Altérations de la spermiogenèse de Locusta migratoria migratorioïdes après implantation de corps allates et après irradiation

Résumé Une faible dose de rayonnement gamma appliquée à des larves de Locusta migratoria provoque des altérations de la spermiogenèse et entraine la stérilité des mâles. Ces résultats sont comparables à ceux obtenus après implantation des corps allates.Au niveau des organites cellulaires, les altérations morphologiques des spermatides sont semblables dans les deux cas: vacuolisation des mitochondries et transformation du Nebenkern, pycnoses nucléaires, multiplication centriolaire, invagination de la membrane plasmique. Certaines de ces altérations se manifestent tardivement, au moment de la fixation des spermatides sur les cellules pariétales. Celles-ci n'élaborent pas les matériaux de la coiffe des spermatodesmes: leur fonction physiologique est donc également perturbée.Le rapport entre cette altération physiologique et l'évolution anormale des spermatides est envisagé. Le mode d'action de l'hormone juvénile sur la gonade est également discuté.

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Alterations in spermiogenesis of Locusta migratoria migratorioïdes after corpora allata implantation and after irradiation

Summary Low doses of gamma-rays, given to larvae of Locusta migratoria, lead to alteration of spermiogenesis and male sterility. These results are similar to those which follow corpora allata implantation.At cellular level, morphological alterations in spermatids are the same in both treatments: mitochondrial vacuolization, nuclear pycnosis, centriole multiplication, plasmic membrane invagination. Some of these alterations reveal themselves late, at the time the spermatids fix on the parietal cells. These don't elaborate the substances of the spermatodesm's cap: their physiological functions are therefore also disturbed.The relationship beetween this physiological disturbance and abnormal evolution of spermatid are considered and the way in which juvenile hormone acts upon gonads is discussed.

     

Amputation du gland après circoncision

Introduction

Circumcision is still the most commonly performed surgery in our society. It??s often performed by an unlicensed paramedic or even by a traditional practitioner outside the hospital under the non sterile conditions. Although, not technically difficult, circumcision may have serious complications that can endanger the sexuality or even the life of male children. The aim of this study is to emphasize the important problem of glandular amputation after circumcision.

Patients and methods

We report 8 cases of glandular amputation after circumcision performed outside the hospital within traditional methods.

Results

The mean age of these patients was 6 years (3 to 8 years). Glandular amputation occurred during circumcision in 4 cases including that 2 cases with total glandular amputation. On the other cases it was about glandular necrosis caused by inadequate use of electric lancet. An urgent reparation of glans was performed on only 3 cases. On the forth the amputed glans was unrepairable. We noticed only one case on wich glans revascularization succeeded. In case of glandular necrosis, patients consulted after 3 days. The treatment consisted of meatoplasty.

Conclusion

Glandular amputation is a rare but very severe complication of circumcision because it endangers the future sexuality of the child. So, the operation should be performed by educated and experienced personnel.     

Nouveau système de marquage chromosomique: les bandes T

Two new techniques of controlled thermic denaturation are described. They especially show a staining of some terminal regions of chromosomes (terminal bands or T bands). — The application of these techniques to translocations, hardly analysable by the other banding techniques, allow the precise location of juxtatelomeric break points.     

Synthèse d'ARN et de protéines dans des disques de patte de drosophile cultivés in vitro

Résumé Des disques imaginaux de patte, prélevés dans des larves de fin de 3e stade de drosophile, ont été cultivés dans le milieu M de Mandaron, en l'absence d'hormone ou en présence soit d'- soit de -ecdysone. L'incorporation de précurseurs marqués (³H-uridine,³H-leucine ou³H-proline) a été étudiée en fonction du stade de développement des disques.En l'absence d'hormone de mue, l'incorporation d'uridine décroît dès que les disques ont été explantés; l'incorporation de leucine et de proline ne décroît que 6 à 12 heures après l'explantation.- et -ecdysone stimulent l'incorporation des trois précurseurs; toutefois celle-ci varie en fonction du développement morphologique du disque.Les maxima et les minima d'incorporation d'uridine précèdent dans le temps ceux de la leucine et de la proline.Les maxima d'incorporation peuvent être mis en rapport avec des évènements morphologiques marquants du développement: évagination, sécrétion des cuticules nymphale et maginale.Il n'y a pas de différences significatives d'incorporation d'uridine en présence d'-ecdysone ou de -ecdysone; en revanche les maxima d'incorporation de leucine et de proline sont plus élevés en présence d'-ecdysone que de -ecdysone.Ces résultats montrent que l'-ecdysone—et à un degré moindre la -ecdysone—peuvent induire les synthèses de macromolécules nécessaires au développement des appendices in vitro.

