Revision and description of water boatmen from the Middle-Upper Jurassic of Northern and Northeastern China (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Corixidae)

Four adult and immature water boatmen from the Middle Jurassic and uppermost Middle Jurassic or lowermost Upper Jurassic Jiulongshan, Haifanggou and Daohugou formations in the northern and northeastern China are described as Yanliaocorixa chinensis (Lin, 1976), Jiulongshanocorixa genuina gen. et sp. nov., and Daohugocorixa vulcanica gen. et sp. nov., referred to the extinct subfamily Velocorixinae, and Karataviella popovi sp. nov., referred to the extant subfamily Diaprepocorinae. All the forms have previously been identified as one species, Yanliaocorixa chinensis. This species, found only in the Haifanggou Formation, is absent from the Jiulongshan Formation and other sites in China. The systematic position of corixids recorded earlier from the Mesozoic of China is reviewed and reassessed. Assemblages of dominant aquatic insects from various Jurassic nonmarine sedimentary basins in northern and northeastern China are described for the first time. They are entirely different between the Jiulongshan, Haifanggou, and Daohugou formations. The first formation is probably older than the other two.     

THE DISCOVERY OF THE GENUS SHELFORDIA CAMERON (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONTOAE: BRACONINAE) IN CHINA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES

The genus Shelfordia is discovered in China for the first time, and one new species of this genus (S. chinensis sp. nov.) is fully described and illustrated in the present paper. The type specimen is deposited in the Parasitic Hymenoptera Collection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.     

Areas of China predicted to have a suitable climate for Anoplophora chinensis under a climate‐warming scenario

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an A1 class quarantine pest, native to China, Japan, and North Korea. The A. chinensis outbreak in China has severely affected the local environment and economic development. This study investigates potential areas in China with suitable climate for A. chinensis using historical climate data (1971–2000) and future climate‐warming estimates generated by CLIMEX1.1. These future estimates are based on simulated climate data (2010–2039) provided by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (TYN SC 2.0). The results suggest that a wide area of China will have a climate suitable for A. chinensis, and every province may contain some suitable areas for this pest. The predicted areas are distributed primarily in central and southern China, with an estimated distribution range of 18.2–49.5°N and 81.3–135.0°E. Using a global‐warming scenario and predictions based on historical climate data, the areas in China with a climate generally suitable for A. chinensis are predicted to decline, whereas the areas that are highly suitable for A. chinensis are predicted to expand particularly to the northeast and northwest. The estimated distribution range covered 18.2–49.1°N and 73.6–135.0°E. Anoplophora chinensis hosts grow in much of China; therefore, the pest could possibly establish this entire predicted area. These results support enhanced quarantine and control measures combined with stronger monitoring systems to prevent the spread and export of A. chinensis.     

开口箭基因组中微卫星特征分析与分子标记开发

开口箭(Tupistra chinensis Baker)为百合科(Liliaceae)开口箭属(Tupistra Ker-Gawl)多年生草本植物,其野生资源稀少,为中国珍稀药用植物。该研究基于第二代测序技术首次建立了开口箭的基因组文库与微卫星文库,对开口箭的微卫星组成进行了特征分析,开发了开口箭SSR引物一套,并对开口箭及其近缘种进行了PCR扩增与聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测。结果表明:(1)通过对开口箭基因组测序与拼接得到23 362条基因序列,检测出微卫星位点1 465个,其中单核苷酸重复最多,二核苷酸重复长度变异最大。(2)所设计的52对微卫星引物中有14对扩增出的条带清晰且多态性丰富,每个位点的复等位基因数(Na)在2~4之间,平均为3.00;多态性信息含量(PIC)在0.336 9~0.785 6,平均为0.546 3。(3)用筛选出13对多态性引物对6个开口箭近缘种,长柱开口箭(Tupistra grandistigma)、筒花开口箭(Tupistra delavayi)、弯蕊开口箭(Tupistra wattii)、剑叶开口箭(Tupistra ensifolia)、吉祥草(Reineckia carnea)和万年青(Rohdea japonica)进行通用性检测,结果大部分引物均能在开口箭的近缘种中成功扩增,通用率较高。该研究所开发的开口箭微卫星分子标记为开展开口箭的遗传多样性研究及种质资源鉴定奠定了基础。     

