不同氮水平下作物养分吸收与利用

玉米与马铃薯间作是重要的间作种植模式,具有较突出的资源利用和产量优势,但养分吸收和利用对作物产量优势的贡献及这种贡献对施氮量的响应机制尚不清楚.本研究采用玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米与马铃薯间作3种种植模式,分别设置N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)、N₁(125 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(250 kg·hm^-2)和N₃(375 kg·hm^-2)4个氮水平,通过2年田间小区试验,研究不同氮水平下间作产量优势的营养基础.结果表明: 随着施氮量的增加,氮、磷、钾的单作加权平均吸收量逐渐增加,间作则先增加后减少.间作在N₁水平时具最高的养分吸收优势,分别较单作加权平均值增加氮吸收14.9%、磷吸收38.6%、钾吸收27.8%;间作在N₀和N₃时具有更高的养分利用效率,较单作可提高氮利用效率3.5%～14.3%、磷利用效率3.5%～18.5%、钾利用效率10.6%～31.6%.N₀和N₁时玉米与马铃薯间作具有显著产量优势,其营养基础在N₀时主要是提高了作物养分利用效率,而N₁时则是促进养分吸收的结果.充分发挥间作促进养分吸收对玉米与马铃薯间作产量优势的贡献,需要合理控制氮肥的投入.     

粮果间作种植模式的资源利用与管理

粮果间作种植模式的资源利用与管理贺明荣,冷寿慈,李增嘉,张明亮（山东农业大学,泰安２７１０１８）ＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅＵｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｔｓＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｉｎＧｒａｉｎａｎｄＦｒｕｉｔＩｎｔｅｒｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍ．￥ＨｅＭｉｎｇ...     

黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化Ⅱ、养分在作物体内分配

根据黑土长期肥料试验1985－1995年期间的作物分析资料,研究了施肥和作物生长状况对大豆、玉米、小麦3种作物体内养分浓度、养分在籽实和秸秆中分配比以及形成1000kg籽实产量的收获养分量等参数的影响,结果表明,在本试验的正常施肥条件下,上述参数十分稳定,受施肥和作物生长状况的影响不大,可直接用于这一地区养分收支的估算。     

播期对内蒙古西部荒漠区棉花产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

于2014—2015年在内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗内蒙古棉花综合实验站设置大田试验,以‘中棉所50’为材料,采用“一膜三管六行”机采棉配套栽培技术种植,研究播期(4月20日、4月30日和5月10日)对棉花产量、品质及养分吸收的影响.结果表明: 随着播期推迟,棉花生育时期推迟,生育期缩短,铃期日均温降低,收获密度增加;播期显著影响棉株干物质累积、养分吸收与分配,以及产量和品质形成,4月30日播种条件下,棉株干物质和养分在经济器官中的分配比例、养分总积累量及养分的皮棉生产效率较高,籽棉和皮棉产量最高,达6505.9和2660.9 kg·hm^-2,且纤维品质较优;4月20日播期下,收获密度、生物量和养分累积量最低,虽然生物量和养分经济系数最高,但最终籽棉和皮棉产量仍较4月30日播期降低10.9%～14.0%和11.1%～14.2%;5月10日播期,虽然可以避开种子萌发期低温冷害,但棉铃发育期日均温偏低,尽管生物量和养分累积量最高,但是生物量和养分经济系数、养分的皮棉生产效率最低,最终籽棉和皮棉产量较4月30日播期降低32.5%～34.7%和35.9%～36.2%,且纤维品质最差.综合分析, 4月30日左右为内蒙古西部荒漠旱区棉花种植的最佳播期.     

不同基因型玉米间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响

 采用大田试验, 研究了不同基因型玉米(Zea mays)间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明, ‘豫玉19’(YY19)与‘周单 041’(ZD041)、‘郑单958’(ZD958)与‘鲁单981’(LD981)间作, 可提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活 性, 降低丙二醛(MDA)含量, 延缓叶片衰老。具体表现为, 在吐丝后10 d, 4个玉米品种叶片中的SOD和POD活性均有所提高或显著提高, ZD041和 ZD958叶片中的CAT活性提高或显著提高, YY19和LD981变化不显著; 4个玉米品种叶片中的MDA含量降低。在吐丝后40 d, SOD和POD活性及MDA含 量的变化与吐丝后10 d基本一致, CAT活性均有所提高, 其中以YY19较为显著。研究还表明, 间作增加了复合群体产量, 土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio, LER)均大于1, 籽粒品质也有所改善。     

