UV-B Radiation Suppresses the Growth and Antioxidant Systems of Two Marine Microalgae, Platymonas subcordiformis （Wille） Hazen and Nitzschia closterium （Ehrenb.） W. Sm

This study investigated whether increased solar UV-B radiation (280-315nm) could suppress the growth of marine microalgae through effects on their antioxidant systems. Two marine microalgae species, Platymonas subcordiformis (Wille) Hazen and Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenb.) W. Sm, were exposed to a range of UV-B radiation and both showed reductions in their growth rates, and the chlorophyll a(Chl a) and carotenoid (Car) contents when UV-B radiation dose increased. Superoxide anion radical (O2^ )production and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malodiadehyde (MDA) also increased with the increasing of UV-B radiation. Antioxidant systems, non-enzymic components (Car and glutathione content) and enzymic components (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity), decreased as a result of enhanced UV-B radiation. When the exogenous glutathione (GSH) was added, the effects of UV-B radiation on the growth of the two species were alleviated. These results suggest that enhanced UV-B radiation suppressed the antioxidant systems and caused some active oxygen species to accumulate, which in turns retarded the development of the marine microalgae.     

三角褐指藻和小角毛藻对UV-B辐射增强的生理生化响应

通过实验生态学和生物化学的方法,研究了UV-B辐射对三角褐指藻和小角毛藻的生长、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1) UV-B辐射增强抑制了2种微藻的生长,低剂量(0.75J/m²)UV-B辐射对三角褐指藻的生长具有一定刺激作用。(2) 三角褐指藻的叶绿素a含量随辐射剂量的增加先上升后下降,小角毛藻chl-a含量缓慢下降。2种微藻MDA含量随UV-B辐射剂量的增加而升高。(3) 随着辐射剂量的增加,三角褐指藻可溶性蛋白含量先稍有升高后较快下降。小角毛藻可溶性蛋白含量始终呈下降趋势。(4) UV-B辐射增强使2种微藻的SOD 、POD和CAT活性先升高后下降,小角毛藻的酶活性变化相对稳定。     

3种海洋赤潮微藻蛋白质和核酸合成对UV-B辐射增强的响应

应用同位素标志法, 研究了赤潮异弯藻 (Heterosigmaakashiwo) 、亚历山大藻 (Alexandriumtamarense ) 和中肋骨条藻 (Skeletonemacostatum) 核酸和蛋白质合成对紫外线B波段 (UV_B, 2 80~ 32 0nm) 辐射增强的响应变化。结果表明 :1) 按照由高到低的顺序, 3种海洋赤潮微藻对UV_B辐射增强的敏感性依次是赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻。 2 ) UV_B辐射增强抑制赤潮异弯藻的生长和脱氧核糖核酸 (DNA) 的合成, 而低剂量的UV_B辐射对中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻的生长与DNA的合成表现出刺激作用, 高剂量则表现出抑制作用。 3) 随着UV_B辐射的增强, 3种海洋赤潮微藻核糖核酸 (RNA) 和蛋白质的合成速度下降, 其中赤潮异弯藻合成速度的下降幅度明显大于中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻, 表明赤潮异弯藻RNA和蛋白质的合成对UV_B辐射增强的敏感性高于中肋骨条藻和亚历山大藻。     

Ultraviolet-B-induced oxidative stress and responses of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in a marine macroalga Ulva fasciata