The occurrence of leafminers and their parasitoids on vegetables and weeds in Hangzhou area, Southeast China

Leafminers are the mostimportant insect pests of vegetables inHangzhou area, Zhejiang province, SoutheastChina as well as in the rest of China, but havenever been investigated for speciescomposition, relative abundance and theirassociated parasitoids. A survey was conductedin four localities of Hangzhou area during 1998–2000to determine the distribution ofleafminers and their parasitoids on vegetablecrops and weeds in the field. Over 20,000leafminers were collected and reared. Theleafminer species found were Liriomyzasativae, L. chinensis and Chromatomyia horticola, with C.horticola and L. sativae the mostabundant in spring and autumn, respectively.About 11,000 parasitoid adults were reared fromthe leafminers collected. In total 14hymenopteran species of four families (onebraconid, 10 eulophids, one megaspilid and onepteromalid) were found. Eleven species werereared from C. horticola, nine from L. sativae and seven from L. chinensis.Opius caricivorae and Chrysocharispentheus were the dominant species. Sevenspecies were recorded from L. chinensisfor the first time. Eleven parasitoid specieswere reared from leafminers on two weeds (Veronica undulata and Sonchusoleraceus). Parasitoids caused 48.5–68.8%parasitism on leafminers on crops and 83.7%parasitism on leafminers on weeds in the latergrowing season of vegetable crops. The resultssuggest that leafminer populations areregulated to a certain extent by their naturalenemies in the field.     

广西禾本科植物二新记录属

该文报道了广西禾本科(Poaceae)植物二新记录属,即菵草属( Beckmannia Host)和草沙蚕属( Tripogon Roem. et Schult.)。菵草属有2种及1变种,分布较广,我国有1种1变种,广西首次记录到该属的菵草[ Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.]。草沙蚕属约有30种,多分布于亚洲和非洲,我国有11种,广西首次记录到该属的线形草沙蚕( Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Steud.)。同时,还提供了2个新记录属、种的形态描述与照片。     

高褶石仙桃，中国兰科一新记录种

报道了中国兰科植物一新记录种：高褶石仙桃[Pholidota advena（Par. & Rchb. f.） Hook. f.],并提供了描述与图片。该种与石仙桃（P. chinensis Lindl.）相似,但下唇具3~5个明显隆起的片状脊以及上唇有3个波浪状龙骨一直向顶端延伸汇合。     

Genomic analyses provide insights into the polyploidization-driven herbicide adaptation in Leptochloa weeds

Polyploidy confers a selective advantage under stress conditions; however, whether polyploidization mediates enhanced herbicide adaptation remains largely unknown. Tetraploid Leptochloa chinensis is a notorious weed in the rice ecosystem, causing severe yield loss in rice. In China, L. chinensis has only one sister species, the diploid L. panicea, whose damage is rarely reported. To gain insights into the effects of polyploidization on herbicide adaptation, we first assembled a high-quality genome of L. panicea and identified genome structure variations with L. chinensis. Moreover, we identified herbicide-resistance genes specifically expanded in L. chinensis, which may confer a greater herbicide adaptability in L. chinensis. Analysis of gene retention and loss showed that five herbicide target-site genes and several herbicide nontarget-site resistance gene families were retained during polyploidization. Notably, we identified three pairs of polyploidization-retained genes including LcABCC8, LcCYP76C1 and LcCYP76C4 that may enhance herbicide resistance. More importantly, we found that both copies of LcCYP76C4 were under herbicide selection during the spread of L. chinensis in China. Furthermore, we identified another gene potentially involved in herbicide resistance, LcCYP709B2, which is also retained during polyploidization and under selection. This study provides insights into the genomic basis of the enhanced herbicide adaptability of Leptochloa weeds during polyploidization and provides guidance for the precise and efficient control of polyploidy weeds.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptocarya chinensis</Emphasis> in lower subtropical China

