Seasonal and Spatial Variation in Hydrochemical Characteristics of a Semi-Arid River Basin,China

The analysis of river pollution and assessment of spatial and temporal variation in hydrochemistry is essential for control of river water pollution in China. Here, we investigated water quality issues based on an analysis of monitoring data from 32 sites in the Luanhe River Basin in northern China. During 2000–2010, flow and 12 hydrochemical parameters were monitored monthly in the main channel and breach streams. Hydrochemical characteristics of river water were assessed using the water quality identification index. Our results showed that concentrations were not necessarily related to flow. Flow was greatest in summer, but concentrations of nutrients and some heavy metal indicators were smallest in autumn; flow was smallest and concentrations of nutrients were greatest in winter, and concentrations of metals were greatest in spring. Hydrochemical parameters showed significant spatial variation as well; the most seriously polluted sites are located in urban areas, mainly due to discharge of wastewater from domestic and industrial sources. Sites with large and intermediate levels of pollution were located primarily in the main river channel and the larger tributaries, whereas sites of low-level pollution were in the smaller tributaries. Our findings provide valuable information for water pollution control in the Luanhe River Basin.     

Spatial and temporal variation of the ichthyoplankton in a subtropical river in Brazil

Studies that assess reproduction dynamics and ichthyoplankton distributions are scarce for the upper Uruguay River, especially in environments such as tributary mouths. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate: (i) ichthyoplankton composition; (ii) spatial and temporal variation in ichthyoplankton abundance; and (iii) relationships between environmental variables and the abundance of ichthyoplankton during one annual cycle in this region. Monthly samples were collected from September 2001 to August 2002 in 48 h cycles at 6 h intervals between each sampling. Samples of eggs and larvae were collected from three of the main tributaries of the region (Ligeiro, Palomas and Chapecó rivers) and from three stretches of the Uruguay River near the confluence of these tributaries. Surface samples were collected with a 0.5 mm mesh cylindro-conical net. In general, reproductive seasonality was well-defined between October and February. It was most intense from November to January, when the photoperiod reached its highest values, flow was decreased, and the water temperature was increased. Based on egg and larval distributions, we found that spawning occurred mainly in the Ligeiro and Chapecó tributaries and in the Uruguay/Chapecó section. In contrast, fish spawning in the sites downstream of dams was more restricted. Finally, a difference was observed between the egg and larval distributions of the main river and its tributaries: the greatest reproductive activity in the tributaries occurred during periods of high flow and increased water temperature, while in the main river, more eggs and larvae were observed when the flow decreased and the water temperature increased.     

Extreme winter aggregation of invasive rainbow trout in small tributaries: implications for effective control

Because of their high economic and recreational value, salmonids have been extensively introduced worldwide and are responsible for significant impacts on native ecosystems. However, effective methods for controlling or eradicating introduced populations of salmonids are still limited, particularly in large river systems. Here, we demonstrated that invasive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss immigrated to and extremely aggregated in small tributaries during the winter, which can be utilized for effective population control. Seasonal census was conducted in 10 small tributaries of the Otofuke River in the Tokachi River basin, central Hokkaido, Japan. Winter abundance was 8–125 times higher than summer abundance in four of the tributaries where water velocities were low. Relatively large individuals (200–350 mm) aggregated in several pools at an unusually high density (>2–3 individuals/m² or 170–440 individuals per pool). Females were common in the small tributaries in the winter, but not in the summer. Therefore, removal of invasive rainbow trout may be best practised in such small tributaries during early winter. Because many stream fishes overwinter in specific, often limited, habitats, more attention should be paid to such winter habits in the effective management of non-native fish species.     

Population dynamics of Aeromonas spp. in an urban river watershed

Density of Aeromonas spp. at one site in the Buffalo River and at four sites on its upstream tributaries was followed from June 1992–June 1993. Membrane filtration counts of Aeromonas during the summer ranged between 18 and 4000 ml⁻¹, which were one to two logs higher than faecal coliform and faecal streptococci densities. Aeromonas spp. in the Buffalo River, and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, and the heterotrophic plate count throughout the watershed, increased by approximately one log during summer rainstorms. However, Aeromonas spp. increased only by a factor of two during rainstorms at the upstream sites. Aeromonas spp. showed a strong positive correlation with both indicator bacteria and total suspended solids at the upstream sites during the summer but not the winter. Correlations between Aeromonas and indicator bacteria remained strong in the Buffalo River during the winter, signifying that different conditions exist in the Buffalo River and its upstream tributaries. The strong correlation between Aeromonas spp. and indicator bacteria in the Buffalo River suggest that, in the absence of media capable of the quantitative recovery of potentially pathogenic aeromonads, standard faecal coliform analyses may adequately assess public health risks from Aeromonas spp. in an urban river used for recreational purposes.     

