钙对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培系统,以黄瓜品种中农8号为材料,研究了Ca2 对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内超氧阴离子(O2?-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)活性的影响.结果表明:低氧胁迫下黄瓜体内活性氧含量和保护酶活性均高于对照;低氧缺钙处理的活性氧含量最高,而保护酶活性却较低;营养液Ca2 浓度提高到8mmol/L后,显著降低了低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内MDA、H2O2含量和O?2-产生速率,提高了SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性,说明Ca2 可减少低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内活性氧的产生,提高抗氧化酶的活性、降低膜脂过氧化水平,减缓低氧胁迫对植株的伤害,增强黄瓜幼苗对低氧逆境的适应性.     

钙对烟草叶片热激忍耐和活性氧代谢的影响

热胁迫导致烟草叶片细胞膜系统显著受损,表现为SOD活性降低和MDA含量明显升高,叶片叶绿素含量下降,活性氧增加。10 mmol/L CaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗后,能有效降低热胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性,维持较高的SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,减缓 O-·2 形成和膜脂过氧化反应。研究结果表明,CaCl2处理提高了烟草叶片膜稳定性和膜保护酶活性,有利于保护细胞膜结构,降低高温对烟草幼苗的伤害。钙离子螯合剂EGTA能在一定程度上降低烟草叶片的抗热性。     

外源ABA对低温胁迫下火龙果苗活性氧代谢的影响

为了探讨外源ABA对火龙果苗活性氧(ROS)代谢的调控作用,阐明ABA提高火龙果耐寒性的机理,以‘台湾6号’红心火龙果扦插苗为材料,用150mg/L的ABA预处理后,进行10d的低温胁迫(8℃/0℃,12h/12h),测定火龙果苗相关生理指标。结果表明,(1)低温胁迫后,火龙果苗出现水渍状斑点及萎焉黄化等寒害症状,寒害指数达0.52,而外源ABA处理使寒害指数降低至0.20。(2)低温胁迫使火龙果苗O_(2)^(·)产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)含量显著增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率(REC)也显著升高;外源ABA显著降低了H_(2)O_(2)含量、MDA含量和REC。(3)火龙果苗SOD、POD、CAT活性在低温胁迫下显著增强,外源ABA使这些酶活性进一步增强。(4)低温胁迫使火龙果苗APX、DHAR、GR及MDHAR活性显著增加,As A、GSH、DHA、GSSG含量也显著提升,但As A/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值下降;外源ABA可显著提高APX、GR及MDHAR活性,增加As A、GSH含量,并提高As A/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值。可见,外源ABA处理能增加火龙果苗抗氧化酶活性和As A-GSH循环的代谢活性,增强ROS的清除能力,减轻膜脂过氧化程度和电解质外渗,有效缓解火龙果苗受到的寒害。     

钙对烟草叶片热激忍耐和活性氧代谢的影响

热胁迫导致烟草叶片细胞膜系统显著受损,表现为SOD活性降低和MDA含量明显升高,叶片叶绿素含量下降,活性氧增加。10mmol/LcaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗后,能有效降低热胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性,维持较高的SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,减缓O2^-形成和膜脂过氧化反应。研究结果表明,CaCl2处理提高了烟草叶片膜稳定性和膜保护酶活性,有利于保护细胞膜结构,降低高温对烟草幼苗的伤害。钙离子螯合剂EGTA能在一定程度上降低烟草叶片的抗热性。     

水光互作对生姜叶片活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨根系供水状况及叶面受光强度与生姜叶片活性氧代谢的关系,采用PEG-6000模拟干旱与遮光50%交互处理,研究了自然强光正常供水(T₁)、遮光50%正常供水(T₂)、自然强光模拟干旱(T₃)、遮光50%模拟干旱(T₄)条件对生姜叶片活性氧水平及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明: 胁迫处理6 d时,生姜叶片O^-·₂产生速率、过氧化氢含量及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量在午间均显著升高,但以T₃升幅较大,T₄次之,T₁、T₂较小;而抗氧化酶除T₁、T₂的过氧化氢酶活性在中午较高外,各处理超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及T₃、T₄的过氧化氢酶活性均在午间显著降低.持续处理过程中,T₁、T₂生姜叶片活性氧水平及抗氧化酶活性基本稳定,但以T₁高于T₂,而T₃、T₄活性氧水平均持续升高,保护酶活性则呈先升高后降低的趋势.表明干旱胁迫尤其是强光干旱交互胁迫可引发生姜叶片活性氧积累,而遮光则有利于维持较高的保护酶活性,降低叶片活性氧水平,减轻干旱胁迫的伤害程度.     

