濒危植物柄扁桃的传粉者及其访花行为

对濒危植物柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)访花昆虫的种类、访花行为、访花频率和日活动规律进行了研究.结果表明:柄扁桃的访花昆虫有5目17科19属21种,其中传粉昆虫为3目11科13属15种,主要的传粉昆虫为黑颚条蜂(Anthophora melanognatha)、密林熊蜂(Bombus patagiatus)、大蜂虻(Bombylius major)、黄腿食蚜蝇(Syrphus ribesii)及红足隧蜂(Halictus rubicundus);主要传粉昆虫的日活动规律差异较大,活动高峰期彼此交错;黑颚条蜂具有体积大、携粉量大、小花停留时间短等特点,为柄扁桃传粉的效率最高,今后应加强其生物学、传粉生态学方面的研究.     

大叶铁线莲访花昆虫调查及盗蜜昆虫行为研究

大叶铁线莲Clematis heracleifolia DC. 的花朵大多下垂,需要传粉昆虫为其传粉,目前尚无关于其访花昆虫研究的报道。 通过2年的野外观察研究,共观察到27种昆虫访问大叶铁线莲。 发现有盗蜜行为的昆虫7种, 其中1种同时具有初级盗蜜和次级盗蜜行为,2种具有初级盗蜜行为,4种具有次级盗蜜行为;黄胸木蜂Xylocopa appendiculata Smith是主要的盗蜜昆虫,其盗蜜行为影响了其它昆虫的访花行为,对大叶铁线莲的传粉造成一定的影响。 在其余20种访花昆虫中,双带弄蝶Lobocla bifasciata (Bremer et Grey)、贡尺蛾Gonodontis aurata Prout、熊蜂Bombus sp.和姬蜂虻Systropus sp.是优势种; 而小青花金龟Oxycetonia jucunda Faldermann和日本条螽Ducetia japonica (Thunberg)访花频率最低,且访花目的只是取食花朵。 通过对大叶铁线莲访花昆虫的调查和盗蜜昆虫行为的研究,为大叶铁线莲的传粉生物学和保护提供参考依据。     

栽培细叶百合的传粉生态

对栽培的细叶百合进行传粉生态学的初步观察结果显示：细叶百合2:30～3:00开始开花,5:30～7:00完全开放;单花开放时间3～4 d,群体花期为12 d。花蜜分泌在开花当日,分泌高峰在9:00～11:00,花蜜分泌与昆虫访花谐调一致。花蜜成分主要为葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖和β－D吡喃果糖,花朵挥发物的成分是软脂酸、软脂酸甲酯、肉豆蔻酸、月桂酸、3－叔戊基戊酮、十三烷和1－甲基,2异丙烯基环丁基乙醇。访花昆虫主要是蝶类、蜂类和蝇类;传粉昆虫为绿豹蛱蝶、大红蛱蝶、绢粉蝶及单齿切叶蜂、小齿淡脉隧蜂,其中小齿淡脉隧蜂的传粉活动最为活跃。晴天时小齿淡脉隧蜂访花频率的日变化与光照的日变化呈极显著的正相关,与温度的日变化呈显著的正相关,与湿度的日变化呈显著的负相关;阴天时与空气温度相关极显著,与空气湿度相关显著。细叶百合以异花虫媒传粉为主,部分自交可育。     

柴黄姜的传粉生物学特性

对产自湖北武当山的柴黄姜（Dioscorea nipponica subsp．rosthornii Prain et Burkill）的花部特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为、访花频率和携粉量进行了研究,并对柴黄姜的传粉方式、结实和种子萌发状况进行了检测。结果表明,柴黄姜具有虫媒花的典型花部特征,共观测到访花昆虫4目34种,其中传粉昆虫6种,隧蜂属（Halictus sp．）和地蜂属（Andrena sp．）的2种昆虫是柴黄姜的主要传粉昆虫。访花昆虫对雄株的访花高峰时段为11：00至14：00,对雌花没有明显的访花高峰时段。在自然条件下,柴黄姜的座果率为18．86％,结实率为7．12％,种子萌发率为64．76％。在武当山,柴黄姜种群扩展仍以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为重要补充。     