不同花生棉花间作模式对花生生育后期生理特性及产量的影响

棉花花生间作是充分利用土地资源、缓解棉油争地矛盾的重要种植方式。在大田栽培条件下,以‘花育25’和‘聊棉19’为试验材料,设置花生和棉花种植比例分别为4∶4(H₄M₄)、6∶4(H₆M₄)和4∶2(H₄M₂)3种间作模式,以单作花生(DH)和单作棉花(DM)为对照,研究不同花生棉花间作比例对花生生育后期生理特性、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明: 与花生单作相比,棉花花生间作促进了花生茎秆的生长,但降低了叶面积指数、主茎绿叶数和干物质积累总量,易造成花生的旺长和倒伏。不同间作模式相比,H₆M₄和H₆M₄的花生叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力显著高于H₄M₄,并提高了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低了丙二醛含量。不同间作模式显著降低了花生产量和棉花产量,但经济总产值较单作棉花增加。各间作模式间相比,在H₆M₄间作模式中,花生减产幅度最小,经济总产值显著高于其他处理且土地当量比大于1,具有明显的间作优势。说明在花生棉花间作种植体系中,适当减小棉花在间作中所占的比例能够维持花生较高的光合能力,促进根系对养分的吸收,有利于延缓衰老,减弱对花生产量的影响。     

甘蔗-甜玉米间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

通过甘蔗田间定位试验研究了种植模式(甘蔗单作、甘蔗-甜玉米间作(1∶1、2∶1)和施氮水平(300、525 kg·hm-2)对甘蔗群体经济效益、甘蔗产量、生物量积累动态变化及品质的影响。结果表明:低氮水平(300 kg·hm-2)下,甘蔗-甜玉米间作(1∶1、2∶1)的经济效益分别高于单作甘蔗52.67%和20.59%,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,且甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作模式的LER高于甘蔗-甜玉米2∶1间作31.50%;高氮水平(525 kg·hm-2)下,甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作的经济效益和土地利用率分别高于单作26.25%和36.00%,而甘蔗-甜玉米2∶1间作与甘蔗单作相比无间作优势;甘蔗-甜玉米间作中,因间作甘蔗最大生长速率(v m)减小,理论最大值(w m)、最快生长日(t m)等生物量动态累积特征参数的协调性劣于单作甘蔗,使间作甘蔗产量低于单作甘蔗9.72%~33.17%,而间作甜玉米产量比单作甜玉米高14.10%~24.43%;相比甘蔗单作,甘蔗-甜玉米间作对甘蔗品质无显著影响;甘蔗-甜玉米间作是实现甘蔗优质、高效种植的可行途径,其中甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作模式更为优化。     

黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化Ⅲ.土壤养分收支

许了1985－1999年试验期间各模拟施肥模型的作物移出养分量和施肥输入养分量,结果表明,施用N肥可加剧土壤P收支赤字,而施用N,P肥则加剧土壤K收支赤字,实验展示了我国在20世纪70年代大面积贫P土壤和80年代大面积缺K土壤出现的原因,保持养分循环再利用可缓解土壤养分收支赤字,但不能满足丰产作物的养分需求,在保持养分循环利用基础上根据土壤肥力适当施用化肥,可满足丰产作物的养分需求和平衡土壤养分收支,不致发生大量过剩N进入环境。     

间作芹菜和薄荷对设施辣椒烟粉虱的控制作用

为了探讨嗜好性植物和低嗜好性植物在蔬菜烟粉虱绿色防控中的应用技术,研究了芹菜和薄荷不同种植方式对设施辣椒烟粉虱的控制作用。结果表明,大棚辣椒田中以3∶1、5∶1的密度间作芹菜,辣椒植株上烟粉虱成虫数量显著下降,而以8∶1的密度间作对辣椒上烟粉虱成虫没有明显影响;在辣椒田一端集中种植5行薄荷,另一端种植5行芹菜,15 d后辣椒上烟粉成虫数量较对照下降29%以上;在辣椒田一端集中种植5行薄荷,另一端分别按3∶1和5∶1的密度间作5行芹菜,15 d后3∶1和5∶1的间作芹菜的辣椒上烟粉成虫数量较对照下降38.57%和25.71%。结果表明,芹菜对烟粉虱具有较好的驱避作用;在辣椒间作芹菜的同时,在棚的一端间作薄荷可以进一步提高对烟粉虱的驱避效果。     