利福平对盐胁迫下水稻活性氧代谢的影响

用特效诱抗剂(HI)、药物利福平(RFP)及其组合处理盐胁迫条件下的水稻品种‘R6’,研究利福平对水稻‘R6’叶片活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:(1)在盐胁迫下水稻‘R6’的各种保护酶活性显著增加,氧自由基产生速率也显著提高;(2)利福平单独处理可一定程度提高水稻‘R6’的耐盐性,但在HI预处理后可极显著地提高水稻‘R6’耐盐性;(3)HI-RFP-S、RFP-S处理通过提高保护酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性抑制水稻‘R6’植株内的氧自由基水平,以减少氧自由基对细胞膜的损伤而提高水稻的抗盐性。     

NaCl胁迫下外源γ-氨基丁酸对黄瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响

以黄瓜(Cucumis sativusL.)品种津绿3号为材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对NaCl胁迫下幼苗生长和活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响.结果表明,NaCl胁迫处理显著抑制了幼苗的生长,叶片抗氧化酶活性、活性氧含量显著提高;营养液添加GABA处理不但缓解了NaCl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,且叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性显著高于NaCl处理,而O-·2产生速率、MDA含量却显著低于NaCl处理;5 mmol·L-1GA-BA处理缓解NaCl胁迫对幼苗伤害的效果好于2.5 mmol·L-1GABA处理.表明NaCl胁迫下,GABA参与了黄瓜幼苗活性氧的代谢过程,对增强幼苗耐盐性有重要作用.     

渗透胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧和抗氧化酶活性的影响

用20%聚乙二醇（PEG 6000）研究了渗透胁迫对黑麦（Secale cereale L.）幼苗活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和主要抗氧化酶——超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR）活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,PEG处理明显提高了叶子和根中丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量、ROS的水平和以上4种抗氧化酶的活性。渗透胁迫下,叶子和根中MDA和ROS水平变化的规律基本相似,但抗氧化酶活性在2种器官中表现不完全相同,叶子中CAT的活性在对照和处理中无显著差异,但在根中差异明显,表明叶子中SOD、APX和GR在植物应答渗透胁迫中起重要作用,而根中这4种抗氧化酶都参与植物对胁迫的反应。GR活性随PEG处理变化幅度显著高于其它抗氧化酶,表明GR在黑麦应答渗透胁迫中所起作用可能强于其它抗氧化酶。     

高温胁迫下外源钙对菊花叶片光合机构与活性氧清除酶系统的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马’为材料,研究了高温胁迫下外源Ca²⁺对菊花光合系统及活性氧清除酶系统的影响,探讨了Ca²⁺可能的作用机制.结果表明：高温胁迫下外源Ca²⁺抑制了净光合速率(P_n）与实际量子效率（Φ_PSⅡ）的大幅度降低,24 h后,二者分别比对照高出31.11％与21.88％,而初始荧光（F_o）比对照降低了13.19％;Ca²⁺明显激活了高温胁迫下叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,活性氧得到及时清除,24 h后,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的积累量与相对电导率（REC）分别比对照降低29.20％与35.81％,缓解了短期高温胁迫对菊花光合系统的破坏.     

渗透胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧和抗氧化酶活性的影响

用20%聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)研究了渗透胁迫对黑麦(Secale cereale L.)幼苗活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和主要抗氧化酶—— 超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GR)活性的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, PEG处理明显提高了叶子和根中丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量、ROS的水平和以上4种抗氧化酶的活性。渗透胁迫下,叶子和根中MDA和ROS水平变化的规律基本相似, 但抗氧化酶活性在2种器官中表现不完全相同, 叶子中CAT的活性在对照和处理中无显著差异, 但在根中差异明显, 表明叶子中SOD、APX和GR在植物应答渗透胁迫中起重要作用, 而根中这4种抗氧化酶都参与植物对胁迫的反应。GR活性随PEG处理变化幅度显著高于其它抗氧化酶, 表明GR在黑麦应答渗透胁迫中所起作用可能强于其它抗氧化酶。     

Antioxidant Combination Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Damage

We examined the preventive activity of naturally occurring antioxidants against three reactive oxygen species using a protein degradation assay. The hydroxyl, hypochlorite, and peroxynitrite radicals are typical reactive oxygen species generated in human body. Previously, we found that hydrophobic botanical antioxidants exhibited specific antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals, whereas anserine and carnosine mixture, purified from chicken extract and vitamin C, exhibited antioxidant activities against hypochlorite and peroxynitrite radicals respectively. Since ethanol, used as a solvent in the experiments, also showed an antioxidant action against the hydroxyl radical, we re-assessed antioxidant activities using aqueous solutions of botanical antioxidants. Among the seven hydrophobic antioxidants examined, ferulic acid exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity against the hydroxyl radical. An antioxidant preparation of anserine-carnosine mixture, vitamin C, and ferulic acid prevented oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species. Loss of deformability in human erythrocytes and protein degradation caused by reactive oxygen species were completely inhibited.     