八角金盘传粉昆虫及其访花行为

八角金盘(Fatsia japonica(Thunb.)Dccne.et Planch.)为冬季开花植物,探讨其访花昆虫种类及访花行为对研究冬季开花植物的传粉生物学规律具有重要意义。对八角金盘访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行了初步研究。结果发现:八角金盘的传粉昆虫有2目、3科、3种,主要为膜翅目胡蜂科金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia Smith、双翅目食蚜蝇科斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇Scaeva pyrastri(L.)及丽蝇科大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala(Fabricius);八角金盘提供的酬物主要为花粉与花蜜,食蚜蝇舔食其花粉与花蜜,而金环胡蜂与大头金蝇主要吮吸花蜜;金环胡蜂、大头金蝇及斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇的访花高峰均在10:30—14:30;斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇访花时间较长,5～10min,金环胡蜂访花时间较短,8～30s,大头金蝇访花时间最短只有3～5s。八角金盘具有较低的自花授粉能力,但主要为异花授粉植物。     

白花野牡丹的开花进程、花部形态特征及访花昆虫观察

为了解白花野牡丹( Melastoma candidum f. albiflorum J. C. Ou)的开花进程、花部形态特征及访花昆虫的种类和访花行为,分别于2011年和2012年对栽培于深圳市中国科学院仙湖植物园的白花野牡丹花期进行观察和统计分析。结果表明：白花野牡丹的单花花期约12 h,7：00雌蕊柱头从即将开放的花蕾中伸出、8：00左右花朵半开放、8：30左右花瓣完全展开、16：00左右花瓣开始闭合、19：00左右花瓣完全闭合,翌日花瓣不再开放并逐渐萎蔫,至第4天花部完全脱落。白花野牡丹的花序为近头状的伞房花序,每个花序有3~8朵花;雌蕊1枚;雄蕊2轮(5+5,6+6),内轮雄蕊较短、而外轮雄蕊较长;不分泌花蜜。白花野牡丹花期的访花昆虫有2目5科13种,其中传粉昆虫有2科6种,包括领木蜂( Xylocopa collaris Lepeletier)、东亚无垫蜂〔Amegilla ( Zonamegilla) parhypate Lieftinck〕、蓝彩带蜂(Nomia chalybeata Smith)、彩带蜂(Nomia sp.)、中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana Fabricius)和绿芦蜂(Pithitis smaragdula Smith)。这6种传粉昆虫的访花行为、访花规律及传粉效率各异,其中,领木蜂、东亚无垫蜂、中华蜜蜂和绿芦蜂的日活动规律为单峰型,访花高峰期均在10：00或11：00;而蓝彩带蜂和彩带蜂的日活动规律为双峰型,2个访花高峰期分别在10：00和15：00。花瓣开始松动时,小体型的中华蜜蜂和绿芦蜂开始传粉;随着花瓣继续开放,中等体型的蓝彩带蜂和彩带蜂成为主要传粉者;花瓣完全开放后,大体型的领木蜂和东亚无垫蜂成为主要传粉者。研究结果显示：白花野牡丹花粉是传粉昆虫的惟一报酬;各传粉昆虫的访花行为与白花野牡丹的开花进程密切相关,因此,可以有效保证白花野牡丹的繁殖。     

兴安鹿蹄草传粉昆虫及其访花行为

对兴安鹿蹄草(Pyrola dahurica(H.Andr.)Kom.)访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行初步研究。结果表明:(1)兴安鹿蹄草的访花昆虫有3目、10科、16种,其中传粉昆虫为5科9种,主要的传粉昆虫为杂棘蝇Phaonia hybridassp.、熊蜂Bombus ignitus、东北驼花天牛Piidonia puziloi(Soisky)及花蚤Mordellidae sp.。(2)各种传粉昆虫访花频率差异较大,杂棘蝇和花蚤日访花有2次高峰,分别在上午9:00~10:00时和下午14:00~15:00时;熊蜂日访花频率较低,在中午11:00~12:00和下午15:00~16:00时较高;东北驼花天牛日访花高峰出现在中午前后。(3)东北驼花天牛访花时间较长,10~15min,主要吃兴安鹿蹄草花粉。杂棘蝇访花时间较短,10~25s,主要舔食柱头分泌物。熊蜂访花时间最短只有5~10s,主要吃兴安鹿蹄草花粉。     