The regulation of the antioxidant defence system by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) was determined in a marine macroalga Ulva fasciata Delile exposed to low (0.5, 1 W m(-2)), medium (2.5, 5 W m(-2)), and high (10, 20 W m(-2)) UV-B irradiance. UV-B > or =2.5 W m(-2) increased H2O2 contents that are positively correlated with lipid peroxidation and total peroxide contents. Inhibition of the UV-B-induced H2O2 increase by a specific O2.- scavenger, 1,2-dihydroxy-benzene-3,5-disulphonic acid, shows that O2.- is the primary source of H2O2. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased by UV-B with a peak at 2.5 W m(-2), which did not match the H2O2 pattern. Alleviation of UV-B-induced oxidative damage by a H2O2 scavenger, dimethylthiourea, and a free radical scavenger, sodium benzoate, which inhibited UV-B-induced H2O2 accumulation, suggests that oxidative damage caused by UV-B > or = 2.5 W m(-2) is ascribed to accumulated H2O2. However, a decrease in growth rate and TTC reduction ability only at high UV-B doses indicates that the defence and repairing systems operate at low and medium UV-B doses. H2O2 not only can be excreted but can also be detoxified via the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Increases in catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools, as well as AsA regeneration ability, function to keep the balance of cellular H2O2 under low UV-B doses. Dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase are responsible for AsA regeneration under low and medium UV-B radiation, respectively. The appearance of oxidative damage in medium and high UV-B flux is attributable to a lower induction of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle as an antioxidant defence system. Overall, the availability of antioxidants and the induction of antioxidant enzyme activities for detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) are regulated in U. fasciata against UV-B-induced oxidative stress, and experiments using ROS scavengers demonstrate that the antioxidant defence system is modulated by O2.- or H2O2.     

Ultraviolet-B- and ozone-induced biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Earlier studies with Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to ultraviolet B (UV-B) and ozone (O3) have indicated the differential responses of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase. In this study, we have investigated whether A. thaliana genotype Landsberg erecta and its flavonoid-deficient mutant transparent testa (tt5) is capable of metabolizing UV-B- and O3-induced activated oxygen species by invoking similar antioxidant enzymes. UV-B exposure preferentially enhanced guaiacol-peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidases specific to coniferyl alcohol and modified the substrate affinity of ascorbate peroxidase. O3 exposure enhanced superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase to a similar degree and modified the substrate affinity of both glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase. Both UV-B and O3 exposure enhanced similar Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase isoforms. New isoforms of peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidase were synthesized in tt5 plants irradiated with UV-B. UV-B radiation, in contrast to O3, enhanced the activated oxygen species by increasing membrane-localized NADPH-oxidase activity and decreasing catalase activities. These results collectively suggest that (a) UV-B exposure preferentially induces peroxidase-related enzymes, whereas O3 exposure invokes the enzymes of superoxide dismutase/ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and (b) in contrast to O3, UV-B exposure generated activated oxygen species by increasing NADPH-oxidase activity.     

Ultraviolet-B-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system responses in ascorbate-deficient vtc1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has a negative impact on plant cells, and results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to increase our understanding of the effects of UV-B on antioxidant processes, we investigated the response of an ascorbate-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutant vtc1 to short-term increased UV-B exposure. After UV-B supplementation, vtc1 mutants exhibited oxidative damage. Evidence for damage included an increase in H(2)O(2) content and the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); a decrease in chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also reported. The vtc1 mutants had higher total glutathione than the wild type (WT) during the first day of UV-B treatment. We found reduced ratio of glutathione/total glutathione and increased ratio of dehydroascorbate/total ascorbate in the vtc1 mutants, compared to the WT plants. In addition, the enzymes responsible for ROS scavenging, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, had insufficient activity in the vtc1 mutants, compared to the WT plants. The same reduced activity in the vtc1 mutants was reported for the enzymes responsible for the regeneration of ascorbate and glutathione (including monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase). These results suggest that the ascorbate-deficient mutant vtc1 is more sensitive to supplementary UV-B treatment than WT plants and ascorbate can be considered an important antioxidant for UV-B radiation.     