Cross-Talk between Reactive Oxygen Species and Calcium in Living Cells

The results of many investigations have shown that calcium is essential for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevation of intracellular calcium level is responsible for activation of ROS-generating enzymes and formation of free radicals by the mitochondria respiratory chain. On the other hand, an increase in intracellular calcium concentration may be stimulated by ROS. H₂O₂ has been recently shown to accelerate the overall channel opening process in voltage-dependent calcium channels in plant and animal cells. The 1,4,5-inositol-triphosphate-receptors as well as the ryanodine receptors of sarcoplasmic reticulum have also been demonstrated to be redox-regulated. Activity of Ca²⁺-ATPases and Na²⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers of animal cells are modulated by the intracellular redox state. Simultaneously, Ca²⁺ may activate antioxidant enzymes, such as plant catalase and glutathione reductase, and increase the level of superoxide dismutase in animal cells. Reviewed data support the speculation that Ca²⁺ and ROS are two cross-talking messengers in various cellular processes.     

不同时期喷施NaHS对盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦H2S产生和活性氧代谢的影响

为了解气体信号硫化氢（H₂S）对盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦（Avena nuda）活性氧（ROS）代谢的调节效应,筛选和确定H₂S最佳的施用时期和适宜浓度。采用盆栽土培试验,研究了在裸燕麦不同时期（幼苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期）喷施0、25、50、100、200、400 μmol·L^-1 H₂S供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）对3.0 g·kg^-1盐碱混合 （NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃摩尔比为12∶8∶9∶1）胁迫下裸燕麦叶片H₂S含量、H₂S生成关键酶L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（LCD）活性和ROS代谢相关物质含量和酶活性的影响。结果表明：喷施时期和NaHS浓度及其交互作用对盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦叶片中H₂S、超氧阴离子（）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、丙二醛（MDA）、抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量及LCD、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性存在显著影响。与喷施0 μmol?L^-1 NaHS相比,喷施一定浓度NaHS能够提高H₂S、AsA、GSH含量和LCD、SOD、CAT、POD、APX和GR活性,减少、H₂O₂和MDA积累,但以上各指标最佳的喷施时期和NaHS浓度存在差异。隶属函数综合分析显示,在幼苗期和拔节期喷施25~200 μmol?L^-1 NaHS的综合评价值（D）最高,表明在幼苗—拔节期喷施25~200 μmol?L^-1 NaHS能更好提高ROS清除能力,从而缓解盐碱胁迫诱导ROS对裸燕麦的氧化伤害。     

氯化胆碱对盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗渗透调节物质及活性氧代谢系统的影响

以盐敏感型黄瓜品种津春4号为材料,采用水培方法研究了叶面喷施不同浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L-1)氯化胆碱(CC)对NaCl胁迫(75 mmol·L-1)下黄瓜幼苗鲜重、叶片叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响.结果表明:(1)单独CC处理可提高黄瓜叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)与过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低O2·-产生速率,但对植株鲜重及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性影响不大;(2)NaCl胁迫处理增加了黄瓜幼苗叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强了SOD、POD和CAT活性,提高了O2·-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,但同时降低了叶绿素含量与植株鲜重;(3)盐胁迫前CC预处理可缓解黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和植株鲜重的下降、以及MDA含量和O2·-产生速率的上升趋势,且进一步提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性.因此,适宜浓度的氯化胆碱可显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片的抗氧化酶活性,提高清除活性氧的能力,缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗细胞膜的伤害,增强黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性.     

碱胁迫对黑麦草幼苗根系活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响

为了探讨牧草对碱胁迫的耐受程度,采用营养液砂培方法,研究了不同浓度NaHCO3（0、50、100、150和200 mmol·L^-1）胁迫对黑麦草幼苗根系生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响。结果表明：NaHCO3胁迫显著抑制黑麦草幼苗根系的生长,其抑制程度随胁迫浓度提高而增强,黑麦草可耐受的最高NaHCO₃浓度约为150 mmol·L^-1。随着NaHCO₃胁迫浓度的增加,黑麦草根中超氧阴离子(O^-·₂)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(ASA)含量先升后降。黑麦草根中Na⁺含量随NaHCO₃浓度增大而增加,K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺比降低,可溶性糖含量先升后降,脯氨酸含量则先降后升,游离氨基酸含量呈先升后降再升高变化。表明碱胁迫导致的活性氧代谢失调和Na⁺、K⁺失衡及积累有机溶质进行渗透调节时更多能量的消耗可能是黑麦草根系生长受抑的重要因素。     