干热河谷麻疯树访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫

膏桐为一种重要的油料作物,其种子可以提炼生物柴油,生物柴油在我国将成长为有一定规模的产业。为了增加膏桐结籽率,提高其产量,给膏桐规模化栽培方面提供传粉生物学的科学依据,于2006年对云南元江坝区半栽培膏桐(Jatropha curcas L.)居群的访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫种类进行调查。膏桐开花示样醒目,具花香与蜜腺,花形态没有特化,这些特征使得它提供的酬物适合于不同的昆虫采食,其访花昆虫种类较丰富,共有35种访花昆虫,分属5目20科。综合访花昆虫的传粉数量,及传粉质量包括访花行为、访花频率与日活动规律等确定主要传粉昆虫,确定大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala Fabricius、中华蜜蜂Apiscerana Fabricius、迁粉蝶(淡色型)Catopsilia pomona f.Crocale为该居群的主要传粉昆虫。3种传粉昆虫具有不同的访花习性和日活动规律。雌雄迁粉蝶日活动规律相似。访花者的组成受气象因素、开花示样及生境条件的影响。最后,探讨膏桐与访花昆虫的关系,以及主要传粉者的组成随时空变异而改变的规律。     

三江源地区传粉昆虫的活动规律研究

随着各种环境压力的日益增大,传粉昆虫多样性及其保护研究逐渐得到重视。为了调查三江源地区传粉昆虫的基本概况,于2021年7-9月通过随机样点法和定点观测法对14类(4目12科)传粉昆虫类群的传粉活动进行了观测。共得到传粉活动记录7 247条,观察到受访植物37种(13科31属)。分析结果表明,三江源地区传粉昆虫类群的传粉活力由高到低依次是熊蜂(访花频次占总频次的70.13%)、其他双翅目昆虫(11.19%)、灰蝶(10.49%)和蛱蝶(3.08%),而其他的传粉昆虫类群的访花频次占比不足1%,传粉作用较弱;其中,熊蜂在不同植物上的访花活动会呈现不同的高峰期：如在甘肃马先蒿Pedicularis kansuensis上呈现两个访花高峰期(11∶00-12∶00和18∶00-19∶00),而在假水生龙胆Gentiana pseudoaquatica上只有一个访花高峰期(11∶00-12∶00)等。研究显示,熊蜂是三江源地区传粉活力最高的传粉昆虫类群,且其访花的日活动规律因自身特性、受访植物种类和外界环境变化呈现不同的访花高峰期。三江源地区的生态平衡离不开传粉昆虫的作用,加强对传粉昆虫的保护有...     

芍药的传粉生物学研究

对内蒙古赤峰市高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区2个自然居群和内蒙古农校芍药园内2个栽培品种的芍药进行了连续2年的观察和研究表明,不同居群、不同品种的芍药花期相同,均为23~27d。芍药不存在无融合生殖,有微弱的自交性,不存在闭花授粉的现象。是以昆虫为媒介以异交为主要传粉方式的物种。不同花期的结实率之间没有显著差异(F=1.501)。芍药的结实率较低,野生居群平均只有23.27%的胚珠发育成种子。两个野生居群的传粉强度和传粉效率小于栽培品种单瓣花,结实率也低于栽培品种单瓣花。三个实验样地不同居群间的人工授粉结实率基本一致,且均高于其他组合。     

Integrated crop pollination to buffer spatial and temporal variability in pollinator activity