西南不同岩性混合小流域化学风化特征

岩石化学风化影响着全球碳循环和气候变化,化学风化速率的估算及控制因素一直是研究的热点。为探究不同岩性混合小流域内化学风化速率及影响因素,于2018年9月对印江河流域、石阡河流域及余庆河流域采集河水样品并分析水化学特征。结果表明:河水的总溶解性固体(TDS)平均值为244 mg·L^-1,高于世界河流平均值(100 mg·L^-1);TDS值的空间差异显示,岩性分布不同导致离子浓度的明显变化。流域中的优势阴阳离子分别为HCO3^-和Ca^2+,表明流域碳酸盐岩风化对河水水化学组成起主导作用;通过正演模型解析不同端元(大气、人为、硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩)对河流中总溶解阳离子贡献发现,支流中碳酸盐岩贡献变化明显(55.0%~93.9%),空间差异主要受岩性影响;印江河、石阡河和余庆河的硅酸盐岩风化速率分别为4.4、2.8和2.5 t·km^-2·a^-1,相应的CO2消耗速率为45×10^3、18×10^3和16×10^3mol·km^-2·a^-1;碳酸盐岩风化速率显著高于硅酸盐岩风化速率,3条河流的碳酸盐岩风化速率分别为43.7、24.7和29.8 t·km^-2·a^-1;CO2消耗速率为498×10^3、284×10^3和354×10^3mol·km^-2·a^-1。研究表明,同一区域相同气候条件下流域风化的空间差异显示了岩性对河流风化的控制作用,其结果可用于区域水环境质量和碳循环评估。     

Temperature studies on a river system in north-east England

A comprehensive temperature survey of the River North Tyne and its major tributaries is described. The maximum summer temperature of the main river increased downstream, and then remained more or less constant in the middle and lower reaches, whereas the minimum continued to rise throughout the length of the river. This general pattern was unaltered by flow rate, except in regions of almost stationary water. Mean water temperatures were low in winter, rose to a peak in July, and then fell during the remainder of the year. Throughout the year, three significantly different mean daily temperature ranges were demonstrated. The rate of change of temperature also varied seasonally, being greatest during July. A study of the major tributaries revealed certain differences, and these are discussed, particularly in relation to the importance of width and shading on water temperature. In conclusion, suggestions have been made concerning the possible influence of Kielder Water on downstream river temperatures.     

三峡库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物对蓄水的响应

为探究三峡水库修建对库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物的影响,于2015年7月和2016年1月对三峡水库四条支流的大型底栖动物进行调研,分别对周期性受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区和长期受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区大型底栖动物群落结构进行比较研究,结果表明:⑴7月份三峡水库145米低水位时期共采集到底栖动物655头计59种(属),在受蓄水影响河段采集到底栖动物4种共40头,优势种为日本沼虾(占受蓄水影响区域的57.5%); 1月份三峡水库175米蓄水时期共采集到底栖动物1123头计69种(属),在受蓄水影响河段采集到16种238头,优势种为锯齿新米虾(占受蓄水影响区域的14.2%)。⑵周期性受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区底栖动物密度、生物量和多样性指数无显著差异(P0.05);长期受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区之间底栖动物密度和Pielou均匀度指数无显著差异(P0.05),但非回水区底栖动物生物量显著高于回水区(P0.05),底栖动物多样性和丰富度极显著高于回水区(P0.01)。⑶7月份影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子共6个,分别是水深、流速、硝态氮、溶解氧、水温和电导率; 1月份影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子共7个,分别是水温、溶解氧、总磷、流速、深度、电导率和透明度。     

A comparison of natural and human determinants of phytoplankton communities in the Kentucky River basin,USA

Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Kentucky River and its tributaries were assessed for one year to compare effects of seasonal, spatial, and human environmental factors on phytoplankton. Phytoplankton cell densities were highest in the fall and summer and lowest in the winter. Cell densities averaged 1162 (± 289 SE) cells m1^–1. Cell densities were positively correlated to water temperature and negatively correlated to dissolved oxygen concentration and to factors associated with high-flow conditions (such as, suspended sediment concentrations). Chrysophytes, diatoms, and blue-green algae dominated winter, spring, and summer assemblages, respectively. Ordination analyses (DCCA) indicated that variation in taxonomic composition of assemblages was associated with stream size as well as season.Spatial variation in phytoplankton assemblages and effects of humans was investigated by sampling 55 sites in low flow conditions during August. Phytoplankton density increased with stream size. Assemblages shifted in composition from those dominated by benthic diatoms upstream to downstream communities dominated by blue-green algae and small flagellates. Human impacts were assumed to cause higher algal densities in stream basins with high proportions of agricultural or urban land use than in basins with forested/mined land use. While density and composition of phytoplankton were positively correlated to agricultural land use, they were poorly correlated to nutrient concentrations. Phytoplankton diversity changed with water quality: decreasing with nutrient enrichment and increasing with conditions that probably changed species composition or inhibited algal growth. Human impacts on phytoplankton in running water ecosystems were as great or greater than effects by natural seasonal and spatial factors. Our results indicated that phytoplankton could be useful indicators of water quality and ecosystem integrity in large river systems.     

Detection of animal and human enteric viruses in water from the Assomption River and its tributaries

Animal enteroviruses, reoviruses, and human enteric viruses were detected in water samples (20 L) from a major river system, the Assomption River in the province of Quebec. Animal enteroviruses, probably of porcine origin (this region is a major producer of pork), were isolated on porcine cell cultures and were found in 29 to 60% of water samples from the different sites on the river and in 19 to 48% of the water samples from the tributaries. The average concentration of these animal enteroviruses in water from the Assomption River was 2 to 7 mpniu/L (most probable number of infectious units per litre), and that from the tributaries varied from 3 to 24 mpniu/L. Reoviruses were detected in infected cell cultures by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Their origin is probably avian (broiler chicken farms) or human (untreated domestic waste waters) and they were detected in 19 to 52% of the water samples from the Assomption River at an average concentration of 3 to 12 mpniu/L. In water samples from the tributaries, 5 to 71% of the samples were positive at an average concentration of 5 to 24 mpniu/L. Human enteric viruses were detected in MA-104 cells by an immunoperoxidase assay using human immune serum globulin. They were detected in 13 to 72% of water samples from the Assomption River and 14 to 71% of the water samples from the tributaries. The average concentration of these human enteric viruses in Assomption River water varied from 1 to 12 and from 2 to 145 mpniu/L in water samples from the tributaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The influence of agricultural run-off on bacterial populations in a river

The microbiological quality of the River Riato (Spain) was evaluated. The influence of cattle that roam free in the warm season was marked. The degree of faecal pollution in the river was higher than predicted from the river basin geographical characteristics. The counts of faecal indicators greatly increased when the cattle were allowed to roam free. Counts of enterobacteria and faecal coliforms ranged from 10(3) to 10(6)/100 ml. Faecal streptococci counts were smaller (less than 10/100 ml). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from all samples. Streptococcus bovis was also isolated but not Strep. faecalis.     

Hexavalent chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from river sediments.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known carcinogen and mutagen; however, the actual mechanisms of Cr toxicity are unknown. Two approaches were used to isolate Cr(VI)-resistant bacteria from metal-contaminated river sediments. Diluted sediments were plated directly onto a peptone-yeast extract (PYE) medium containing 0 to 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Approximately 8.4 x 10(5) CFU g-1 were recovered on 0 microgram of Cr(VI) ml-1, whereas 4.0 x 10(2) CFU g-1 were recovered on PYE plus 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Alternatively, continuous culture enrichment techniques were employed using PYE and 100 micrograms Cr(VI) ml-1 input at dilution rates of 0.02 and 0.10 h-1. After six residence periods, 10(9) CFU were recovered on PYE agar containing 0 microgram of Cr(VI) ml-1 and 10(7) CFU on PYE agar plus 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Of 89 isolates obtained by direct plating onto PYE, 47% were resistant to 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1, and 29% were resistant to 250 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. When the same isolates were plated onto PYE containing Cr(III), 88% were resistant to 100 micrograms ml-1 but only 2% were resistant to 250 micrograms ml-1. Cr, Co, Sb, and Zn were found in significantly higher concentrations at an industry-related contaminated site than at a site 11 km downstream. Total Cr in the sediments at the contaminated site averaged 586 micrograms (dry weight) g-1, and the downstream site averaged 71 micrograms (dry weight) g-1. The Cr recovered from acid-digested Ottawa River sediment samples was predominantly hexavalent. Five acid digestion procedures followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy were compared and found to be 30 to 70% efficient for recovery of Cr relative to neutron activation analysis. A population of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria was recovered from sediments containing elevated levels of Cr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A qualitative procedure for the assessment of the habitat integrity status of the Luvuvhu River (Limpopo system,South Africa)