We report on the isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite markers from repetitive DNA enriched libraries for Cryptocarya chinensis from lower subtropical China. These are the first microsatellite loci reported for Cryptocarya species. The number of alleles ranged from three to nine. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0518 to 0.9910 and 0.5241 to 0.7935 for polymorphic loci, respectively. These markers will allow analyses of the baseline genetic variability and population structure of C. chinensis to enrich our scientific understanding of forest fragmentation on genetic health of this species and provide strategies for effective conservation and management in this area.     

Microsatellite loci from Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Taxaceae), an endangered and economically important tree species in China

Taxus chinensis var. mairei is an endangered and economically important tree species in China. Four polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and characterized using the fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Polymorphism of each locus was quantified for five natural populations from Hubei Province, China. The number of alleles per locus varied from 6 to 24. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.493–1.000 and 0.440–0.845, respectively. These are the first microsatellites reported for the family of Taxaceae and will be helpful for the ongoing population and conservation genetics research of Taxus chinensis var. mairei.     

中华稻蝗长沙种群的生活史及其卵滞育的进化意义

中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis为重要的水稻害虫,在我国除青海、西藏、新疆、内蒙古等未见报道外,南起海南北至东北均有分布,在许多的分布区域1年发生1代。为探索中华稻蝗长沙种群的生活史及其季节适应特征,通过野外和实验室的研究,调查了其发生代数、孵化率和卵滞育率的季节变化及越冬卵的存活率。结果显示,中华稻蝗长沙种群为1年2代和1年1代混合发生:第1代卵产卵后大部分孵化为若虫而1年完成2代,但亦有19.4% -4.1%的卵不孵化而1年只能完成1世代。第1代成虫于6月上旬至8月上旬羽化,6月下旬至8月中旬产卵;第2代若虫于7月初开始孵化,9-10月羽化为成虫,10月上旬至11月下旬产卵。在室外自然条件下,中华稻蝗长沙种群6-8月(第1代)和10-11月(第2代)所产卵块均为部分滞育,滞育率为30%左右,皆无显著差异。然而,其卵滞育率在12月以后显著降低,仅为6.6%或以下,卵滞育快速地得以解除。因此,包括非滞育卵和滞育解除卵,中华稻蝗长沙种群的越冬卵皆以非滞育状态度过其后的寒冷季节。即使是遭遇长江流域2007年末至 2008年初异常寒冷的冬季,在长沙地区越冬后其卵的存活率亦在98%以上。非滞育状态的中华稻蝗长沙种群越冬卵完全能安全地越冬,其滞育的发生并非是为了提高其耐寒性而安全度过不适环境。并探讨了中华稻蝗长沙种群卵滞育的进化意义。     

Length–weight relationships of three fish species from Liaodong Bay,Bohai Sea,China

Length–weight relationships (LWRs) in the present study were determined for three fish species: Collichthys niveatus Jordan & Starks, 1906; Ctenotrypauchen chinensis Steindachner, 1867 and Liparis tanakae (Gilbert & Burke, 1912), collected from Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, China using bottom trawl nets from June to August 2014. The b parameters in the fitted LWRs for the three fish species were 2.882, 2.991 and 3.353, respectively. A new maximum total length (15.6 cm) for C. chinensis was recorded. The LWRs for the three fish species are first reported in FishBase.     

Responses of saltcedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix chinensis</Emphasis>) to water table depth and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta,China