Insect pollination improves the yield and quality of many crops, yet there is increasing evidence of insufficient insect pollinators limiting crop production. Effective Integrated Crop Pollination (ICP) involves adaptable, targeted and cost-effective management of crop pollination and encourages the use of both wild and managed pollinators where appropriate. In this study we investigate how the addition of honeybee hives affects the community of insects visiting oilseed rape, and if hive number and location affect pollinator foraging and oilseed rape pollination in order to provide evidence for effective ICP. We found that introducing hives increased overall flower visitor numbers and altered the pollinator community, which became dominated by honeybees. Furthermore a greater number of hives did not increase bee numbers significantly but did result in honeybees foraging further into fields. The timing of surveys and proximity to the field edge influenced different pollinators in different ways and represents an example of spatial and temporal complementarity. For example dipteran flower visitor numbers declined away from the field edge whereas honeybees peaked at intermediate distances into the field. Furthermore, no significant effects of survey round on wild bees overall was observed but honeybee numbers were relatively lower during peak flowering and dipteran abundance was greater in later survey rounds. Thus combining diverse wild pollinators and managed species for crop pollination buffers spatial and temporal variation in flower visitation. However we found no effect of insect pollination on seed set or yield of oilseed rape in our trial, highlighting the critical need to understand crop demand for insect pollination before investments are made in managing pollination services.     

中国农业生态系统昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值评估

所有开花植物中大约有80%的物种需要动物作为授粉媒介。系统介绍了中国重要栽培作物花的结构和类型,授粉过程、媒介和方式,作物对昆虫授粉的依赖程度,昆虫授粉功能与服务的概念,以及昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值量的评估方法;同时评估了我国各省农业生态系统中昆虫对重要作物的授粉功能量与服务价值量。结果表明:粮食作物、水果作物、蔬菜作物和经济作物不同程度的依赖昆虫授粉。根据2015年主要农作物产量、作物产品价格、昆虫授粉依赖程度等数据,计算得出昆虫对我国22类主要农作物的授粉功能量为1.8亿吨农产品产量和授粉服务价值为8860.5亿元(占当年GDP的1.3%),具有巨大的经济价值。2015年昆虫对主要栽培作物的授粉功能量和服务价值排在前五名的都是山东、河南、河北、陕西和新疆,年授粉服务价值均大于500亿元,反映出这5个省的主要农作物对昆虫授粉依赖程度较高。昆虫对作物的授粉功能量评价有助于了解昆虫对作物生物量或产量的生物学和生态学效应以及作物对昆虫授粉的需求。昆虫对作物的授粉服务价值评估有助于掌握昆虫授粉为人类所带来的经济效应或经济价值,并帮助决策维持或增强授粉昆虫多样性和种群数量的人力、物力和财力投入。     

Pollination of Cypripedium plectrochilum (Orchidaceae) by Lasioglossum spp. (Halictidae): the roles of generalist attractants versus restrictive floral architecture

The pollination of Cypripedium plectrochilum Franch. was studied in the Huanglong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Although large bees (Bombus, Apis), small bees (Ceratina, Lasioglossum), ants (Formica sp.), true flies (Diptera) and a butterfly were all found to visit the flowers, only small bees, including three Lasioglossum spp. (L. viridiclaucum, L. sichuanense and L. sp.; Halictidae) and one Ceratina sp., carried the flower's pollen and contacted the receptive stigma. Measurements of floral architecture showed that interior floral dimensions best fit the exterior dimensions of Lasioglossum spp., leading to the consistent deposition and stigmatic reception of dorsally-placed, pollen smears. The floral fragrance was dominated by one ketone, 3-methyl-Decen-2-one. The conversion rate of flowers into capsules in open (insect) pollinated flowers at the site was more than 38%. We conclude that, while pigmentation patterns and floral fragrance attracted a wide variety of insect foragers, canalization of interior floral dimensions ultimately determined the spectrum of potential pollinators in this generalist, food-mimic flower. A review of the literature showed that the specialised mode of pollination-by-deceit in C. plectrochilum, limiting pollinators to a narrow and closely related guild of 'dupes' is typical for other members of this genus.     