一株北极小球藻Chlorella sp.的分离鉴定及其对增强的UV-B辐射的生理生化响应

为了了解微藻对UV-B辐射增强效应的响应,以一种分离纯化于北极冰川融水的淡水微藻（Chlorella sp.）为实验材料,在不同强度UV-B辐射下对其生长、生化组分和细胞超微结构等进行了研究。研究结果显示：3种不同强度的UV-B（22μW/cm2,45μW/cm2,70μW/cm2）辐射均可导致藻的比生长速率及色素含量下降,且辐射强度越强,两者的下降越明显;而MDA含量和SOD活性会随辐照强度的增强而提高。表明辐射强度增强,UV-B对藻的伤害程度加大,而该小球藻SOD活性随UV-B强度增强而提高,表明其对上升的UV-B辐射有一定的适应能力。     

Effect of UV-B radiation on the growth and antioxidant enzymes of Antarctic sea ice microalgae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydomonas</Emphasis> sp. ICE-L

The effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on Antarctic phytoplankton has become an attractive ecological issue as a result of annual springtime ozone depletion. The effects of UV-B radiation on the growth and antioxidant enzymes were investigated using Antarctic sea ice microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L as the material in this study. The results demonstrated that UV-B radiation could notably inhibit the growth, especially at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 μW cm⁻²). Malondialdehyde and O₂ ^·− content in ICE-L increased rapidly in early days (1–3 days) exposed to UV-B radiation enhancement, then decreased rapidly. In the stress of UV-B radiation enhancement, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and Catalase activities of 1–4 days in ICE-L were obviously higher than those in the control, and their activities became higher at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 μW cm⁻²). These enzymes activity of 7 days would kept stable at low UV-B radiation intensity (35 μW cm⁻²), but kept high level at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 μW cm⁻²). However, the ascorbate peroxidase activity in ICE-L kept stable under the stress of UV-B radiation enhancement. The above experimental results indicated that the antioxidant enzyme system played an important role in the adaptation of Antarctic ice microalgae under the UV-B radiation change of Antarctic ecosystems.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on growth and motility of four phytoplankton species

A depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer would result in an increased UV-B radiation, which could have harmful effects on marine organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an enhanced UV-B radiation (280–320 nin) on the motility and growth in four Swedish phytoplanklon species. The different plankton species were exposed to different doses of UV-B radiation during growth. The growth of the motile dinoflagellates, Gyronidium aureolum Hulburt (Ba 6), and Prorocentrum minimum (Pav.) P. Schiller (Ba 12), was more sensitive to UV-B radiation than the non-motile diatoms Dityhim brightwellii (P. West) Grun (Ba 15) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (Ba 16). One week of UV-B radiation 2 h daily (159 J m⁻² day⁻¹), had a dramatic effect on the growth of the dinoflagellates, while the diatoms were nearly unaffected. On the other hand, when given higher intensity of UV-B radiation (312, 468 and 624 J m⁻² day⁻¹) during the initial phase of growth, also the growth of the diatom, D. brightwellii, was inhibited. Not only the growth but also the swimming speed of the dinoflagellates C. aureolum and P. minimum were affected by UV-B radiation. The speed decreased rapidly after 1–2 h of UV-B radiation (312 J m⁻² day⁻¹), and after longer irradiation times the dinoflagellates lost their motility. G. aureolum exposed to UV-B radiation, regained normal speed after two weeks of visible light.     

Changes in morphological, photosynthetic and physiological responses of Mono Maple seedlings to enhanced UV-B and to nitrogen addition

In the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China, Mono Maple is a common species in reforestation processes. The paper mainly investigated the changes in morphological, photosynthetic and physiological responses of Mono Maple seedlings to UV-B radiation, nitrogen supply and their combination. The experimental design included two levels of UV-B treatments (ambient UV-B, 11.02 KJ m⁻² day⁻¹; enhanced UV-B, 14.33 KJ m⁻² day⁻¹) and two nitrogen levels (0; 20 g N m⁻² a⁻¹)—to determine whether the adverse effects of UV-B on plants are eased by nitrogen supply. Enhanced UV-B caused a marked decline in growth parameters, net photosynthetic rate, and photosynthetic pigments, whereas it induced an increase in reaction oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide accumulation and the rate of superoxide radical production) and malondialdehyde content. Enhance UV-B also induced an increase in antioxidant compounds of Mono Maple, such as UV-B absorbing compounds, proline content, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dimutase and catalase). On the other hand, nitrogen supply caused an increase in some growth parameters, net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant compounds (peroxidase, proline content and UV-B absorbing compounds), and reduced the content of reaction oxygen species (H₂O₂ accumulation, the rate of O₂⁻ production) and malondialdehyde content under ambient UV-B. However, under enhanced UV-B, nitrogen supply inhibited some growth parameters, and increased H₂O₂ accumulation, the rate of O₂⁻ production and MDA content, though proline content, UV-B absorbing compounds and activities of POD and SOD increased. These results implied that enhanced UV-B brought harmful effects on Mono Maple seedlings and nitrogen supply made plants more sensitive to enhanced UV-B, though increased some antioxidant activity.     

