3种地被竹对大气臭氧胁迫的光合生理响应

以美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus)、黄条金刚竹(Pleioblastus kongosanensis f.aureostriatus)、白缟椎谷笹竹(Sasa glabra f.albostriata)3种优良地被观赏竹为试材,用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)模拟大气O3浓度,研究了不同O3浓度胁迫(环境背景大气、100nL L-1和150 nL L-1)对竹子光合生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着大气O3浓度的升高,美丽箬竹叶片叶绿素含量先升高后降低,黄条金刚竹呈相反变化规律,白缟椎谷笹竹呈下降趋势;它们的叶片类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。美丽箬竹的Pn日均值先缓慢升高后降低,黄条金刚竹先略有升高后急剧降低,白缟椎谷笹竹逐渐降低;大气O3浓度升高明显影响3种竹的光合参数日变化进程;大气O3浓度为100 nL L-1时,美丽箬竹的光合作用未受到抑制,黄条金刚竹和白缟椎谷笹竹则出现明显的抑制效应;大气O3浓度达150 nL L-1时,3竹种的光合生理都受到严重的伤害。耐受O3胁迫能力存在种间差异,美丽箬竹明显高于黄条金刚竹、白缟椎谷笹竹。     

CO2浓度升高对三种地被类观赏竹生理特性的影响

运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟大气CO₂浓度升高(500、700 μmol·mol^-1)情景,以环境背景大气为对照,研究CO₂浓度升高对3种地被类观赏竹(美丽箬竹、黄条金刚竹和白缟椎谷笹竹)叶片的膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响及其种间差异.结果表明: 试验进行103 d后,500 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下,3种地被类观赏竹的叶片超氧阴离子含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和可溶性糖含量总体上没有发生明显的变化,但叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性有一定程度的改变;700 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度下,3个竹种的叶片MDA含量和相对电导率没有发生明显变化,但对叶片超氧阴离子含量、可溶性糖含量和SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性的影响较为明显.不同竹种对CO₂浓度升高环境的适应能力为美丽箬竹＞黄条金刚竹＞白缟椎谷笹竹.     

CO2浓度升高对三种地被类观赏竹生理特性的影响

运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟大气CO₂浓度升高(500、700 μmol·mol^-1)情景,以环境背景大气为对照,研究CO₂浓度升高对3种地被类观赏竹(美丽箬竹、黄条金刚竹和白缟椎谷笹竹)叶片的膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响及其种间差异.结果表明: 试验进行103 d后,500 μmol·mol^-1CO₂浓度下,3种地被类观赏竹的叶片超氧阴离子含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和可溶性糖含量总体上没有发生明显的变化,但叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性有一定程度的改变;700 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度下,3个竹种的叶片MDA含量和相对电导率没有发生明显变化,但对叶片超氧阴离子含量、可溶性糖含量和SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性的影响较为明显.不同竹种对CO₂浓度升高环境的适应能力为美丽箬竹＞黄条金刚竹＞白缟椎谷笹竹.     

美丽箬竹对模拟大气O3浓度倍增胁迫的生理响应

运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟当前环境大气O3浓度(对照,40～45 nL·L-1)、O3浓度倍增4倍(TR-1,92～106 nL·L-1)和O3浓度倍增2倍(TR-2,142～160 nL·L-1)胁迫,以叶片光合色素、MDA、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量及SOD和POD活性和相对电导率为指标,分析了美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus Q.H.Dai)对O3胁迫的生理响应规律.结果显示:随O3浓度的提高,叶片叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,SOD和POD活性,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量及二者的比值(SPC/SSC)均呈下降趋势;叶绿素a口与b的比值(Chla/Chlb)、MDA含量和相对电导率均呈增加趋势.TR-1条件下叶片POD活性和可溶性糖含量分别比对照下降38.86％和10.37％,差异显著;Chla/Chlb比值显著高于对照,其余指标均与对照无显著差异.而在TR-2条件下叶片Chla、Chlb、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著低于对照,降幅分别为26.89％、40.91％、30.47％和20.37％;SOD和POD活性、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量以及PC/SSC比值也均显著低于对照,降幅分别为42.03％、46.62％、45.09％、11.52％和40.15％;Chla/Chlb比值、MDA含量和相对电导率均显著高于对照.另外,TR-1与TR-2处理组间光合色素含量和POD活性差异不显著,TR-2处理组MDA含量和相对电导率显著高于TR-1处理组,SOD活性显著低于后者.研究结果表明:美丽箬竹对O3胁迫具有强耐受性,可种植于O3浓度较高的环境中.     

