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1.
Heike Kawaletz Inga M lder Stefan Zerbe Peter Annigh fer r Terwei Christian Ammer 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2013,6(4):305
Aims Invasive species continue to be a worldwide threat to ecosystems mainly as a cause for biodiversity loss. Forest ecosystems, for example, are subject to a change in species composition due to the invasion of exotic species. Specifying the attributes that cause the strong competitiveness of several exotic species may improve the ability to understand and effectively manage plant invasions in the future. In this study the following hypotheses were tested: (1) biomass production of below- and aboveground plant components of the exotic tree species is higher than that of the natives, resulting in a higher competitiveness of the exotics; (2) the exclusion of root competition has a positive effect on the biomass production of the inferior native species; and (3) mixtures of native and exotic species yield a higher biomass production than the respective monocultures.Methods A pot experiment, containing about 2000 tree seedlings, was established. We investigated the biomass productivity and growth reactions of two native (Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L.) and two exotic tree species (Prunus serotina Ehrh., Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in different intra- and interspecific, competitive situations with and without the influence of root competition.Important findings The biomass production of both exotic species was significantly higher and led to a strong competitive advantage, resulting in a biomass decrease of the less competitive native species. The high belowground biomass of both exotic species had a negative effect on the biomass production. The competitive pressure of exotic tree seedlings on the native ones was largely driven by root competition. Furthermore, mixtures of native and exotic tree species had a higher productivity than their growth in monocultures would have predicted. Competition was lower for exotic species in mixtures with the less productive native species compared to the competition in monocultures or in mixture with the other highly productive exotic species. Accordingly, both highly competitive exotic species produced less biomass in mixture with each other compared to monocultures. Despite the significantly higher biomass of P. serotina in all mixtures and in monoculture, R. pseudoacacia seemed to be the dominating species. Due to its strong root competition, R. pseudoacacia significantly reduced the biomass production of P. serotina . 相似文献
2.
Olivier Chabrerie Kris Verheyen Robert Saguez Guillaume Decocq 《Diversity & distributions》2008,14(2):204-212
Whether non-native plant invasions are causes, consequences, or independent of the low species diversity in recipient ecosystems remains a debated question. We tried to test these three hypotheses in the special case of the American black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.), a gap-dependent tree species, which is invading European temperate forests. We compared plant communities, soil properties, and disturbance history between P. serotina -invaded and uninvaded paired-stands in a managed mixed forest. Relationships between invasion, disturbances, plant communities, and environmental conditions were investigated using redundancy analyses with variation partitioning. Several soil characteristics differed between paired stands, but were rather components of stand invasibility than invasion effects, except for topsoil available phosphorus. The disturbance history was similar among paired stands except for the amount of storm-induced tree falls, which correlated with the invader's density. Wild boar-disturbed soil areas were more important beneath P. serotina canopies, suggesting a positive feedback on its own establishment. Overall, species assemblages in invaded and uninvaded stands were similar; their ecological inconsistency suggested a management-sustained non-equilibrium. Habitat conditions and disturbances explained most of the variation in both plant diversity and P. serotina density, the last two factors exhibiting a weak direct association. We conclude that in managed forest ecosystems where plant communities are mainly driven by non-interactive factors and immigration processes, non-native plant species can naturalize without being directly influenced by measured features of the plant community in the receiving environment on the short term. 相似文献
3.
从杨陵地区采集豆科树种刺槐的根瘤,经分离、纯化,获得40株未知菌株,并选取35株参比菌株,进行唯一碳源、氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应等共105项生理生化测定。结果表明:供试的刺槐根瘤菌在碳、氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。部分菌株具有较强的耐盐碱能力,其中42.5%的菌株能耐受3.0%的NaCl,17.5%的菌株可在初始pH12的YMA培养基上生长。从数值分类树状图可见,在86%的相似水平上未知菌株构成了3个新的类群,其中第1、2类群各有10株菌,中心菌株分别为NWYC113和NWYCl29,第3类群有7株菌,中心菌株为NWYC147。其分类地位需进一步研究和确定。 相似文献
4.
