in higher primates. Conversely, a human and orangutan single locus telomeric domain occupies multiple chromosome ends in chimpanzee. Balanced translocation is the likely mechanism through which the spreading occurred. Some members of the olfactory receptor gene family show a similar behaviour: multiple telomeric locations, and presence-absence polymorphism. Strikingly, the set of chromosome ends occupied by the two regions is identical, except for the two ancestral sites. Moreover, the relative frequency of detection of the region at the different sites indicates some kind of competition between the two regions. Consequently, these two regions represent major new tools to investigate recent human genome evolution and human genome diversity in different populations.