土壤铅胁迫对地被竹出笋成竹的影响研究

以6种地被竹(菲黄竹、菲白竹、铺地竹、美丽箬竹、白纹椎谷笹和狭叶倭竹)为材料,设计3个土壤铅浓度处理(0、300、1500mg·kg^-1),研究土壤铅胁迫对地被竹出笋成竹数量和新竹抗逆生理特性的影响,并采用隶属函数法对地被竹出笋成竹期的土壤铅耐受性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)土壤铅胁迫对地被竹笋期节律的影响主要出现在出笋盛期(4~5月),发笋数的降低会导致多数竹种退笋率下降,以稳定新竹数量,只有菲白竹、白纹椎谷笹、狭叶倭竹的新竹数在高浓度土壤铅胁迫下显著低于CK,降幅分别为15.87%、23.64%和31.25%。(2)土壤铅胁迫会普遍引起地被竹新竹超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量的增加,在高浓度铅胁迫下铺地竹中二者含量最低(9.96μg·g^-1、0.016μmol·g^-1),狭叶倭竹的超氧阴离子含量最高(15.99μg·g^-1),菲黄竹的丙二醛含量最高(0.021μmol·g^-1)。(3)与其余4个竹种不同,在土壤铅胁迫下白纹椎谷笹和狭叶倭竹不能显著积累游离脯氨酸,细胞渗透调节作用弱。(4)6种地被竹在出笋成竹期对高浓度土壤铅的耐受性排序为:美丽箬竹(0.79)>铺地竹(0.75)>菲白竹(0.70)>狭叶倭竹(0.49)>白纹椎谷笹(0.39)>菲黄竹(0.38),其中美丽箬竹、铺地竹和菲白竹出笋成竹数量正常,且具有较强的抗逆生理特性,具有在高浓度土壤铅污染地区应用的潜力。     

四季竹对大气臭氧浓度升高的生理响应

运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)在5个O3浓度梯度(过滤大气CF、环境大气NF、50 nL·L-1、100 nL·L-1和150nL·L-1)下,研究了大气O3浓度对四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum)叶片光合色素、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示:在胁迫处理90 d时,随着O3浓度的升高,四季竹叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈持续下降趋势,相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量持续升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升高后降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈升高趋势.与CF相比,四季竹叶片Chl、Car和MDA含量在O3浓度为100 nL·L-1时均有显著差异,在150 nL·L-1时均有极显著差异;相对电导率、SOD和POD活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在O3浓度为100 nL·L-1及以上时均有极显著差异.研究表明,大气长时间高O3浓度(100 nL·L-1及以上)胁迫对四季竹会产生明显伤害效应,致使其叶片光合色素降解或合成受阻,叶片老化加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构和抗氧化系统遭到破坏.     

四季竹对大气臭氧胁迫的光合生理响应

为了给全球变化背景下的竹林经营应对策略提供理论依据,运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)模拟4个大气O₃浓度,分别为环境背景大气(40～45 nl·L^-1)、降低1/2(22～25 nl·L^-1)、倍增1倍(92～106 nl·L^-1)和倍增2倍(142～160 nl·L^-1),研究分析四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum(Wen) King f)对大气O₃胁迫的光合生理响应规律.结果表明:随着大气O₃浓度的升高,四季竹叶片光合色素含量呈降低趋势,倍增1倍处理的大气O₃浓度是显著变化的节点;大气O₃浓度变化对四季竹Pn日变化影响复杂,环境背景大气、倍增2倍处理呈"单峰"曲线,而降低1/2、倍增1倍处理呈"双峰"曲线.对Tr日变化无明显影响,各处理均呈"单峰"曲线;大气O₃浓度较环境背景大气升高或降低,四季竹的光合生理响应都表现为伤害效应.当大气O₃浓度倍增1倍及以上,对四季竹会造成严重的伤害,表现为叶片光合色素降解或合成受阻,水分利用效率降低,光合作用能力明显下降.大气O₃胁迫对四季竹光合作用的影响表现为非气孔因素限制.     