Qian Guo Zhongming Wen Cheng Zheng Wei Li Yongming Fan Duoju Zhu 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2021,14(5):896
刺槐对黄土高原林下草本植物及土壤性质的影响外来物种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的引入会对林下草本植物、土壤性质及二者之间的相互关系产 生一定影响,且这种影响可能与植被带有关。然而,在黄土高原较大面积范围内,关于刺槐对林下草本植物和土壤影响的研究依然很少。我们以黄土高原草原带、森林草原带和森林带作为研究区,选择了两种冠层植物类型:刺槐林分和相邻的原生植被。我们测定了5个叶片功能性状:叶片碳含量、叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量、比叶面积和叶组织密度,并计算了群落功能多样性、物种多样性和群落加权性状值。研究结果表明,(1)与原生植被相比,3个植被带内林下草本植物群落的叶氮、叶磷和比叶面积的群落加权性状值均显著提高,而叶碳和叶组织密度的群落加权性状值显著降低。(2)物种多样性、功能多样性和群落生物量在草原带内呈下降趋势,在森林带内呈上升趋势,在森林草原带内差异不显著。(3)与原生植被相比,土壤有机碳和土壤全氮仅在森林带内显著减少。(4)林下草本植物群落特性与土壤之间的关系是受刺槐和植被带所依赖的。总的来说,刺槐对林下草本植物和土壤性质的影响与植被带密切相关。该研究结果对黄土高原人工植被恢复与重建的规划具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
5.
Successional response of a tropical forest termite assemblage to experimental habitat perturbation 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Richard G. Davies† Paul Eggleton Luc Dibog‡ John H. Lawton‡ David E. Bignell§¶ Alain Brauman Christian Hartmann†† Lina Nunes‡‡ John Holt§§ Corinne Rouland¶¶ 《Journal of Applied Ecology》1999,36(6):946-962
6.
Relatively easy measurable patch characteristics (especially habitat diversity measures) have proven to be valuable indicators of forest plant species richness in forest fragments of relatively undisturbed areas. Urban and suburban forest patches, however, are characterized by a specific landscape ecological context implying that specific processes may influence ecosystem functioning and hence that other abiotic indicators for plant diversity are more appropriate. We studied the relation between functional ecological plant species groups and suburban forest patch characteristics such as patch area, habitat diversity and isolation. Some components of species richness were related to the isolation of the patches. In contrast to previous similar large-scale fragmentation studies in more rural areas, further results stressed the overwhelming importance of patch area relative to habitat variables in determining species richness. This suggests (1) the occurrence of density-dependent species extinction processes in small forest patches; or (2) the existence of external deterministic factors which put a major constraint on species richness in small patches. We tend to support the latter hypothesis and propose forest disturbance and associated black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) invasion as such a possible external factor. Small forest patches may be more sensitive to disturbance and biological invasion due to various reasons. Hence large forest patches are to be preferred for plant conservation in the suburban area. 相似文献
7.
黄土高原刺槐林间伐改造研究 总被引:29,自引:4,他引:29
通过对 9年生刺槐 (Robiniapseudoacacia)林以 3种不同保留密度进行间伐改造 ,并对其林内光照、温度和土壤水分环境因子以及林下植被层生物多样性、生产力和林冠层林木的生长情况与原林分进行对比分析 .结果表明 ,间伐改造能改善林木及林下植被层生长发育的环境条件 ,促进林下植被层生物多样性和生物产量的提高 ,增加林木的生产能力 .间伐保留密度达到 1110株·hm-2 时 ,在整个生长季 ,林地土壤水分比原林分提高约 40 %,不仅林下植被层的生物多样性和生物量有大幅度提高 ,而且林冠层林木的生产力达到较高水平 ;如果继续加大间伐强度 ,林下植被层和林木个体的生长已达到最大极限 ,将不再提高 .因此 ,1110株·hm-2 左右的保留密度是可考虑的间伐强度 . 相似文献
8.