Significant studies about Tamarix chinensis as an introduced invasive plant species have been implemented in North America. However, the response of native T. chinensis to its environment is not well known in China. T. chinensis is a useful species in preventing sea water intrusion in coastal areas of northern China. It is necessary to fully understand the relationships between environmental conditions and ecological characteristics of this species to better preserve its habitats. The Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, one of the major distribution regions of T. chinensis, was then selected as a case study area to investigate the response of this species to water table depth and soil salinity (Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺). It was found that sites with shallow water table depths (less than 1.5 m) and low soil salinity (less than 30 psu), provided the best habitat conditions for T. chinensis. The results also showed that plant height, stem diameter, and crown width were all positively correlated to plant age, while they had negative correlations with water table depth. Negative correlations between plant height and soil salinity, plant stem diameter and soil salinity were also concluded. However, no obvious relationship between the crown breadth of T. chinensis and soil salinity was observed. Four types of T. chinensis habitats were obtained based on the ecological characteristics of T. chinensis individuals associated with soil salinity and water table depth, i.e., (1) Low water table with high soil salinity; (2) Deep water table with high soil salinity; (3) Deep water table with low soil salinity; (4) Inundation with low salinity. These results provide a sound basis for wetland management in the Yellow River Delta.     

Thalassomonhystera traesti n.sp., Eumonhystera andrassyi and three Monhystrella species (Monhysteridae: Nematoda) from Li River, China

A new Thalassomonhystera species, i.e. T. traesti n.sp., and a new subspecies, Monhystrella lepidura chinensis n. subsp., together with Eumonhystera andrassyi (Biró, 1969) Andrássy, 1981, Monhystrella macrura (de Man, 1880) Andrássy, 1981 and Monhystrella iranica Schiemer, 1965 are described from Li River at Guiling, China. Thalassomonhystera traesti n.sp. is characterised by a combination of the following characters: expanded lip region, large and anteriorly situated amphids, prominent inner labial sensilla, and slender spicules and tube-like gubernaculum in males. Monhystrella lepidura chinensis n. subsp. belongs to Monhystrella lepidura (Andrássy, 1963) Andrássy, 1968 but differs from the three hitherto described subspecies in its possession of a pharynx that posteriorly expands into a double bulb. Monhystrella macrura, M. iranica and Eumonhystera andrassyiare reported here for the first time from China.     

Competitive relationships between two contrasting but coexisting grasses

Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev and Phragmites communis Trin. are co-dominant grasses in both nutrient-poor and rich steppes in the Songnen Plains of northeastern China. A replacement series experiment was conducted along a five-level nutrient gradient to test for changes in the competitive relationships of the species with nutrient availability. There were significant effects of nutrient level and species proportion on mean plant height, biomass and rhizome length. Facilitation was found in these plant attributes for both species when grown in mixture compared with monoculture, especially at high nutrient levels. For example, L. chinensis grew taller and intercepted more light when in mixture. The aboveground dominance of P. communis did not decrease in mixture, possibly because it benefited from belowground interactions with L. chinensis. Biomass allocation was apparently influenced by both above and belowground competition. For example, L. chinensis allocated much more biomass to shoots and less to roots when neighbor number was increased, suggesting that aboveground competition occurred. Root: shoot ratios of L. chinensis in monoculture decreased gradually with increasing nutrient availability, whereas the ratio in mixture declined rapidly, implying intense competition for light at high levels. Our results support the hypothesis that nutrient competition is more important than light competition when soil nutrients are scarce. Although the interactions between these species benefit both, P. communis is more likely to displace L. chinensis at high nutrient availability.     

中国鸢尾兰属(兰科)植物二新记录种

该文报道了兰科(Orchidaceae)鸢尾兰属(Oberonia Lindl.)2个中国新记录种,即心唇鸢尾兰(O. orbicularis Hooker f.)和凭祥鸢尾兰(O. delacourii Gagnep.)。其中,心唇鸢尾兰(O. orbicularis)与国内分布的全唇鸢尾兰(O. integerrima)和扁葶鸢尾兰(O. pachyrachis)均较为相似,但该种花葶中下部两侧具狭翅,不与叶合生,唇瓣边缘具明显的啮蚀状齿或细流苏状,先端中部具明显凹缺,可明显区别。心唇鸢尾兰(O. orbicularis)于2013年首次发现于云南省勐腊县,为中国新记录种。凭祥鸢尾兰(O. delacourii)与剑叶鸢尾兰(O. ensiformis)最为相近,但前者唇瓣中裂片先端小裂片近方形,小裂片先端边缘具流苏状齿,可明显区别于后者。凭祥鸢尾兰自1929年发表以来,除模式产地老挝外,至今未见新分布点的报道,为中国新记录种。文中提供了两个新记录种的形态特征描述,凭证标本存放于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)。     