基于产量效应的间作紫花苜蓿/禾本科牧草光能利用特征

为探究紫花苜蓿/禾本科牧草间作下光能利用特性、光能利用诸因素的产量效应及其调控机理,通过2017—2019年3年田间试验,以紫花苜蓿、饲用小黑麦(C3植物)、饲用玉米(C4植物)3种单作模式为对照,研究了紫花苜蓿/小黑麦和紫花苜蓿/玉米两种间作模式下的产量效应、光能利用各因子对产量形成的影响、光能利用特征差异及机理。结果表明: 两种间作模式的土地当量比均大于1,表明两种间作模式的土地利用率都高于单作,均有高于单作的产量效益,且增产潜力较大的是紫花苜蓿/小黑麦间作模式。光能利用各因子对产量的贡献依次是: 叶面积指数(1.531)＞净光合速率(0.882)＞胞间CO₂浓度(0.282)＞蒸腾速率(-0.229)＞冠层开度(-0.291)＞光合有效辐射截获率(-0.681)＞气孔导度(-0.751)。其中,叶面积指数不仅是表征光合能力的重要指标之一,更是以收获营养体为目标的牧草作物产量的重要构成因子,光合特性诸因素中净光合速率是影响产量的主要因子。与单作相比,间作下紫花苜蓿、小黑麦、玉米的净光合速率均存在差异,且表现为相同的规律。间作下净光合速率提高的主要途径为: 小黑麦和玉米通过增强CO₂的羧化固定能力,提高对强光的利用能力,从而提高净光合速率,促进产量增加;而紫花苜蓿则是通过提高功能叶的叶绿素b含量,改变叶绿素构成,增强对光能的收集和传递,从而提高净光合速率,促进其在弱光下光合能力的提高和正常生长。     

Plant-Plant-Microbe Mechanisms Involved in Soil-Borne Disease Suppression on a Maize and Pepper Intercropping System

Background

Intercropping systems could increase crop diversity and avoid vulnerability to biotic stresses. Most studies have shown that intercropping can provide relief to crops against wind-dispersed pathogens. However, there was limited data on how the practice of intercropping help crops against soil-borne Phytophthora disease.

Principal Findings

Compared to pepper monoculture, a large scale intercropping study of maize grown between pepper rows reduced disease levels of the soil-borne pepper Phytophthora blight. These reduced disease levels of Phytophthora in the intercropping system were correlated with the ability of maize plants to form a “root wall” that restricted the movement of Phytophthora capsici across rows. Experimentally, it was found that maize roots attracted the zoospores of P. capsici and then inhibited their growth. When maize plants were grown in close proximity to each other, the roots produced and secreted larger quantities of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA). Furthermore, MBOA, benzothiazole (BZO), and 2-(methylthio)-benzothiazole (MBZO) were identified in root exudates of maize and showed antimicrobial activity against P. capsici.

Conclusions

Maize could form a “root wall” to restrict the spread of P. capsici across rows in maize and pepper intercropping systems. Antimicrobe compounds secreted by maize root were one of the factors that resulted in the inhibition of P. capsici. These results provide new insights into plant-plant-microbe mechanisms involved in intercropping systems.     

间作对植株生长及养分吸收和根际环境的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了线辣椒和玉米间作对其植株生长、矿质养分吸收、根际环境以及铁载体分泌的影响,以探索间作促进铁、磷等养分吸收利用的可能生理机制.结果表明:(1)与单作相比,间作线辣椒地上部干重降低23.0%,根系干重增加44.2%,玉米地上部和根系的干重分别增加8.7%和22.9%;间作线辣椒根冠比和根系活力分别显著提高86.4%和29.8%;间作线辣椒、玉米叶绿素含量分别显著提高12.6%和7.8%.(2)与单作相比,间作线辣椒的铁、锌、锰含量分别增加1.50倍、1.39倍和1.34%,而间作玉米则无显著变化;间作线辣椒和玉米的钙含量都显著低于相应单作,氮含量没有显著变化,但磷、钾含量显著增加.(3)间作线辣椒和玉米的根际土、非根际土的酸性磷酸酶活性及根系酸性磷酸酶活性都显著高于相应单作,而其根际土和非根际土的pH值无显著变化;间作玉米根系的铁载体分泌比单作减少32.8%,间作线辣椒根系的铁还原酶活性是单作的1.10倍.研究发现,线辣椒/玉米间作能通过影响根际生物学特征和化学过程提高植株的铁、锌、磷和钾养分水平,缓解养分胁迫,是一种很有推广价值的种植模式.     