The riparian zone and instream habitat integrity of the Luvuvhu River were assessed based on a qualitative rating of the impacts of major disturbance factors such as water abstraction, flow regulation, bed and channel modification, etc. A system was devised to assess the impact of these factors on the relative frequency and variability of habitats on a spatial and temporal scale gauged against habitat characteristics that could have been expected to occur under conditions not anthropogenically influenced. It was found that deterioration of habitat integrity can be ascribed primarily to water abstraction. This has resulted in the cessation of surface flow in a naturally perennial river during the dry season and during droughts with consequent tree deaths and a loss of fast flowing instream habitat types in the main stem of the river. The relatively small high rainfall area in the catchment, the highly variable rainfall pattern and the occurrence of sporadic severe droughts exacerbate the impact of water abstraction on the instream and riparian habitats with expected detrimental consequences for the associated biota. The effect of water abstraction is particularly severe in the lower part of the river which flows through the Kruger National Park as no perennial tributaries join the Luvuvhu River in this section. Other factors which affect the habitat integrity of the river are the removal of indigenous riparian vegetation in some river sections, encroachment by exotic vegetation, bank erosion and stream bed modification.     

渭河干流和秦岭北麓典型支流浮游植物功能群特征及水质评价

渭河干流及其秦岭北麓支流地处黄土高原与秦岭山麓交界的生态脆弱区,且浮游植物作为水生态系统中的初级生产者,在维持生态系统稳定方面发挥了至关重要的作用。研究于2017年秋季及2018年春季对渭河流域干流及秦岭北麓五条典型支流开展了系统的水环境及浮游植物研究。首先,对采集到的样品鉴定,利用功能群概念对渭河流域浮游植物进行划分,参考Padisák完善的40组浮游植物功能群划分方法,共划分出功能群25组,把每个样点的样本中相对生物量大于5%的种类规定为代表性功能群,得出主要代表性功能群15组,分别为A、C、D、N、N_A、MP、T_C、T_B、X3、X1、Y、F、J、L_O、W1。然后,利用Qr指数与Shannon-Wiener指数对研究区域进行水质评价,发现两种指数所反映的水质变化情况并不一致,通过对两种评价方法的对比分析得出,Qr指数更适合评价秦岭北麓典型支流水质,Shannon-Wiener指数更适合评价渭河干流水质,因此渭河秦岭北麓典型支流水质季节间无明显变化,渭河干流水质逐渐好转。并通过冗余分析明确影响2017年秋季及2018年春季浮游植物功能群特征的主要环境因子分别为水温、pH、亚硝酸盐氮和浊度、电导率与亚硝酸盐氮。本研究选取了渭河流域及秦岭山脉水系生境迥异的干支流为研究对象,深入探究了不同水质评价方法的适用情况,完善了将生物与水质联系起来的评价体系。最后,期望本研究成果能够为渭河流域的水生态管理和保护提供科学依据。     