毛竹和四季竹对臭氧胁迫的耐受力差异

为了解竹子对大气O3浓度升高的生理响应规律及耐受O3胁迫能力的种间差异性,为气候变化背景下的竹林培育应对策略提供理论依据,运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)开展了5个O3浓度梯度(过滤大气CF、环境大气NF、50、100和150 nl·L-1)对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)和四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum)叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响研究.结果表明:处理90d后,随着O3浓度的升高,毛竹和四季竹叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量均呈下降趋势,但毛竹的降幅大于四季竹.MDA含量、POD活性呈升高趋势,毛竹的升幅大于四季竹.SOD活性毛竹呈下降趋势,而四季竹表现出先升高后降低的规律.可溶性蛋白含量毛竹和四季竹分别呈升高、降低趋势;与CF相比,低O3浓度处理(≤50 nl·L-l)并未对毛竹和四季竹造成明显伤害,而高O3浓度处理(≥100 nl·L-1)下毛竹和四季竹叶片光合色素含量和SOD活性极显著降低,MDA含量和POD活性极显著提高,导致毛竹和四季竹叶片光合色素合成受阻,叶片老化加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构和抗氧化系统功能遭到破坏;主成分分析表明,四季竹对O3胁迫的耐受能力明显强于毛竹.     

毛竹对大气臭氧浓度倍增的生理响应

为了给气候变化背景下的竹林培育应对策略提供理论依据,以毛竹 （Phyllostachys edulis） 为材料,运用开顶式气室 （OTCs） 模拟当前环境背景大气O3浓度（NF,40~45nL·L-1）的倍增1倍（TR1,92~106nL·L-1）和倍增2倍（TR2, 142~160nL·L-1）情景,分析叶片光合色素、脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶等生理指标的变化规律。结果表明：大气O3浓度倍增处理90d时,毛竹叶片Chl、Car含量和SOD活性显著降低,叶片相对电导率和可溶性蛋白、MDA、O2-含量及POD活性显著升高。叶片O2-含量与SOD活性、光合色素含量呈极显著负相关,而与叶片相对电导率、POD活性和MDA、可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关。研究表明大气O3浓度倍增会导致毛竹叶片老化加快,光合色素降解或合成受阻,膜脂过氧化,膜结构和氧化系统破坏,影响毛竹的正常生长。本文从抗性生理方面揭示了毛竹对大气臭氧胁迫的耐受性,为竹子应对气候变化研究提供了参考。     

黄条金刚竹对高浓度CO2和O3及其复合作用的生理响应

以黄条金刚竹为试材,环境背景大气为对照,应用开顶式气室(OTCs)熏蒸法模拟大气高浓度CO2(700μmol.mol-1)、O3(100nmol.mol-1)及其复合作用情景,分析叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶等的变化规律。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,高浓度O3处理103d的黄条金刚竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b、叶绿素/类胡萝卜素及SOD、POD、CAT活性均显著下降,而超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量、相对电导率、APX活性均显著升高,类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(2)与对照相比,同期高浓度CO2处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素均显著升高,而叶绿素a/b和超氧阴离子、丙二醛含量及SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性显著降低,相对电导率和类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(3)高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,除叶绿素a/b和CAT活性显著下降外,其余测定指标均与对照无明显变化。研究表明:高浓度O3使黄条金刚竹叶片活性氧产生速率提高,抗氧化酶活性和光合色素含量降低,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,表现出严重的伤害效应;而高浓度CO2能降低叶片活性氧产生速率,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,提高光合色素含量,表现出保护效应;高浓度O3和CO2复合处理能使叶片维持比高浓度O3处理更高的光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性,即高浓度CO2能在一定程度上有效地缓解高浓度O3对黄条金刚竹所造成的生理伤害。     

