RAPD技术在果树遗传育种研究中的应用

介绍了RAPD技术在果树品种鉴定和分类、系谱分析、构建遗传图谱、杂种鉴定与突变体检测等遗传育种研究领域中的应用,并对该技术在使用中存在的问题及应用前景进行探讨。     

果树对水分胁迫反应研究进展(综述)

综述近十多年果树对水分胁迫反应的研究进展。对果树在水分胁迫下叶片、根系的形态和显微结构的变化以及气孔反应、光合作用、水势变化、碳水化合物代谢、矿质营养、活性氧代谢、多胺代谢、内源激素、脯氨酸和甜菜碱等生理生化指标的反应作了全面的阐述。     

福建平和果树冻害调查

本文分析了1999年12月福建平和出现严重冻害的气象特点,调查全县亚热带、热带果树的冻害情况及影响冻害程度的因素,并提出冻后的管理措施。     

RAPD技术在果树种质资源研究中的应用（综述）

PAPD技术具有快速、方便、灵敏度高、检测容易的优点,在颗树种质资源及育种中应用潜力颇大。本文综述为RAPD技术在颗树种质资源中的应用状况。     

RAPD技术在果树上的应用(综述)

本文综述RAPD技术的基本原理、特点及在果树品种鉴定、系谱分析、遗传作图、基因定位、育种等方面的应用,并对RAPD技术存在的问题进行讨论.     

Studies on host preference and its biological effects on the red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in Egypt The fruit trees

A comparative bioassay (choice or non-choice) was developed to evaluate the efficacy of different species of fruit trees as alternative host plants on the morphological and biological aspects of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and also the latent effect of feeding the larvae on pupal and adult stages. Highly significant differences exist between averages of larval body weight of R. ferrugineus larvae fed on fruit trees. The lowest average of larval weight occurred in the larvae fed on the pieces of sour orange, mandarin followed by olive and lime trees. A small increase in body weight appeared in larvae fed on mango, fig and guava in comparison with those fed on date palm trees (control). The larval mortality reached the highest percentages (100%) by obligatory feeding of R. ferrugineus insects on olive, lime, sour orange and mandarin followed by mango (97%) and guava (96%) compared with control (0%), respectively. The latent effect of obligatory feeding on the larvae of R. ferrugineus was highly decreased during pupation (4%, 4% and 8%) when the insect fed on mango, guava and fig, compared with 100% pupation in the case of larvae fed on ornamental palm or date palm, respectively. Most pupae resulting from the treated larvae by R. ferrugineus failed in adult emergence especially those insects fed on olive, lime, sour orange and mandarin trees compared to untreated insects (95.6–96.2%), respectively. Data also proved that if an insect is forced to feed on a non-preferred host plant, this results in death of the insect often during the larval stage, a decrease of pupation or failure of adult emergence. These results led to the conclusion that mango, fig, and guava trees are believed to be vulnerable hosts for red weevil attack. The lowest percentage of food consumption appeared in those larvae fed on mandarin, sour orange, lime and olive trees compared with those fed on palm. The present results emphasise the need to test the efficiency of the compounds extracted from these host plants if it is considered as an insecticide or an alternative host protectant for management of the red palm weevil R. ferrugineus.     

Quantifying sink and source limitations on dry matter partitioning to fruit growth in peach trees

We describe an approach for determining the degree of sink and source limitations on peach ( Prunus persica L. Batsch) fruit growth during several growth periods. Source limitations on fruit growth may be due to either a shortfall in assimilate supply within the tree (supply limitation) or to a deficiency in the capacity of the translocation system to deliver assimilates in sufficient quantity to support the maximum fruit growth rate (transport/competition limitation). To ascertain the potential maximum rate of fruit growth, fruit thinning treatments were used. One month after bloom, the number of fruits per tree was adjusted to between 50 and 700 on an early and a late maturing peach cultivar (cvs Spring Lady and Cal Red, respectively). Rates of potential sink demand, potential source supply and actual fruit growth were estimated from sequential harvests of all fruits on 42 trees on two (Spring Lady) and three (Cal Red) dates. These values were used to estimate the proportion of potential growth achieved, and the supply and transport/competition limitations on fruit growth. The results indicated that source limitations were significant on trees with moderate to high fruit numbers. These source limitations were due to supply limitations during all harvest intervals and to transport/competition limitations during the early harvest intervals. Sink limitations occurred to the greatest extent during the mid-period of fruit growth on the later maturing cultivar.     