基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究

随着人类对于河流的开发利用日益增强,显著改变了河流的天然径流过程,生态供水不足成为流域生态系统健康的重要制约因素。以山西省汾河流域为研究区,基于天然和实测径流数据,利用SWAT模型分别模拟了流域近30年天然径流和近10年跨流域调水情况下现状径流过程,并在此基础上对流域各河道生态流量及现状径流量进行时空量化,探讨了不同生态流量标准下生态缺水量在时间和空间上的变化情况。研究结果表明：(1)汾河流域各河道生态流量时空差异明显,汛期(0.50—18.80m~3/s)河道生态流量需求显著高于非汛期(0.05—1.81m~3/s),总体分布特征为中下游干流远高于上游支流;(2)在Tennant法的不同生态流量标准下,汾河流域非汛期生态流量保障情况整体优于汛期,高频缺水区主要分布在支流,呈上下游分散分布;(3)在中等级生态流量标准下,流域约84%的区域能保障基本生态流量需求,关键缺水区为岚河、潇河、浮山县及浍河地区;(4)建议流域生态补水在时间上侧重汛期补水,空间上侧重高频缺水地区,基于流域生态缺水量时空分布特征分配跨流域调水资源,提高水资源利用效率。研究从时空上量化了跨流域调水工程实施后流域生态流...     

The influence of rainfall on the incidence of microbial faecal indicators and the dominant sources of faecal pollution in a Florida river

AIMS: An assessment of microbial densities in an urbanized Florida watershed was performed during a period of changing rainfall patterns to investigate the role of climate coupled with urbanization in declining water quality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Concentrations of traditional and alternative faecal indicators were assessed by standard methods over 24 months. Sources of faecal contamination were determined by antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria. Composite indices of indicator organisms based on a suite of microbial measurements were used to quantify pollution impacts in the river. ARA results found that FC from wild animal sources dominated during the drought, and the relative frequency of FC from human sources increased after cumulative rainfall increased to near-normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: Changes observed in faecal indicator densities and in FC sources during changing rainfall patterns strongly suggest a role of precipitation on the sources and extent of microbial pollution in urbanized coastal watersheds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacterial source tracking coupled with a composite index of microbial contamination resulted in a more complete picture of microbial pollution within the river, as opposed to the general practice of reliance on one indicator organism. Improved land use decisions in urban areas are necessary to insure maintenance of coastal environmental health under changing climate patterns and population density.     

Fecal indicator bacteria persistence under natural conditions in an ice-covered river.

Total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and fecal streptococcus (FS) survival characteristics, under natural conditions at 0 degrees C in an ice-covered river, were examined during February and March 1975. The membrane filter (MF) technique was used throughout the study, and the multiple-tube (MPN) method was used in parallel on three preselected days for comparative recovery of these bacteria. Survival was studied at seven sample stations downstream from all domestic pollution sources in a 317-km reach of the river having 7.1 days mean flow time (range of 6.0 to 9.1 days). The mean indicator bacteria densities decreased continuously at successive stations in this reach and, after adjustment for dilution, the most rapid die-off was found to occur during the first 1.9 days, followed by a slower decrease. After 7.1 days, the relative survival was TC less than FC less than FS, with 8.4%, 15.7%, and 32.8% of the initial populations remaining viable, respectively. These rates are higher than previously reported and suggest that the highest survival rates for these bacteria in receiving streams can be expected at 0 degree C under ice cover. Additionally, the FC-FS ratio was greater than 5 at all stations, indicating that this ratio may be useable for determining the source of fecal pollution in receiving streams for greater than 7 days flow time at low water temperatures. The MPN and MF methods gave comparable results for the TC and FS at all seven sample stations, with both the direct and verified MF counts within the 95% confidence limits of the respective MPNs in most samples, but generally lower than the MPN index. Although FC recovery on membrane filters was comparable results at stations near the pollution source. However, the results became more comparable with increasing flow time. The results of this study indicate that heat shock is a major factor in suppression of the FC counts on the membrane filters at 44.5 degree C. Heat shock may be minimized by extended incubation at 35 degrees C before exposure to the higher temperature.     