竹子扩张对阔叶林物种多样性的影响:两竹种的叠加效应

研究了不同扩张强度下毛竹和肿节少穗竹对江西武夷山常绿阔叶林群落结构和物种多样性的影响.结果表明: 毛竹、肿节少穗竹扩张都会不同程度地改变阔叶林群落结构与物种组成,两者同时高强度扩张时(毛竹30～50 ind·100 m^-2,肿节少穗竹300～500 ind·100 m^-2),群落的乔∶灌(密度比)由2∶8变成1∶9,竹∶木(密度比)由0∶10变成9∶1.毛竹、肿节少穗竹扩张对阔叶林物种多样性影响的主效应显著,毛竹主要影响乔木层,肿节少穗竹主要影响灌木层,但两种竹子的交互作用不显著.两种竹子同时扩张对群落生物多样性的影响存在叠加效应,尤其是高强度扩张使群落Shannon指数下降91.3%.毛竹与肿节少穗竹同时低强度扩张时,两者相互影响不大,但当达到一定密度后两者会相互竞争排斥.这表明,当常绿阔叶林同时遭受毛竹、肿节少穗竹扩张时,虽然二者交互作用不明显,但会通过叠加效应影响木本植物,导致阔叶林群落简单化.     

Research on ecological stoichiometry in bamboos: From biological basis to applications in silviculture of bamboo forests

Bamboo ecology and nutrient management require guidance of a set of theoretical principles. By focusing on the contents of multiple nutrient elements and their ratios and summarizing recent research findings in biology, ecology and silvics of bamboos, this paper seeks to establish the bamboo ecological stoichiometry (BES) in order to support the sustainable development of bamboo forests. It is considered that: (1) bamboos have the ubiquitous characteristics of stoichiometry, with average leaf C:N:P of 380:16:1, which complies to the “homeostasis hypothesis”; (2) the internal factors such as organs, ages and development stages and the external factors such as soil, climate and harvest can all affect the characteristics of bamboo stoichiometry; (3) changes in the ecological stoichiometry of bamboos affect the bamboo biological and ecological processes including photosynthesis, nutrients uptakes, flowering, shootings and growth, community dynamics, and qualities of bamboo products; (4) the principles of BES have been preliminarily used to guide the nutrient diagnosis, balanced fertilization, and production of high-quality and high-yield bamboos. As a new tool, BES can be further improved to integrate biology and silviculture under the background of ecological and environmental protection and food safety. Future research should place more emphasis on elucidating the ecological homeostatic mechanisms for more bamboos, as well as on understanding the stoichiometric principles in producing high-quality bamboo shoots, the bamboo-soil stoichiometric interaction processes, the nutrient diagnosis and stoichiometric balanced fertilization, and the optimal ecosystem management of bamboo forests.     

The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Guadua angustifolia and Comparative Analyses of Neotropical-Paleotropical Bamboos

To elucidate chloroplast genome evolution within neotropical-paleotropical bamboos, we fully characterized the chloroplast genome of the woody bamboo Guadua angustifolia. This genome is 135,331 bp long and comprises of an 82,839-bp large single-copy (LSC) region, a 12,898-bp small single-copy (SSC) region, and a pair of 19,797-bp inverted repeats (IRs). Comparative analyses revealed marked conservation of gene content and sequence evolutionary rates between neotropical and paleotropical woody bamboos. The neotropical herbaceous bamboo Cryptochloa strictiflora differs from woody bamboos in IR/SSC boundaries in that it exhibits slightly contracted IRs and a faster substitution rate. The G. angustifolia chloroplast genome is similar in size to that of neotropical herbaceous bamboos but is ~3 kb smaller than that of paleotropical woody bamboos. Dissimilarities in genome size are correlated with differences in the lengths of intergenic spacers, which are caused by large-fragment insertion and deletion. Phylogenomic analyses of 62 taxa yielded a tree topology identical to that found in preceding studies. Divergence time estimation suggested that most bamboo genera diverged after the Miocene and that speciation events of extant species occurred during or after the Pliocene.     