欧洲中部刺槐种源群体等位酶变异研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
从欧洲中部及美国收集了18个刺槐种源种子,以2年生苗木为材料,采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对11个酶系统进行了检测,共发现20个酶位点,其中14个为多态位点,多态性位点百分数为70%。在参加计算的7个酶系统的12个多态性位点中,平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)和平均每位点等位基因有效数(Ae)为2.733和1.794,平均每个位点的实际杂合度(Ho)和预期杂合度(He)为0.368和0.400,固定指数(F)为0.080,绝大多数位点固定指数为正值。各基因位点遗传参数与12个位点平均值进行相关分析表明,Fe-6和Lap-a的大部分群体遗传参数(A、Ae、Ho、He等)与平均值存在紧密的相关关系,其他位点各项遗传参数和总平均值相关不明显,这些位点的重要性可能比相关性较好的位点更大。德国8个种源群体间遗传距离变化在0.09-0.26之间,来自匈牙利的6个种源之间遗传距离很小,绝大部分均在0.11以下;德国的8个种源与匈牙利和斯洛伐克的8个种源之间的遗传距离变化在0.09-0.24之间;来自美国的2个种源,与欧洲的种源间的遗传距离在0.09-0.23之间,这一距离没有超出欧洲种源之间的差异。匈牙利和斯洛伐克的8个种源群体的各项遗传参数均高于德国种源,表明这两个国家的遗传多样性水平较高。同时来自这两个国家的种源群体间变异系数变化在2.92%-9.97%,说明群体之间的遗传差别很小。德国的8个种源群体各项遗传参数相对较低,但群体间变异系数较高,群体间遗传差别较大。以各个国家为群体单位,4个群体间各项遗传参数的变异均较小,变异系数变化在3.861%-5.139%,表明刺槐种源间地理变异模式不明显。 相似文献
9.
阔叶红松林是东北森林的典型代表,由于受到历史采伐干扰的影响,导致生态系统功能严重退化,威胁东北地区生态安全。生物多样性是生态系统功能形成和维持的重要基础,阐明采伐前后生物多样性的变化对于评估采伐干扰的影响、理解森林恢复过程具有重要意义,能够为森林生态修复与重建提供理论支持。谱系多样性和功能多样性是生物多样性的两个重要维度,然而传统的研究仍停留在物种数量层面,难以全面反映采伐干扰的影响。以吉林蛟河阔叶红松林采伐样地为对象,依托连续四次的样地清查数据,同时结合植物的系统发育和功能性状信息,探讨了不同强度采伐干扰对谱系多样性和功能多样性的影响,具体采伐设置包括:未采伐(对照),采伐15%胸高断面积(轻度采伐),采伐30%胸高断面积(中度采伐)以及采伐50%胸高断面积(重度采伐)。结果显示:(1)中、高强度的采伐干扰显著降低了森林谱系多样性和功能多样性,并且高强度干扰条件下森林多样性的恢复要更加困难;(2)采伐还影响着群落功能性状组成,随着采伐强度的增加,群落木质密度加权平均值上升而最大树高下降;(3)相较于采伐强度和采伐木断面积,保留木断面积与生物多样性的联系更加紧密,表明采伐后森林所达到的密度状态是影响生物多样性恢复的关键,当保留木断面积在18m2/hm2附近时,其与谱系多样性的关系出现显著拐点,应在阔叶红松林经营管理过程中受到更多重视。综上所述,谱系多样性和功能多样性为评价采伐的影响提供了新的视角,有助于更加全面地反映采伐干扰对生物多样性的影响,为阔叶红松林生态修复与多样性保护提供科学参照。 相似文献
10.
刺槐内生真菌群落组成及其生态功能结构分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于高通量测序方法对贵州贵阳花溪刺槐内生真菌物种多样性进行分析,共获得有效序列43 942条,聚类后共获得81个可操作单元(OTUs),分属4门13纲27目45科58属。其中,优势属为一分类地位未定属,其相对丰度为83.23%,次优势属为镰刀菌属 Fusarium(11.81%) 、拟船壳属 Gloniopsis(1.38%)和螺旋聚孢霉属 Clonostachys(0.72%),相对丰度小于0.5%的属高达50个以上。Shannon-Wiener指数为0.6835,Simpson指数为0.7071。经FUNGuild软件平台解析显示,刺槐内生菌包含有如下生态功能群:植物病原菌、动物病原菌、内生真菌、真菌寄生菌、地衣真菌、粪生真菌、未定腐生菌和木腐菌等。 相似文献
11.