我国落叶果树叶螨种群演变和防控技术的变化

60年来我国落叶果树叶螨的种群演变反映了果树害虫防治体系的变迁,从而窥见我国果树病虫害防治技术的进步。果树叶螨种群的变化与果园病虫害防治方法及药剂种类的变化有明显的相关性,建议果园管理者一定要合理使用化学农药,积极使用生物农药、植物源农药及矿物源农药,促进果树生产健康、可持续地发展。     

不同品种苹果树内生细菌群落多样性及功能

【背景】目前苹果树内生细菌的研究较多,但对不同品种苹果树内生细菌群落多样性分析比较的相关报道还较少。【目的】通过分析比较新疆本地和吉尔吉斯斯坦引进的8个不同品种苹果树内生细菌群落多样性的差异,可以充分挖掘其蕴含的丰富微生物资源。【方法】采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分别测定不同品种苹果树内生细菌群落16S rRNA基因V3-V4区序列并进行生物信息学分析。【结果】不同品种苹果树中获得的V3-V4区有效序列数在61487-71583条之间,聚成24-92个操作分类单元(operationaltaxonomicunit,OTU),Shannon指数和Simpson指数分别在0.729-1.177和0.265-0.457之间,新疆本地品种的苹果树内生细菌种类和多样性高于吉尔吉斯斯坦品种。内生细菌种群分析结果表明,变形菌门和放线菌门的OTU总计分别覆盖了不同品种苹果树内生细菌的61.16%-97.08%,为苹果树的主要优势细菌门。优势细菌属数目、组成及其丰度随苹果品种的不同而有所差异。马赛菌属(Massilia)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)的总丰度最高,其丰度分别在6.06%-71.3...     

影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。     

MicroRNAs in alcoholic liver disease: Recent advances and future applications

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by hepatocyte damage, inflammatory cell activation, and increased intestinal permeability leading to the clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis. Selected members of the family of microRNAs (miRNAs) are affected by alcohol, resulting in an abnormal miRNA profile in the liver and circulation in ALD. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs that regulate inflammation, lipid metabolism and promote cancer are affected by excessive alcohol administration in mouse models of ALD. This communication highlights recent findings in miRNA expression and functions as they relate to the pathogenesis of ALD. The cell-specific distribution of miRNAs, as well as the significance of circulating extracellular miRNAs, is discussed as potential biomarkers. Finally, the prospects of miRNA-based therapies are evaluated in ALD.     

Apple and peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexanoate attract female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta, in the laboratory

Volatiles emitted from immature and mature peach and apple fruits were all attractive to mated female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in a dual choice arena. Females did not discriminate between odours emitted by these two major host plants. The same natural blends were behaviourally ineffective for virgin females. A major component of apple fruit volatiles, butyl hexanoate, also attracted female C. molesta. Mated females were attracted to two medium dosages, while virgin females responded positively to the lowest of the five dosages tested. The time course of the captures of the moths shows a diurnal activity cycle known from the field. The possible implications of a semiochemical which attracts females are discussed in the context of previous findings that gravid females may immigrate from peaches into apple orchards particularly in the later phase of the season.     

Endogenous polyamines in apple and their relationship to fruit set and fruit growth

The distribution of free and bound polyamines was investigated from blooming until harvest on flower, fruitlets and fruits of Malus domestica Borkh cv. Golden Delicious, Relationships between polyamines and fruit set and growth were also investigated. The level of free polyamines was high only during the first weeks after full bloom and then decreased gradually. The amount of bound trichloroacetic acid-insoluble polyamines was much higher than free polyamines. Bound spermine in particular showed a high value for almost 40 days after full bloom, while spermidine and putrescine were no longer detectable even a few days after full bloom.
In relation to fruit set, it was possible to observe that abscission peaks took place when free polyamine levels were low or decreasing. Insofar as fruit growth is concerned, the most substantial variations in polyamine levels occurred very early in the season when fruit dry weight and protein amount were also changing rapidly and fruit diameter was almost impossible to measure.     

福建省果树寒(冻)害短期精细预报预警技术

根据福建省68个气象站1963-2008年冬季气候资料,利用数理统计和GIS方法,对福建省果树寒(冻)害短期精细预报预警技术进行了研究.结果表明:福建省果树寒(冻)害预警期为12月上旬-翌年2月中旬,预警关键期为12月中旬-翌年1月中旬;利用逐步回归建立的福州、厦门和邵武3个探空站日最低气温短期预报模型,经差值法移植后,可以用于全省各气象台站日最低气温短期预报;建立各气象台站日最低气温与经度、纬度、海拔高度的地理关系推算模型,利用GIS制作日最低气温预报分布图,可以开展日最低气温空间精细预报;结合荔枝、龙眼、香蕉等南亚热带果树寒(冻)害指标,对果树寒(冻)害的发生、发展和范围进行短期预报预警;2009年利用差值移植法开展各气象站最低气温(t_d)的短期预报:≤1℃的预报准确率为58.3%,≤1.5℃的预报准确率为83.3%,≤2℃的预报准确率为91.7%;短期预报模型具有一定的预报能力,能作为冬季低温定量预报方法.