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RNA and protein synthesis inDrosophila leg discs cultured in vitro

Summary Imaginal leg discs from late third instarDrosophila larvae were cultured in Mandaron's medium without hormone or with -ecdysone or -ecdysone. Incorporation of labelled precursors (tritiated uridine, tritiated leucine or tritiated proline) was studied as a function of the stage of in vitro disc development.In the absence of moulting hormone, uridine incorporation decreased as soon as the discs were explanted; leucine and proline incorporation however began to decrease only after 6 to 12 h.- and -ecdysone stimulated the incorporation of all three precursors; however the rate of the incorporation varied as a function of the morphological disc development.The maxima and minima of uridine incorporation preceeded in time those of proline and leucine incorporation.The peaks of incorporation were coincident with salient morphological events of development: evagination, secretion of pupal and imaginal cuticles.There were no significant differences in uridine incorporation in the presence of -ecdysone or -ecdysone. Leucine and proline incorporation maxima however were significantly higher in the presence of -ecdysone than of -ecdysone.The results show that -ecdysone—and to a lesser extent also -ecdysone—can induce the macromolecular syntheses required for the development of the appendage in vitro.

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Ce travail a été réalisé avec l'aide du CNRS (Action thématique programmée «Différenciation cellulaire», contrat n^o A 6554324)

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Ce mémoire représente une partie de la thèse qui sera soutenue par l'auteur devant l'Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble     

Fertilité après cancer du testicule

Objectives

To study the fertility of patients treated for testicular cancer and to identify predictive factors of infertility after treatment.

Material and Methods

314 men with germ cell tumor, followed by the CECOS Midi-Pyrénées center between 1978 and 1998, were included in the study. They were evaluated retrospectively and interviewed by a mailed questionnaire concerning their reproductive history. If they failed to respond to the questionnaire, they were contacted twice by mail, and once by telephone. The response rate was 92%.

Results

The reproductive history of 277 men was known: 138 men had tried to have a child. 91 (66%) succeeded and 47 (34%) failed to achieve a “spontaneous” pregnancy. Age greater than 25 (p<0.004), a history of undescended testis, and a sperm count lower than 10 million per ml were inversely correlated with fertility (p<0.004, p<0.01, p<0.0001, respectively). However, no relationship was found between radiotherapy or chemotherapy and fertility after treatment.

Conclusion

Men treated for testicular cancer are at high risk of infertility. We identified various prognostic factors for fertility after treatment for testicular cancer: radiotherapy and chemotherapy had no significant effect on fertility.     

Extrusion de chromatine dans le cytoplasme deChara vulgaris L. après irradiation

Zusammenfassung Dic Vermehrung der Chromatinmasse im Cytoplasma der neugebildeten internodialen Zellen derChara vulgaris wird beschrieben und in ihrer Abhängigkeit von induzierten Änderungen im endomitotischen Prozeß besprochen.     

Les communautés lombriciennes 120 ans après la restauration forestière de sols érodés sur marnes

One hundred and twenty years after restoration of badlands by reforestation with Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. nigra, the analysis of the soils on marls of the Saignon experimental watershed (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) demonstrates the potentialities and the driving forces behind the distribution of earthworms in the main site types. The communities are young, and density and biomass are low to normal (up to 49 individuals and 27 g·m⁻², respectively) for these low productivity pine woods. Two main site-directed trajectories would lead marls to a mixed species association: the first one is initiated by the epi-anecic behaviour of Lumbricus terrestris L. in xeric conditions (south-oriented slope, thin soil); the second is initiated by Octolasion cyaneum Sav. (north-oriented slope).     