用L I-6400光合仪对黄土高原常用造林树木刺槐的叶绿素荧光动力学曲线、淬灭分析、荧光光曲线以及荧光AC I曲线等生理特性进行测定和对比分析.结果表明:随着光照时间的加大,刺槐的荧光参数ETR、qP和N PQ逐渐上升并在21 m in左右达到稳定,与光合同步.最大荧光产量F m在叶片转入黑暗后逐渐上升,在44 m in左右趋于稳定;N PQ则开始下降,在35 m in左右达到稳定.当光强度>200μm o l.m-2.s-1时,Ph iPS2和Ph iCO2呈线性正相关,而当光强度<200μm o l.m-2.-s 1时,Ph iPS2和Ph iCO2呈线性负相关.CO2浓度和刺槐的荧光光合速率、Ph iPS2、Ph iCO2值存在着一定的正相关关系. 相似文献
12.
Cultivation of annual crops in the initial stage of reforestation has been commonly practiced in the tropics. In recent decades, however, cultivation of such areas has been discontinued, resulting in widespread abandoned settlements. In this article we used a former forest village settlement in Kenya, which had been cleared, cultivated and then abandoned, to study how natural vegetation recovers after such disturbances. Species richness, abundance, and composition of tree seedlings, saplings, adult trees, shrubs, and herbs were recorded in different zones, from a heavily degraded zone in the center of the settlement, through less disturbed transition zones (TZs), and in the surrounding secondary forest (SF). Species richness and abundance of tree seedlings, saplings, and adult trees increased gradually from the heavily degraded zone to the SF, whereas shrub and herb richness were the same for TZs and SF and abundance was lowest in the SF. Total species richness was highest in the SF. Some pioneer tree species were highly associated with the TZs, whereas sub‐canopy tree species were associated with the SF. A group of tree species were not particularly associated with any of the four zones. Thus, these species might have good potential as restoration species. The results of our study contribute to the knowledge of natural regeneration in general, and of individual species characterizing the different stages of recovery of abandoned settlements in particular. Such information is urgently needed in designing ecologically sound management strategies for restoring abandoned forest settlements in tropical areas. 相似文献
13.
1 Arthropods were collected on native locust, Robinia neomexicana A. Gray, and exotic Robinia pseudoacacia L. in northern Arizona over a 2‐year period to determine the number of arthropod species and number of individuals present. 2 More arthropod species were found on the native (251) than on the exotic Robinia (174). 3 Greater species diversity was likewise found on the native than the exotic. The five most numerous insects collected each year accounted for 81% to 91% of the total number collected on the exotic and native Robinia in 1997 and 1998. Only 12 species occurred on both the native and exotic Robinia in both years. 4 These findings are discussed in the context of using exotic trees in plantations and ecological theory regarding rates of arthropod species accumulation on exotic hosts. 相似文献
14.
Cheng Zheng Fei Zhang Ziqi Lin Liuhuan Yuan Hongbin Yao Gaohui Duan Yandan Liu Yangyang Liu Haijing Shi Zhongming Wen 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2024,17(5):1
功能性状在调节生态系统服务响应环境变化方面发挥着重要作用。然而,由于气候变化和人类活动,功能性状与生态系统服务之间的联系变得更复杂。本研究在延河流域选取了27个采样点,每个采样点包含两种类型的植被生态系统:无人类活动的生态系统(自然植被)和存在人类活动的生态系统(刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)人工林)。在每个采样点,我们测量了生态系统服务并计算了植物群落性状的组成指数。研究结果表明,叶片组织密度(LTD)是响应气候变化时的重叠性状。LTD与年平均气温呈正相关,与支持服务呈负相关。比较两种植被生态系统,功能性状与生态系统服务之间的关系呈现出不同的模式,表明人类活动增加了功能性状与生态系统服务之间关系的不确定性。基于性状的研究有望增强生态系统服务对环境变化响应的预测。然而,预测能力受到环境变化复杂性的影响,特别是人类活动对生态系统的干扰。总之,该研究强调了理解功能性状和生态系统服务之间复杂联系以应对气候变化和人类活动的重要性。 相似文献
15.