Legume-Cereal Intercropping Improves Forage Yield,Quality and Degradability

Intercropping legume with cereal is an extensively applied planting pattern in crop cultivation. However, forage potential and the degradability of harvested mixtures from intercropping system remain unclear. To investigate the feasibility of applying an intercropping system as a forage supply source to ruminants, two consecutive experiments (experiments 1 and 2) involving a field cultivation trial and a subsequent in vivo degradable experiment were conducted to determine the forage production performance and the ruminally degradable characteristics of a harvested mixture from an alfalfa/corn-rye intercropping system. In experiment 1, the intercropping system was established by alternating alfalfa and corn or rye with a row ratio of 5:2. Dry matter (DM) and nutrient yields were determined. In experiment 2, forages harvested from the different treatments were used as feedstuff to identify nutrient degradation kinetics and distribution of components between the rapidly degradable (a), potentially degradable (b) and the degradation rate constant (c) of ‘b’ fraction by in sacco method in Small-Tail Han wether Sheep. The intercropping system of alfalfa and corn-rye provided higher forage production performance with net increases of 9.52% and 34.81% in DM yield, 42.13% and 16.74% in crude protein (CP) yield, 25.94% and 69.99% in degradable DM yield, and 16.96% and 5.50% in degradable CP yield than rotation and alfalfa sole cropping systems, respectively. In addition, the harvest mixture from intercropping system also had greater ‘a’ fraction, ‘b’ fraction, ‘c’ values, and effective degradability (E value) of DM and CP than corn or rye hay harvested from rotation system. After 48-h exposure to rumen microbes, intercropping harvest materials were degraded to a higher extent than separately degraded crop stems from the sole system as indicated by visual microscopic examination with more tissues disappeared. Thus, the intercropping of alfalfa and corn-rye exhibited a greater forage production potential, and could be applied as forage supply source for ruminants. The improved effective degradability of harvest mixture material could be attributed to greater degradable components involving the rapidly degradable fractions (a), potentially degradable (b) fractions, and degradable rate constant (c), than that of corn and rye hay.     

Effect of Organic Selenium Supplementation on Growth, Se Uptake, and Nutrient Utilization in Guinea Pigs

Forty weaned male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) of 152.6?±?7.96 g mean body weight were divided into four equal groups and fed a common basal diet comprised of 25% ground cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hay, 30% ground maize (Zea mays) grain, 22% ground gram (Cicer arietinum) grain, 9.5% deoiled rice (Oryza sativa) bran, 6% soybean (Glycine max) meal, 6% fish meal, 1.5% mineral mixture (without Se), and ascorbic acid at 200 mg/kg to meet their nutrient requirements along with 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 ppm of organic selenium (Se) in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Experimental feeding lasted for a period of 10 weeks, during which, daily feed intake and weekly body weights were recorded. Intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract as well as uptake of calcium and phosphorus were similar (P?>?0.05) among the four groups. Feed:gain ratio was also similar (P?>?0.05) in the four groups. However, digestibility of crude protein was significantly (P?<?0.001) higher in group II supplemented with 0.1 ppm organic Se as compared to other three group. Intake and absorption of Se was significantly (P?<?0.001) higher in all the Se supplemented groups as compared to control group. Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher in group II (3.16 g/day) and III (3.38 g/day) as compared to group I (2.88 g/day). However, ADG in group IV (supplemented 0.3 ppm organic Se) was significantly (P?<?0.05) lower (2.83 g/day) than group II and III, but comparable (P?>?0.05) to group I. Findings of the present experiment suggests that Se requirements of guinea pigs are ≥0.2 ppm, as supplementation of 0.1 ppm organic Se in the diet (having 0.1 ppm Se) not only enhanced their growth rate but also improved the protein utilization.     

转Bt基因水稻稻谷对几种主要储粮害虫的影响

为了评价转Bt稻谷储藏期的生态安全性,通过对在自然条件下不同储藏期Bt稻谷与非Bt稻谷抽样调查。结果表明,随着稻谷储藏期的延长,在储藏17个月后Bt稻谷上的虫蚀率依次为0.70%,1.20%,显著低于另外两种非Bt稻谷上的虫蚀率(汕优63:1.7%,2.0%;9311稻:2.70%,3.00%,P<0.05)。但Bt稻谷和非Bt稻谷中的赤拟谷盗、谷蠹、书虱、麦蛾数量,在19个月储藏期内,大部分调查结果差异不显著。     

套作玉米对草莓生长生理特性及其产量和品质的影响

该研究采用草莓玉米套作和草莓连作方式,对草莓的生长、生理及其产量和品质进行比较分析,为生产中克服草莓连作障碍提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）套作条件下草莓的株高、根长、茎粗和整株重量等营养生长指标均显著高于相应的连作模式。（2）与连作相比,套作可提高草莓植株的总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,同时可提高草莓植株根系和叶片的可溶性糖含量,使根系丙二醛含量维持在较低水平,保证草莓植株良好生长。（3）与草莓连作相比,套作玉米使秋季草莓苗的定植入田死苗率降低28.8%,加快缓苗速度,且单株保持良好长势和后期正常坐果。（4）套作玉米能够显著提高草莓果实的硬度、单果重及单株产量,但对果实可溶性固形物无显著影响。研究认为,草莓套作玉米能够克服草莓连作障碍,促进草莓植株的营养生长,增强草莓植株抵御逆境胁迫的能力,提高产量和品质。     

Effect of Vanadium Supplementation on Production Performance,Nutrient Utilization,Plasma Mineral Concentration,and Mineral Balance in Lactating Goats

Biological Trace Element Research - Vanadium (V) has not been elucidated as an essential mineral in ruminants, though in lower organisms and rat model, its role is well known as insulin—a...