Foraging and pollination behaviour of Xylocopa calens Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Phaseolus coccineus L. (Fabaceae) flowers at Yaounde (Cameroon)

To evaluate impact of carpenter bee, Xylocopa calens, on pod and seed set of Phaseolus coccineus, its foraging and pollinating activities were studied in Yaounde, for two seasons (May–July 2008 and April–June 2009). Observations were made on 40 inflorescences per treatment. The treatments included unlimited floral access by all visitors, bagged flowers to deny all visits, and limited visits by X. calens only. In addition, all flower visitors were recorded. The carpenter bee's seasonal rhythm of activity, its foraging behavior on flowers, its pollination efficiency, the fructification rate and the number of seeds per pod were recorded. Individuals from 16 species of insects were recorded visiting flowers of P. coccineus in the 2 years. Xylocopa calens was the most frequent, followed by Chalicodoma cincta cincta and Apis mellifera. Apart from bees, wasps were also recorded as likely predators. Xylocopa calens mainly foraged for nectar resources. The mean foraging speed was 9.62 flowers/min. Flowers visited by X. calens had higher fruiting rate compared with others, while those bagged had the lowest. In addition, seed formation was higher in X. calens‐visited flowers compared with all others. The results show that this crop experiences pollination deficit even under normal circumstances, considering that flowers visited by X. calens had higher yields compared with those under unlimited access by all visitors. The fruiting rate, the number of seeds/pod and the percentage of normal seeds of unprotected inflorescences were significantly higher than those of inflorescences protected from insects. X. calens foraging resulted in a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 25.80%, as well as the number of seeds/pod by 14.97% and the percentage of normal seeds by 27.75% in 2008 and 18.39% in 2009. Conservation of X. calens nests close to P. coccineus fields could be recommended to improve pod and seed production in the region.     

The reproductive biology of Nelumbo pentapetala (Nelumbonaceae) on the Upper Mississippi River. II. The insects associated with the transfer of pollen

An in-depth study of the insects associated with the transfer of pollen in the American lotus was undertaken in a selected population on the Upper Mississippi River near La Crosse, Wisconsin. The study showed that members of the Coleoptera (Coleomegilla fascilabris Malsant, Diabrotica unidecimpunctata howardi Barber, D. virgifera Lec.), Diptera (Eristalis tenax (L.), Parhelophilus laetus (Locw)) and Hymenoptera (Agapostemon radiatus (Say), Apis mellifera L., Dialictus sp., Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith)) were the principal visitors and most obvious vectors in pollination. Although there are features of the flowers of the lotus that indicate cantharophily, such as the diurnal movements of the tepals and the food bodies of the anthers, in the area of study no special beetle-pollination system, as reported for such genera as Magnolia and Nuphar, appears to occur.     

Foraging ecology of a local wild bee community in an abandoned Satoyama system in Kanazawa, Central Japan

Satoyama is a traditional land management system in Japan that emphasizes the importance of a harmonious relationship between humans and their environment. It has been in a state of abandonment and destruction since the late 1960s. In 2000, the Japanese government initiated a new environment policy encouraging the use of Satoyama in biodiversity reservation areas. Before the initiation of active restoration works, an assessment of the potential of the Satoyama system is needed. To assess this potential, a study that focused on the foraging ecology of wild bees in a small abandoned Satoyama terraced paddy was carried out from June to October 2003. A total of 372 foraging bees belonging to 35 species in nine families was collected: two species of social bee ( Apis cerana and Bombus diversus ) and two of solitary bee ( Lasioglossum japonicum and Lasioglossum ohei ) dominated. The foraging activities of wild bees were highly influenced by the requirement of food for the colony and the active time of solitary bees. In the study, most wild bees showed a strong preference for abundant flowering plant species that produced a large number of flowers ( Achyranthes japonica and Polygonum thunbergii ). The results showed that an abandoned Satoyama system was an agricultural system that benefited pollinating bees. Careful and planned restoration practices to increase the diversity of foraging resources, microenvironment diversity and potential nesting areas for wild bees are needed to improve the ability of the Satoyama system to support more diverse and abundant wild bee populations.     