Anthropogenic disturbances have serious impacts on ecosystems across the world. Understanding the effects of disturbance on woodlands, especially in regions where local people depend on these natural resources, is essential for sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, specifically selective logging of Brachystegia floribunda, on woodlands by comparing species composition, species diversity and functional diversity of woody plants between disturbed and undisturbed woodlands. We combined species data and functional trait data for leaves, fruits and other traits related to resource and disturbance responses to calculate functional indices (functional richness, evenness and divergence) and community‐weighted means of each trait. Shifts in taxonomic species composition were analysed using nonmetric multi‐dimensional scaling. Species composition differed significantly between disturbed and undisturbed woodlands. Tree density was greater in disturbed woodlands, whereas evenness, functional evenness and functional divergence were greater in undisturbed woodlands. In terms of forest cover, selective logging of B. floribunda appeared to have little impact on Miombo woodlands, but some shifts in functional traits, such as the shift from a deciduous to evergreen phenology, may increase the vulnerability of these ecosystems to environmental change, especially drought. 相似文献
16.
Kathleen S. Knight Jacek Oleksyn rzej M. Jagodzinski Peter B. Reich Marek Kasprowicz 《Diversity & distributions》2008,14(4):666-675
The North American woody species, Prunus serotina Ehrh., is an aggressive invader of forest understories in Europe. To better understand the plant invasion process, we assessed understorey plants and Prunus serotina seedlings that have colonized a 35-year-old replicated common-garden experiment of 14 tree species in south-western Poland. The density and size of established (> 1 year old) P. serotina seedlings varied among overstorey species and were related to variation in light availability and attributes of the understorey layer. In a multiple regression analysis, the density of established P. serotina seedlings was positively correlated with light availability and understorey species richness and negatively correlated with understorey species cover. These results suggest that woody invader success is adversely affected by overstorey shading and understorey competition for resources. Simultaneously, however, invader success may generally be positively associated with understorey species richness because both native and invasive plant colonization respond similarly to environmental conditions, including those influenced by overstorey tree species. Identification of characteristics of forests that increase their susceptibility to invasion may allow managers to target efforts to detect invasives and to restore forests to states that may be less invasible. 相似文献
17.
植物与微生物的共生体在长期协同进化的过程中形成了对各种胁迫的适应性。在北方干旱、半干旱的逆境条件下植物生长除受水分制约外 ,氮、磷元素的供应也是重要的限制性因子。固氮植物可以通过根瘤进行固氮作用弥补氮源不足 ,而菌根能够提高宿主植物对磷元素的吸收。研究表明 ,植物感染菌根后可以提高宿主的抗旱性、抗盐碱性、抗重金属毒害、抗极端湿度、抗极端 pH等的能力[1]。近年来 ,菌根技术被应用于营林实践中 ,在进行某些树种造林时 ,利用人工接种外生菌根真菌的方法 ,已取得初步的成功[2 ]。在我国广大农村 ,薪材在能源消费中占有重… 相似文献
18.
侵蚀环境生态恢复过程中人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)土壤微生物量演变特征 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15
采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO2在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO2与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著(P〈0.05)或极显著水平(P〈0.01)。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。 相似文献
19.
Pedro H. S. Brancalion Ricardo A. G. Viani James Aronson Ricardo R. Rodrigues André G. Nave 《Restoration Ecology》2012,20(6):704-711
High‐diversity reforestation can help jumpstart tropical forest restoration, but obtaining viable seedlings is a major constraint: if nurseries do not offer them, it is hard to plant all the species one would like. From 2007 to 2009, we investigated five different seed acquisition strategies employed by a well‐established tree nursery in southeastern Brazil, namely (1) in‐house seed harvesters; (2) hiring a professional harvester; (3) amateur seed harvesters; or (4) a seed production cooperative, as well as (5) participating in a seed exchange program. In addition, we evaluated two strategies not dependent on seeds: harvesting seedlings from native tree species found regenerating under Eucalyptus plantations, and in a native forest remnant. A total of 344 native tree and shrub species were collected as seeds or seedlings, including 2,465 seed lots. Among these, a subset of 120 species was obtained through seed harvesting in each year. Overall, combining several strategies for obtaining planting stocks was an effective way to increase species richness, representation of some functional groups (dispersal syndromes, planting group, and shade tolerance), and genetic diversity of seedlings produced in forest tree nurseries. Such outcomes are greatly desirable to support high‐diversity reforestation as part of tropical forest restoration. In addition, community‐based seed harvesting strategies fostered greater socioeconomic integration of traditional communities in restoration projects and programs, which is an important bottleneck for the advance of ecological restoration, especially in developing countries. Finally, we discuss some of the limitations of the various strategies for obtaining planting stocks and the way forward for their improvement. 相似文献
20.
采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO2在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO2与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01)。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。
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