Evaluation of radical scavenging system in two microalgae in response to interactive stresses of UV-B radiation and nitrogen starvation

The effects of UV-B radiation and/or deprivation of nitrogen stresses on growth rate, some antioxidant compounds, and activities of some antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APx; EC1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (GUPx; EC1.11.1.7) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), as well as the levels of total glutathione pool, UV-B absorbing pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ concentrations were studied in Spirulina platensis and Dunaliella salina. Less damage was observed in response to the combined UV-B and nitrogen deprivation as shown by growth rate and photosynthetic pigments especially in Dunaliella salina. A significant increase in flavonoids and phenolics under dual stress was observed. Conversely, a great reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ concentrations were recorded under the combined stress compared to the effect of each stress. Furthermore, a significant increase in GSH/GSSG ratio toward the control was recorded in response to combined stresses, whereas a significant reduction in this ratio was observed in both microalgae in response to each stress. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes were recorded under UV-B and nitrogen deprivation stresses.     

CO_2加富对UV-B辐射胁迫下亚心形扁藻光合作用和膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性的影响(英文)

在CO2浓度分别为当今CO2浓度(360 mL/L)和加富浓度(5 000 mL/L)条件下,研究了UV-B胁迫对亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis (Wille) Hazen)的光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。实验结果表明:(1) UV-B单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重、光合速率、叶绿素a (Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Car.)含量显著降低,CO2加富单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率显著升高,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量与对照相比没有显著变化,而UV-B与CO2共同作用则使亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率与对照相比没有显著变化,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低。(2) UV-B单独作用和CO2加富单独作用都使可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,UV-B与CO2共同作用下的可溶性蛋白含量比UV-B单独作用的要高。高CO2对藻的可溶性蛋白含量的变化在很大程度上归因于Rubisco蛋白的降低。(3)UV-B单独作用下,O2-. 产生速率、H2O2 含量和MDA含量显著升高,而CO2加富单独作用下,O2-. 产生速率、H2O2 含量和MDA含量显著降低,与UV-B单独作用相比,UV-B与CO2共同作用使O2-. 产生速率、H2O2 含量和MDA含量显著降低。说明CO2加富可以减少活性氧对亚心形扁藻的氧化胁迫,同时减少UV-B对亚心形扁藻的膜脂过氧化伤害。(4) UV-B单独作用下,SOD、POD、CAT、GR和GPX活性显著升高,高CO2     

UV-B induced changes in antioxidant enzymes and their isoforms in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons

To assess the role of antioxidant defense system on exposure to ultra-violet-B (UV-B) radiation, the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), as well as the level of antioxidants ascorbic acid (AA) and alpha-tocopherol were monitored in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var long green) cotyledons. UV-B enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes as well as AA content, but decreased the level of alpha-tocopherol. Significant increase was observed in the activities of SOD and GPX. Analysis of isoforms of antioxidant enzymes by native-PAGE and activity staining revealed three isoforms of GPX in unexposed dark-grown cotyledons (control), and their intensity was enhanced by UV-B exposure. In addition, four new isoforms of GPX were observed in cotyledons after UV-B exposure. Although no new isoforms were observed for the other antioxidant enzymes, the activities of their existing isoforms were enhanced by UV-B.     