珍稀濒危植物单性木兰传粉生态学研究

野外定位观测了单性木兰的花期物候、访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花行为和同花期植物种类,并对其花粉散播距离和繁育系统进行了检测,旨在探讨制约单性木兰传粉过程的某些因素,为单性木兰的保护生物学提供科学依据。结果表明,单性木兰雄株和雌株在花期物候上存在差异,雌株在结实上存在明显的大小年现象。单性木兰以虫媒传粉为主,雄株访花昆虫30种,雌株访花昆虫仅14种,雌株和雄株共有的访花昆虫仅6种。单性木兰同花期植物共17种,其访花昆虫种类大部分与单性木兰的访花昆虫种类相同。蜂类和蝶类均非单性木兰的传粉者,其结实率低的原因不仅与访花昆虫种类少和访花频率少有关,更与其缺乏有效的传粉昆虫有关。     

Bumble bee abundance and richness improves honey bee pollination behaviour in sweet cherry

Pollination service in agricultural crops increases significantly with pollinator diversity and wild pollinator abundance. Differences in the foraging behaviour of pollinating insects are one of the reasons why pollinator diversity and abundance enhances crop pollination. Here, we focused on the foraging behaviour of honey bees and bumble bees in sweet cherry orchards. In addition, we studied the influence of bee diversity and abundance on the foraging behaviour of honey bees and bumble bees. Honey bees were found to visit fewer flowers than bumble bees. Bumble bees also showed a higher probability of changing trees between rows than honey bees. Both visitation rate and probability of row changes of honey bees increased with bumble bee diversity and with bumble bee abundance. We also found that the probability of row changes of honey bees increased with increasing bumble bee abundance. These effects of bumble bee richness and abundance on the pollination behaviour of honey bees can improve the pollination performance of honey bees in crops that depend on cross pollination. Our results highlight the higher pollination performance of bumble bees and the facilitative effect of wild pollinators to crop pollination.     

双翅目昆虫传粉研究进展

昆虫传粉不仅在自然生态系统中发挥着十分重要的作用,也和农业生态系统中产量密切相关。众所周知,膜翅目昆虫是最重要的传粉昆虫。双翅目昆虫分布广,物种多,数量大,也是一类十分重要的传粉昆虫,但其传粉作用未受到足够的重视。本文主要综述了双翅目传粉昆虫的主要种类、传粉效力、传粉特征、与植物的协同进化以及双翅目昆虫传粉的生态学意义。据记载双翅目昆虫中至少有71个科涉及虫媒种类,目前有资料显示访花昆虫类群中双翅目约有54 417种,按涉及的种数排序居于昆虫纲传粉昆虫目中第4位。尽管双翅目昆虫单次访问可携带花粉量相对较少(相比于膜翅目),但是较高访问速率及庞大的个体数量,保证了其作为有效传粉者的地位。传粉综合征能够有效揭示植物与传粉者的协同进化关系,尤其是对一些专化传粉现象(如五味子科-瘿蚊系统)和泛化传粉的深入研究,更加深了我们对协同进化的理解。就生态学意义而言,一方面双翅目传粉昆虫是膜翅目传粉昆虫的有益补充,另一方面在一些特殊环境中,双翅目昆虫具有不可替代的作用。当前传粉昆虫(包括双翅目)数量急剧下降,而且双翅目昆虫的传粉价值还利用较少。结合我国当前的研究现状提出了以下未来研究重点:1)加深双翅目传粉效力和适应意义的案例研究以明确双翅目昆虫在传粉体系中的地位;2)加强栖息地格局变化与昆虫多样性的研究以明确栖息地改变对昆虫的影响程度;3)梳理访花和传粉、专化传粉和泛化传粉等关系以更加明确双翅目昆虫在与植物协同进化中的作用;4)逐步深入探讨花粉浪费和花粉竞争以探究传粉策略和植物繁殖策略。这些努力将为双翅目传粉昆虫的知识普及、资源保护与利用研究等方面提供参考。