Changes in agricultural intensity and river health along a river continuum

1. The impact of agricultural activities on waterways is a global issue, but the magnitude of the problem is often not clearly recognized by landowners, and land and water management agencies. 2. The Pomahaka River in southern New Zealand represents a typical lowland catchment with a long history of agricultural development. Fifteen sites were sampled along a 119-km stretch of the river. Headwater sites were surrounded by low-intensity sheep farming, with high-intensity pasture and dairying occurring in the mid-reach and lower reaches. 3. Water clarity decreased significantly from about 6 m in the headwaters to less than 2 m in the lower reaches. Benthic sediment levels increased significantly downriver, peaking at 35 mg m^??2 below several tributaries with high-intensity agriculture in their catchments. Periphyton levels were also significantly greater in the lower reaches than the headwaters, and coincided with increased nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (SRP) concentrations. 4. Macro-invertebrate species richness did not change significantly throughout the river, but species composition did with Ephemeroptera, and to a lesser extent, Plecoptera and Trichoptera dominating the headwater sites (where there was high water clarity, and low nutrient and periphyton levels). Downriver these assemblages were replaced by molluscs, oligochaetes and chironomids. 5. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that agricultural intensity and physical conditions associated with agriculture activity (e.g. impacted waters, high turbidity and temperature) were strongly associated with the composition of benthic assemblages at differing reaches down the Pomahaka River. 6. The present results indicate that quantifying agricultural intensity within a catchment, particularly relative livestock densities, may provide a useful tool for identifying threshold levels above which river health declines.     

基于氮磷比解析太湖苕溪水体营养现状及应对策略

生态化学计量学是评价水体营养状态的重要手段,利用其氮磷比指标探讨了我国太湖主要入湖河流苕溪的营养状态。野外监测结果显示,苕溪水体氮素超标严重,磷素污染轻度,硝酸盐、颗粒态磷为氮磷的主要赋存形态,且氮磷浓度呈现相似的季节变化规律,表明苕溪主要受农业面源污染影响。氮磷比分析表明,苕溪水体春、秋季处于磷素限制状态,夏季适合藻类生长,冬季低温条件下不利于藻类的大量繁殖;苕溪生物量增长受磷素限制,线性拟合亦显示其氮磷比主要受磷素波动的调控;苕溪干流大面积暴发蓝藻水华的风险较部分支流及死水区低,苕溪水入湖后,特别是夏季其暴发风险将显著提高。针对苕溪水体的富营养化现状,提出若干条水质改善应对策略。     

三峡水库河流生境评价指标体系构建及应用

三峡水库建成蓄水后,库区支流因水位调度导致河流生境发生了剧烈的变化,消落带的形成使库区河流具有同自然河流截然不同的河流生境,新形势下库区河流生境评价十分必要。国内外现有的评价指标体系及评价方法不能够很好地适应这种特殊生境状况,急需建立或改进并形成新的评价指标体系和评价方法。基于此,分析了大量国内外河流生境评价方法,根据大型水库影响下的库区河流的生态环境特点,构建了包括水文情势、河流形态和河岸带生境3个方面18个指标的库区河流生境评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法(主观赋权法)和熵值法(客观赋权法)结合组合赋权法计算得到了各指标权重。使用新建立的指标体系和方法,以三峡库区支流东溪河、黄金河、汝溪河为例,进行河流生境质量评价发现,52.6%的样点河流生境质量处于优等或良好等级;42.1%为一般等级;5.3%为较差等级;没有最差等级的样点。结果表明,该评价指标体系适合库区支流河流生境状况的特殊性,得到的评价结果能较直观的反应河流生境状况,且操作便捷,数据易获得,具有较强的科学性和可操作性。     

Relationships Between Environmental Factors, Bacterial Indicators, and the Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Estuarine Sediments

Current standards for evaluation of the public health safety of recreational and shellfish-harvesting waters are based upon bacteriological analysis, but do not include an evaluation of the number of viruses. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments and to find a relationship, if any, between the presence of viruses in seawater or sediment or both and various biological and physicochemical characteristics of the environment. Viruses were found in greater numbers in sediment than in overlying seawater on a volume basis. Several types of enteroviruses were isolated: coxsackievirus types A16, B1, and B5, echovirus type 1, and poliovirus type 2. On several occasions, viruses were isolated from sediments when overlying seawaters met bacteriological water quality standards for recreational use. Statistical analysis of the relationship between viruses in seawater or in sediment and other variables measured yielded only one significant association: the number of viruses in sediment was found to be positively correlated with the number of fecal coliforms in sediment. No other physical, chemical, or biological characteristic of seawater or sediment that was measured showed statistically significant association with viral numbers. No correlation was found between bacterial indicators and virus in the overlying waters. The data indicated that evaluation of the presence of bacteria and viruses in sediment may provide additional insight into long-term water quality conditions and that indicator bacteria in water are not reflective of the concentration of enteric viruses in marine waters.