Les fistules péniennes après circoncision: A propos de 20 observations

Complications of traditional circumcision are very common. Their treatment is uneasy. We have performed a retrospective study including 20 cases of urethral fistula. Mean age was 4 years (ranged 2–12 years). They were referred to us in a mean time of 2 years. The main clinical outcome was penopreputial urethral fistula. 14 patients underwent uretrorraphy with end to end suture while 6 had a one-stage penile cutaneous stand flap. The results were good in 11 cases. 5 patients had recurrence of the fistula and 4 were suffering from dysuria. Need for more attention during homeostasis and preputial dissection owing to the difficulties of surgical treatment of such lesions.     

Toxinogenèse in vitro d'Aspergillus du groupe fumigatus. Production de fumitoxines

A new class of mycotoxins has been characterized from a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus: the fumitoxins A, B, C and D. The in vitro production of these metabolites is studied. Fumitoxins are common in cultures extracts of most strains of A. fumigatus. They are not detected from A. fischeri. Variations of the levels of these products during the incubation of cultures, and also by using different media, are noted. At all events, the toxicity of crude extracts of the mould, for the chick embryo, is equal to the one of the fumitoxins.

     

Effet des variations de volume plasmatique sur les paramètres sanguins après une succession d’exercices de longue durée

Abstract

To compare plasmaic concentrations when measured and corrected for variations in plasma volume.

Methods

Plasma urea, Testosterne, Protids and Ferritin concentrations were measured and corrected before the tour de France (A), after 3 days cycling (B), after 11 days cycling and 36h of rest (C), after 17 days cycling and 36h of rest (D).

Results

On C period, when testosterone and protids value were adjusted for variations in plasma volume, their concentration no demonstrated still significant changes.     

Rétablissement du cytoplasme et de la force motrice au cours de la restauration de la cyclose chezNitella après irradiation

Résumé En irradiant (500 kR) une fraction seulement du volume cellulaire de la cellule internodale deNitella, il est possible de distinguer au cours des phénomènes de restauration du mouvement cytoplasmique ceux qui dépendent de Pendoplasme (observation de la cyclose dans la zone protégée) et ceux qui dépendent de l'ectoplasme siège de la force motrice (observation de la cyclose dans la zone irradiée).Dans la zone protégée, la vitesse de la fraction endoplasmique irradiée se rétablit en fonction du temps suivant une équation du second ordre. L'augmentation du volume irradié diminue la rapidité du premier des deux processus de restauration et la quantité d'endoplasme qui reste altérée s'accroît.Dans la zone irradiée, le courant cytoplasmique est suspendu; il ne reprend que 4 minutes après le traitement alors que la couche chloroplastique se réorganise. Le glissement des inclusions qu'il charrie se fait un certain temps par saccades. La vitesse de la fraction endoplasmique protégée y augmente régulièrement témoignant ainsi du rétablissement de la force motrice. Le rétablissement a lieu suivant un schéma analogue à celui de Pendoplasme irradié sauf que ce phénomène y est plus rapide et que la force motrice du moins pendant les premières heures se rétablit intégralement. Ces résultats sont discutés (rôle des groupes SH, effet indirect d'empoisonnement, nature des lésions) et comparés à ceux obtenus pour des cellules irradiées in toto.

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Cytoplasm and motive force separated recovery during the re-establishment of the gyclosis in irradiatedNitella cells

Summary In these experiments onNitella internodal cells, only a fraction of the cellular volume is irradiated (by 500 kR). The restoring of the endoplasm (by measurement of the cyclosis in the shielded zone) and the restoring of the ectoplasm where the motive force is generated (by measurement of the cyclosis in the irradiated zone) can be examinated separately during the recovery of the cytoplasmic streaming.In the shielded zone, the plot on a semi-logarithmic scale of a typical rate of streaming-time curve shows that the speed of the irradiated endoplasm. increases again according to a second order equation. With increasing irradiated cellular volume, there are a gradual slowing down of the first processus of restauration and an increase of the definitively altered fraction of the endoplasm.In the irradiated zone, the cytoplasmic streaming stopped completely. About 4 minutes after the treatment, when the chloroplasts layer is reorganising, it exhibits a tendency to flow again. The carried inclusions slide then in jerks during several minutes. The rate of the protected fraction of the endoplasm increases regularly, proving the recovery of the motive force. An analysis of this processus versus time shows that it can be exprimed by a second order equation as that of the irradiated endoplasm. But it is faster and the motive force resumes until full recovery (at least during the first hours).These results are discussed (importance of SH-groups, indirect poisoning effect, kind of lesions) and compared with those observed in completely irradiated cells.