Abstract：

Based on the 1963-2008 meteorological data from 68 weather stations in Fujian Province,and by using mathematic statistics and GIS technique,the short-term subtle forecast and early warming methods for cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees in the province were approached.The forecast period for cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees was from early December to next early February,and the key period for warning low temperature was from mid December to next mid January.The short-term forecast equations for the minimum daytime temperature in Fuzhou,Xiamen,and Shaowu were established by stepwise regression analysis,which could be used for the forecast of short-term minimum temperature by all of the meteorological observation stations in Fujian Province by means of differential algorithms.Based on the data of longitude,latitude,and altitude,the geographical relational prediction model of the minimum daytime temperature was established,and the distribution map of forecasted low temperature was drawn with GIS technology,which could subtly forecast the minimum daytime temperature of whole Fujian Province.In combining with the cold (freezing) damage indices of fruit trees such as litchi,longan,and banana in southern subtropical monsoon climate zone,the forecast information of warning cold (freezing) damage of fruit trees were popularized,and the occurrence,development,and range of cold (freezing) damage for fruit trees were forecasted in short-term.By means of differential algorithms,the short-term minimum temperature was forecasted by all weather stations in the Province in 2009,and the forecast accuracy of ≤1 ℃,≤1.5 ℃,and ≤2 ℃was 58.3%,83.3%,and 91.7%,respectively.It could be seen that our short-term forecast model possessed a certain forecast capability,and could be used for the quantificational forecasting of low temperature in winter.     

果树营养液对苹果外部形态、生理及其品质的影响

在果树休眠期,通过主干注射果树营养液替代果园土壤施肥,对苹果外部形态、果实品质及其生理作用影响进行了研究。结果表明,萌芽期提前,花期早而且盛花期花朵开放整剂稳定;萌芽率、成花率、成枝率提高;果树根系鲜重和数量显著增加,其中20－40cm土层中增长最为显著;叶片的光合速率和叶绿素（a b）含量也大幅度上升;果实品质明显改善,产量增加。从总体看,果树营养注射液有广阔的发展前景和推广价值。     

Comparative analysis of peach and pear fruit volatiles attractive to the oriental fruit moth,Cydia molesta

Cydia molesta is an important pest of peach and pear fruits late in growing season. We identified and quantified volatiles from immature and mature fruits of peach and pear using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antennally, active compounds were identified by gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection and were further tested in the field. Consistent electroantennographic activity was obtained for nine compounds from headspace collections of the mature fruits of two peach and two pear varieties. Esters were the major components, but qualitative and quantitative differences were found among four odor profiles. Blends mimicking pear fruit volatiles were more attractive to both sexes than blends mimicking peach fruit volatiles in both orchards. Our finding indicated that mixtures mimicking peach and pear fruit volatiles attracted both females and males of C. molesta, and these host volatiles may also be involved in the host switch behavior from peach to pear in mid-late season.     

Nutrient reserves in roots of fruit trees,in particular carbohydrates and nitrogen

Summary In trees, nutrient reserves built up in the previous year are of primary importance for early spring growth. Despite the relatively great importance of roots for nutrient storage, the root system should not be regarded as a special storage organ. Quantitatively, carbohydrates predominate in these reserves, but qualitatively N and other minerals are of more than minor significance. In roots carbohydrates are usually stored in insoluble form, mainly as starch; sorbitol is the predominant soluble compound in apple and peach. For nitrogen reserves, the soluble form predominates in roots, especially arginine in apple and peach, followed by asparagine. The level of reserves usually becomes maximal early in the winter. During leafing-out the reserves are drawn on until, later in the season, the supply of newly produced or absorbed nutrients exceeds the demand and replenishment occurs. The initial carbohydrate reserves do not determine the amount of new growth, whereas reserve nitrogen is of decisive importance for shoot growth vigour. Environmental factors such as light intensity and temperature affect the level of carbohydrates in roots; the concentration can be reduced by defoliation and summer pruning and increased by ample supply of nitrogen fertilizer in the autumn. The main cultural factors that influence nitrogen reserves are the amount and the time of nitrogen fertilization.     

Two different PCR approaches for universal diagnosis of brown rot and identification of Monilinia spp. in stone fruit trees

AIMS: To design a protocol for the universal diagnosis of brown rot by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in plant material and subsequently Monilinia spp. identification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Primers for discrimination of Monilinia spp. from other fungal genera by PCR were designed following a ribosomal DNA analysis. Discrimination among species of Monilinia was subsequently achieved by developing primers using SCAR (Sequence Characterised Amplified Region) markers obtained after a random amplified polymorphic DNA study. In addition, an internal control (IC) based on the utilization of a mimic plasmid was designed to be used in the diagnostic protocol of brown rot to recognize false negatives due to the inhibition of PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The four sets of primers designed allowed detection and discrimination of all Monilinia spp. causing brown rot in fruit trees. Addition of an IC in each PCR reaction performed increased the reliability of the diagnostic protocol. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The detection protocol presented here, that combined a set of universal primers and the inclusion of the plasmid pGMON as an IC for diagnosis of all Monilinia spp., and three sets of primers to discriminate the most important species of Monilinia, could be an useful and valuable tool for epidemiological studies. The method developed could be used in programmes to avoid the spread and introduction of this serious disease in new areas.