Cadmium mitigates ultraviolet-B stress in Anabaena doliolum: Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants

Impact of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and Cd, applied individually and in combination, measured in terms of oxygen-evolution, chlorophyll (Chl) and protein contents, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of Anabaena doliolum, revealed a greater oxidative damage induced by UV-B than by Cd. While superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed a greater stimulation by UV-B than Cd, the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) declined after UV-B treatment. Cd treatment, however, enhanced the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and GR. CAT activity increased at low but decreased at high dose of Cd. Increase in carotenoid (Car) content in UV-B treated cells suggested a shielding effect of Car against UV-B stress. A 15-and 10-fold rise in α-tocopherol (α-TOC) content at high dose of Cd and/or UV-B offered testimony to the antioxidant role of α-TOC.     

UV-B增强下施硅对稻田CH4和N2O排放及其增温潜势的影响

大气平流层臭氧损耗导致的地表紫外辐射增强作为全球变化重要问题之一,受到广泛关注。硅是水稻生长有益元素,但施硅是否影响稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放,迄今相关报道尚不多见。通过大田试验,研究UV-B增强下施硅对水稻生长、稻田甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮( N_2O)排放及其增温潜势的影响。UV-B辐照设2水平,即对照(A,自然光)和增强20%(E);施硅量设2水平,即对照(Si0,0 kg SiO_2/hm2)和施硅(Si1,200 kg SiO_2/hm2)。结果表明,UV-B增强降低了成熟期水稻地上部和地下部生物量,而施硅能缓解UV-B增强对水稻生长的抑制作用,使水稻地上部和地下部生物量增加。UV-B增强可显著提高稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放通量和累积排放量,增加稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放的综合增温潜势。施硅能明显降低稻田CH_4排放,促进 N_2O排放,降低稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放的综合增温潜势。研究表明,施硅显著降低稻田CH_4和 N_2O的全球增温潜势,缓解UV-B增强对稻田CH_4和 N_2O的全球增温潜势的促进作用。     

The effects of increased UV-B radiation on growth,pollination success,and lifetime female fitness in two Brassica species

The increasing levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the earth's surface caused by ozone destruction have prompted many studies of UV-B effects on plants. Most of these studies have focused on physiological and growth responses of plants to increased UV-B, but these measures may not be closely related to future survival of plant populations. We examined the effects of two different levels of increased UV-B on total female fitness, including seed number and quality, in rapid-cycling strains of Brassica nigra and B. rapa (Brassicaceae). We also measured the effects of UV-B on fitness components, particularly those related to pollination success. Two separate experiments, examining two different levels of UV-B, were performed. Sixty plants of each species were grown under control and enhanced levels of UV-B for a total of 480 plants (60 plantsx2 speciesx2 UV-B levelsx2 experiments). Increased UV-B was generally detrimental to growth and flowering in both species; however, total seed production was actually greater at higher UV-B doses in three of four dose/plant species combinations examined. UV-B had little effect on pollination success or offspring quality in either species. Therefore, in spite of the detrimental effects of UV-B on growth and flowering that we found, there is little evidence that fitness of these plant species would suffer with increasing UV-B, and we caution against using solely physiological or growth measurements to infer effects of UV-B on plant population fitness.     

UV-B辐射对植物花粉萌发率和花粉管生长的累积效应

研究了19种植物花粉在不同UV－B辐射强度和辐照时间下其萌发率和花粉管伸长的变化,结果表明,UV－B辐射增加显著抑制大多数植物花粉的萌发率和花粉管生长;与对照相比,较高强度的UV－B对花粉的抑制作用大于较低强度;几个种的花粉萌发率及花粉管生长对UV－B增强不敏感,甚至被UV－B辐射所促进;辐射时间越长,对花粉抑制作用愈大,说明具有辐射累积效应,由此可知,植物花粉的萌发过程对UV－B的敏感性变化在自然条件下将会产生严重的生态学后果。     

Role of salicylic acid in regulating ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in pepper leaves