A cytological study on Kelloggia (Rubiaceae), an intercontinental disjunct genus between eastern Asia and western North America

A cytological study was carried out for the first time on four populations of the only two species of Kelloggia (Rubiaceae), which occur disjunctly in eastern Asia (K. chinensis Franch.) and western North America (K. galioides Torr.). The consistent mitotic prophase chromosome condensation pattern and interphase nuclei type were determined for both species. The chromosome base number of the genus is suggested to be x=11. The karyotype of 2n=22=2x=16m+6sm was examined for both species. The karyotypical asymmetry of 1A and 2A was found in K. chinensis and K. galioides, respectively. According to the predominant evolutionary direction of karyotype asymmetry in angiosperms, K. galioides (2A) seems slightly more evolved than K. chinensis (1A). Our finding is consistent with the hypothesis of the Old World origin of Kelloggia based on molecular study.     

四照花物种分布格局模拟及冰期避难所推测

气候是影响物种多样性的重要自然因素,同时也影响生物的生长发育及其分布。该文以广泛分布于中国的观花植物四照花为研究对象,通过植物标本库查询和野外实地调查确定四照花在中国的分布情况,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件模拟四照花的历史分布格局、当前分布格局及未来的分布趋势,计算不同时期物种分布面积的变化并分析物种分布变化产生的原因。研究结果显示:四照花当前的分布主要受降水量变异系数、最冷月份最低温、最冷季节平均温度和温度季节变化4个生物气候因子影响。此外,基于四照花在末次盛冰期、全新世中期和当前的分布格局的变化推测:冰期来临时,中西部的大巴山地区和东部天目山地区是四照花潜在分布的核心区,为四照花的冰期避难所。     

Sexual dimorphism and allometry in two seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Male Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) have elaborated, pectinate antennae, which are absent from conspecific females and both sexes of a congener, Callosobruchus maculatus. To begin to unravel the mechanisms producing this striking dimorphism, we examined which morphological traits best explain body size variation in bruchid beetles and quantified sexual dimorphism of antenna size through allometric analyses. Using principal component analyses, we found that elytron length and pronotum width were significantly correlated with the first principal component, which was interpreted as explaining variation in body size. Regressions of log‐transformed body size measures on log‐transformed antenna length revealed that males of both species had longer antennae than conspecific females for any given body size, although most of this effect was attributable to higher intercepts, rather than increased allometry, in males. Comparisons among heterospecific males revealed that C. maculatus males have noticeably longer antennae than C. chinensis males at large body sizes. Callosobruchus chinensis males, thus, appear to have increased the receptive area of their antennae by adding to the width of, rather than further elongating, their antennae. Finally, we found evidence for positive allometry between log‐transformed antenna length and log‐transformed antenna width in C. chinensis males. We discuss our results in the context of evidence supporting the presence of an additional, and potentially unique, sex pheromone in C. chinensis females.     

Oochoristica novaezealandae n. sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from a New Zealand skink,Leiolopisma nigriplantare maccanni Hardy, 1977

Abstract

Oochoristica novaezealandae n. sp. is described from the small intestine of a skink, Leiolopisma nigriplantare maccanni (Hardy 1977) from Birdling's Flat, Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand. In having fewer than 20 testes it differs from all other species in the genus except O. chinensis Jensen, Schmidt & Kuntz, 1983; O. vacuolata Hickman, 1954; O. lygosomae Burt, 1933; and O. lygosomatis Skinker, 1935. Of these, it most resembles O. chinensis, but differs from it in the ovary, which consists of 2 rounded lobes; they are subdivided into finger-like lobules in O. chinensis. Further, O. novaezealandae has a conspicuous, encapsulated, sac-like mass of glands surrounding the genital atrium; these are not present in O. chinensis.