外源SNP对干旱胁迫下不同马铃薯品种叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

以正常水分状态、轻度干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫下的马铃薯抗旱品种‘底西瑞’和干旱敏感品种‘大西洋’ 植株为材料,于现蕾期采用0（对照）和0.01 mmol·L^-1 SNP分别喷施各处理植株,对不同处理下2个品种的植株形态、叶片超氧阴离子和H₂O₂含量以及抗氧化酶活性进行比较分析,探讨外源SNP对干旱状态下马铃薯的生理应答机制,为马铃薯的抗旱栽培提供新的技术理论支持。结果显示：（1）SNP喷施对重度水分胁迫下马铃薯植株的正常生长具有一定的保护作用。（2）在干旱胁迫条件下,马铃薯叶片POD活性在品种‘底西瑞’中增加而在品种‘大西洋’中降低,超氧阴离子含量和H₂O₂含量以及CAT和APX活性在各品种中均增加,但超氧阴离子含量和H₂O₂含量增加程度与胁迫程度无关。（3）抗旱品种‘底西瑞’在干旱胁迫下的超氧阴离子含量低于干旱敏感品种‘大西洋’,而其POD、CAT和APX活性则高于‘大西洋’; 0.01 mmol·L^-1SNP处理未改变马铃薯叶片中超氧阴离子和H₂O₂含量随土壤水分的变化趋势,但改变了‘大西洋’叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性以及‘底西瑞’叶片中APX活性的变化趋势。（4）外源喷施0.01 mmol·L^-1SNP降低了‘底西瑞’在中度和重度胁迫下以及‘大西洋’在轻度和中度胁迫下超氧阴离子含量,提高了干旱胁迫下‘底西瑞’和‘大西洋’的POD和APX活性。研究表明,POD、CAT和APX可作为马铃薯水分胁迫下的应答以及品种抗旱性的筛选指标,外源SNP可通过诱导增强干旱胁迫下马铃薯的抗氧化酶活性来提高其抗旱性。     

Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Enzymes and Down-Adjustment of Metabolism Level in Mitochondria Associated with Desiccation-Tolerance Acquisition of Maize Embryo

It is a well-known fact that a mature seed can survive losing most of its water, yet how seeds acquire desiccation-tolerance is not well understood. Through sampling maize embryos of different developmental stages and comparatively studying the integrity, oxygen consumption rate and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the mitochondria, the main origin site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in seed cells, we found that before an embryo achieves desiccation-tolerance, its mitochondria shows a more active metabolism, and might produce more ROS and therefore need a more effective ROS scavenging system. However, embryo dehydration in this developmental stage declined the activities of most main antioxidant enzymes and accumulated thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in mitochondria, and then destroyed the structure and functional integrity of mitochondria. In physiologically-matured embryos (dehydration-tolerant), mitochondria showed lower metabolism levels, and no decline in ROS scavenging enzyme activities and less accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products after embryo dehydration. These data indicate that seed desiccation-tolerance acquisition might be associated with down-adjustment of the metabolism level in the late development stage, resulting in less ROS production, and ROS scavenging enzymes becoming desiccation-tolerant and then ensuring the structure and functional integrity of mitochondria.     

Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Enzymes and Down-Adjustment of Metabolism Level in Mitochondria Associated with Desiccation-Tolerance Acquisition of Maize Embryo

It is a well-known fact that a mature seed can survive losing most of its water, yet how seeds acquire desiccation- tolerance is not well understood. Through sampling maize embryos of different developmental stages and comparatively studying the integrity, oxygen consumption rate and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the mitochondria, the main origin site of reactive oxygen species （ROS） production in seed cells, we found that before an embryo achieves desiccation-tolerance, its mitochondria shows a more active metabolism, and might produce more ROS and therefore need a more effective ROS scavenging system. However, embryo dehydration in this developmental stage declined the activities of most main antioxidant enzymes and accumulated thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in mitochondria, and then destroyed the structure and functional integrity of mitochondria. In physiologically-matured embryos （dehydration- tolerant）, mitochondria showed lower metabolism levels, and no decline in ROS scavenging enzyme activities and less accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products after embryo dehydration. These data indicate that seed desiccation- tolerance acquisition might be associated with down-adjustment of the metabolism level in the late development stage, resulting in less ROS production, and ROS scavenging enzymes becoming desiccation-tolerant and then ensuring the structure and functional integrity of mitochondria.