The effect of salicylic acid (SA) counteracting the UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C-induced action on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants was studied. For this purpose, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) were measured. Plants were sprayed with SA and treated with UV-A (320–390 nm), UV-B (312 nm), and UV-C (254 nm) radiation with a density of 6.1, 5.8, and 5.7 W/m². The activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced in leaves in response to UV-B and UV-C radiation. SA treatment moderated an increase in the activities of some antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) in plants that were treated with UV radiation. The activity of antioxidant enzyme polyphenol oxidase in plants that were treated with UV-B, UV-C, and SA was significantly increased. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effect of SA treatment on UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C stress.     

CO2加富对UV-B辐射胁迫下亚心形扁藻光合作用和膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性的影响

在CO2浓度分别为当今CO2浓度(360 μL/L)和加富浓度(5 000 μL/L)条件下,研究了UV-B胁迫对亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis(Wille)Hazen)的光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响.实验结果表明:(1)UV-B单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重、光合速率、叶绿素a(Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Car.)含量显著降低,CO2加富单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率显著升高,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量与对照相比没有显著变化,而UV-B与CO2共同作用则使亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率与对照相比没有显著变化,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.(2)UV-B单独作用和CO2加富单独作用都使可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,UV-B与CO2共同作用下的可溶性蛋白含量比UV-B单独作用的要高.高CO2对藻的可溶性蛋白含量的变化在很大程度上归因于Rubisco蛋白的降低.(3)UV-B单独作用下,O-.2产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著升高,而CO2加富单独作用下,O-.2产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著降低,与UV-B单独作用相比,UV-B与CO2共同作用使O-.2产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著降低.说明CO2加富可以减少活性氧对亚心形扁藻的氧化胁迫,同时减少UV-B对亚心形扁藻的膜脂过氧化伤害.(4)UV-B单独作用下,SOD、POD、CAT、GR和GPx活性显著升高,高CO2单独作用使SOD、POD和GR活性显著降低,而CAT和GPx活性与对照相比稍有所降低,但降低不明显,而UV-B与CO2共同作用则使SOD、POD、CAT、GR和GPx活性比UV-B单独作用少得多.结果表明,高CO2对UV-B胁迫所造成的氧化胁迫具有一定的改善作用,因此CO2浓度升高可能对增强海洋微藻的抗逆能力有利.     

Growth, structure, stomatal responses and secondary metabolites of birch seedlings (Betula pendula) under elevated UV-B radiation in the field

Three-year-old birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings were exposed, in the field, to supplemental levels of UV-B radiation. Control seedlings were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Enhanced UV-B radiation had no significant effects on height growth, and shoot and root biomass of birch seedlings. Leaf expansion rate increased transiently in the middle of the growing period in enhanced UV-B- and UV-A-exposed plants; however, final leaf size and relative growth rate remained unaffected. Leaf thickness and spongy intercellular spaces were increased in UV-B-exposed seedlings along with increased density of glandular trichomes. At the ultrastructural level, enhanced UV-B increased the number of cytoplasmic lipid bodies, and abnormal membrane whorls were found. Both enhanced UV-B and UV-A radiation induced swelling of chloroplast thylakoids. Stomatal density and conductance were significantly increased by elevated UV-B radiation. UV-A radiation increased the length and width of stomata, whereas UV-B radiation had only a marginal effect on stomatal size. UV-A and enhanced UV-B radiation attenuated the appearance of necrotic spots in autumn, probably caused by the fungus Pyrenopeziza betulicola, suggesting a direct harmful effect of UV on pathogens or reduced susceptibility to pathogens in UV-exposed seedlings. Secondary metabolite analysis showed increases in (+)-catechin, quercetin, cinnamic acid derivative, apigenin and pentagalloylglucose in birch leaves under enhanced UV-B radiation. Negative correlations between apigenin, and particularly quercetin concentrations and lipid peroxidation levels indicated an antioxidant role of secondary metabolites in birch leaves exposed to UV-B radiation.