提前钩梢对雷竹地上构件生物量分配及其异速生长的影响

为摸清提前钩梢对雷竹地上构件生物量积累与分配及其异速生长模式的影响,为雷竹林合理钩梢提供参考,调查了5月(提前钩梢)、6月(常规时间钩梢)钩梢和未钩梢雷竹林新竹当年(1年生立竹)和第2年(2年生立竹)秆、枝、叶生物量,分析了立竹地上构件生物量积累与分配特征及其异速生长。结果表明:钩梢使雷竹1年生立竹秆、枝、叶生物量显著下降,秆生物量分配比例显著升高,枝、叶生物量分配比例显著下降,枝、叶-总生物量异速生长指数显著增大,秆-总生物量异速生长指数显著减小,且常规时间钩梢立竹叶生物量及其分配比例和出叶强度均显著高于提前钩梢立竹。钩梢也导致雷竹2年生立竹秆、枝、叶生物量明显下降,但秆、枝、叶-总生物量异速生长指数均显著增大,常规时间钩梢立竹叶生物量仅略低于未钩梢立竹,且叶生物量分配比例及出叶强度均显著高于未钩梢和提前钩梢立竹。研究表明提前钩梢对雷竹叶生物量及其分配比例、出叶强度及异速生长均有明显的负面影响,不利于雷竹林光合能力的发挥,因此,雷竹林不宜提前钩梢。     

Regeneration of Phyllostachys heteroclada and its relations with rhizome carbon- and nitrogen metabolism

In order to search for the ways to restrain the flowering process and promote the regeneration of bamboo (Phyllostachys heteroclada), five types of regeneration experiments were conducted, including 1) harvesting all the bamboos in the first year and the flowered bamboos in the next year all at the beginning stage of florescence, 2) harvesting the flowered bamboos at the beginning stage of florescence in two consecutive years, 3) harvesting the fully flowered bamboos in the first year and the bamboos at the beginning stage of florescence in the next year, 4) fertilizing the bamboo floor before growing season in consecutive two years, and 5) no any manipulation. In each of the cases, the carbon- and nitrogen metabolism and related enzyme activities in bamboo rhizome were studied. The results showed that treatment 1 had the best effect, which resulted in the greatest number (207) of new shoots produced and with the highest survival rate (69.33%), and had the most obvious effect on restraining bamboo flowering and promoting regeneration. Also, it produced the highest contents of soluble sugar (10.89%) and total sugar (20.39%), the highest total sugar to total nitrogen ratio (34.56), and the highest glutamine synthetase activity (104.52 mg x g(-1) x h(-1)) in bamboo rhizome. These findings demonstrated that the carbon- and nitrogen metabolism in the rhizome had definite relationships with the flowering process and regeneration of bamboo, and the rhizome growth played a critical role in bamboo propagation.     

Specialization on Guadua Bamboo Seeds by Three Bird Species in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina

Most bamboos are semelparous. Their synchronous masting events occur on a cycle of 3–120 yr and represent an extremely pulsed resource for granivorous birds. Although many bird species feed occasionally on bamboo seeds, there are constraints to specializing on such a fluctuating resource and few bird species are known to specialize on bamboo seeds. Three of these bird species are endemic to the Atlantic forest of South America: the purple-winged ground-dove Claravis godefrida , buff-fronted seedeater Sporophila frontalis , and Temminck's seedeater Sporophila falcirostris . All three species are irregularly recorded in the province of Misiones, Argentina. We compared the temporal and spatial patterns of records of these birds in Misiones to masting events of the five common bamboos: yatevó Guadua trinii , takuaruzú Guadua chacoensis , takuapí Merostachys claussenii , pitinga Chusquea tenella , and takuarembó Chusquea ramosissima . All bird records coincided with times and places where Guadua bamboos ( G. trinii and G. chacoensis ) were known or estimated to have seeds. None of the bird species occurred during masting events of Merostachys or Chusquea , unless Guadua was also masting. We discuss relevant ecological and morphological features of the birds that might bear on their association with Guadua bamboos and that might be key to their conservation.     

Changes in photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in soybean seedlings exposed to UV-B radiation and/or Cd

Aims

With a high growth rate and biomass production, bamboos are frequently used for industrial applications and recently have proven to be useful for wastewater treatment. Bamboos are considered as Si accumulators and there is increasing evidence that silicon may alleviate abiotic stresses such as metal toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of metal concentrations and possible correlations with Si concentrations in plants.

Methods

This study presents, for the first time, reference values for silicon (Si), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in stems and leaves of various bamboo species grown under the natural pedo-climatic conditions of the island of Réunion (Indian Ocean).

Results

A broad range of silicon concentrations, from 0 (inferior to detection limit) to 183 mg g^?1 dry matter (DM), were found in stems and leaves. Mean leaf Cu and Zn concentrations were low, i.e. 5.1 mg kg^?1 DM and 15.7 mg kg^?1 DM, respectively. Silicon, Cu and Zn concentrations increased over the following gradient: stem base?<?stem tip?<?leaves. Significant differences in Si, Cu and Zn contents (except Zn in the stem) were noted between bamboo species, particularly between monopodial and sympodial bamboo species, which differ in their rhizome morphology. Sympodial bamboos accumulated more Si and Cu than monopodial bamboos, in both stems and leaves, whereas sympodial bamboos accumulated less Zn in leaves than monopodial bamboos.

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that a genotypic character may be responsible for Si, Cu and Zn accumulation in bamboo.     

圈养大熊猫食谱组成与营养成分分析

为了探讨圈养大熊猫主食竹食谱组成及主要影响因素,并为圈养单位提供科学合理的食物营养配比和饲养管理建议。本研究通过对成都大熊猫繁育研究基地１０ 只成年大熊猫４ 年（２００９. ０３ －２０１３.０２）的饲养数据,３只成年大熊猫１ 年（２０１２. ０７ －２０１３. ０６）的觅食行为观察数据,以及投饲的３ 种竹笋和５ 种主食竹常规养分和总黄酮含量的统计分析。结果发现,基地圈养大熊猫偏好竹笋,喜食巴山木竹叶、白夹竹茎和苦竹茎,随机采食箬竹叶和刺竹茎;基地大熊猫根据投饲竹种类和季节的变化,形成了较为稳定的食谱组成;对投饲竹各部位成分比较分析发现,投饲竹养分含量的变化呈现出一定的规律性：其中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、蛋白质和能量比都以竹叶最高,竹枝次之,竹茎最低;干物质和粗纤维的含量则以竹茎最高,竹枝次之,竹叶最少;竹茎和竹枝呈现钙少磷多的现象,而竹叶则是钙多磷少;各投饲竹不同部位总黄酮含量以叶中最高,枝中其次,茎中最低。研究结果表明,圈养大熊猫主食竹食谱的选择遵循能量和营养学的规律,选择适口性强、营养价值高的食物假说。     

Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplastrpl16Intron inChusqueaand the Bambusoideae (Poaceae)

Phylogenetic relationships withinChusquea,a diverse genus of neotropical woody bamboos, and among selected members of the Bambusoideae were explored usingrpl16intron sequence data from the chloroplast genome. Mechanisms of mutation, including slipped-strand mispairing, secondary structure, minute inversions, and base substitutions, were examined within therpl16intron, and their effects on sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were investigated. Thirty-five bamboo sequences were generated and two separate matrices were analyzed using maximum parsimony. In the first, 23 sequences fromChusquea,1 ofNeurolepis,and 3 outgroups were included.Neurolepiswas supported as sister toChusquea, Chusqueawas strongly supported as a monophyletic lineage, and three species ofChusqueasubg.Rettbergiawere resolved as the most basal clade within the genus. In the second analysis, 15 sequences, 14 from across the subfamily and 1 outgroup, were included. A Bambusoideae clade was recovered with the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos) and the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) each supported as monophyletic. Two clades corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos were derived within the Bambuseae and the tropical taxa were further split into New World and Old World clades. Therpl16intron in bamboos was found to be susceptible to frequent length mutations of multiple origins, nonindependent character evolution, and regions of high mutability, all of which created difficulties in alignment and phylogenetic analysis; nonetheless therpl16intron is phylogenetically informative at the inter- and intrageneric levels in bamboos.