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水椰八角铁甲Octodonta nipae(Maulik)是一种危险性林业检疫性害虫,主要危害棕榈科植物,对棕榈科植物的苗木繁育、生态环境和城市绿化等均具有严重危害。自2001年入侵我国以来,先后对水椰八角铁甲的入侵特性、生物生态学特性、免疫响应及其机制等进行系统研究,并取得了一定的研究成果:水椰八角铁甲具有较高的种群遗传多样性,最适的温度范围为26~29℃,对极端温度的耐受能力不强,但其耐寒性具有一定的可塑性;金山葵、加拿利海枣和银海枣是其比较喜爱的棕榈科寄主植物,多次交配是水椰八角铁甲常见的繁殖策略,当水椰八角铁甲入侵后面临不良因素时,其细胞和体液免疫可积极响应,因此,水椰八角铁甲具有较强的适应能力和繁殖能力,能够入侵我国长江以南大部分地区。本文主要总结了这些工作的研究进展。 相似文献
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Identification of three prophenoloxidase‐activating factors (PPAFs) from an invasive beetle Octodonta nipae Maulik (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and their roles in the prophenoloxidase activation
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HuaJian Zhang BaoZhen Tang YaPing Lin ZhiMing Chen XiaFang Zhang TianLiang Ji XiaoMei Zhang YouMing Hou 《Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology》2017,96(4)
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本文探讨了加拿利海枣Phoenix canariensis、 棕榈Trachycarpus fortunei、 刺葵Phoenix hanceana和蒲葵Livistona chinensis)4种寄主植物对水椰八角铁甲Octodonta nipae (Maulik)取食和产卵的影响, 并分析了寄主植物叶片中影响该虫取食量、 产卵量的主要营养成分。结果表明: 水椰八角铁甲对上述4种寄主的选择有显著差异, 偏好加拿利海枣和棕榈, 而对蒲葵的选择性最差。4种寄主植物叶片中主要营养成分含量差异显著(粗脂肪: F3,8=153.508, P=0.000; 可溶性糖: F3,8=56.922,P=0.000; 可溶性蛋白: F3,8=150.309, P=0.000; 游离氨基酸: F3,8=41.278, P=0.000), 其中加拿利海枣中可溶性糖、 可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量均较高, 分别为1.13%, 1.05%和19.50%; 蒲葵中粗脂肪含量较高, 为7.04%, 其余3种营养成分含量均较低。主成分分析表明游离氨基酸、 可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白是影响水椰八角铁甲取食、 产卵的主要因素, 与取食量和产卵量均显著相关, 贡献率分别为56.1%, 26.7%和13.7%。该研究对于分析水椰八角铁甲的寄主适应性变异及其机理等均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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For many species, mating is a necessary yet costly activity. The costs involved can have an important influence on the evolution of life histories and senescence. Females of many species mate multiply, and this behaviour can inflict a longevity cost. Most studies investigating the effects of multiple mating on female survival have been conducted on insects, and the effects in other taxa are largely unknown. We investigate the effects of both a single mating and a second mating on longevity in female dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica), a species in which both sexes mate multiply. Through comparing the longevity of virgin, once‐mated and twice‐mated females, we found that a single mating reduced female life span by 15 days on average. A second mating resulted in an additional 8 day (on average) longevity cost, despite no difference in total clutch mass, number of clutches, single egg mass or number of eggs per clutch between once‐mated and twice‐mated females. This demonstrates a cost to multiple mating which may be independent of the cost of egg production. Furthermore, total clutch mass and female life span were positively correlated, whereas female life span decreased with increasing average water temperature. The presence of an additive effect of reproduction on longevity suggests that multiple mating in cephalopods may have benefits that outweigh these costs, or that there is a conflict in optimal mating frequency between males and females. 相似文献
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【目的】分析低温驯化后水椰八角铁甲Octodonta nipae体内各种生理活性物质含量的变化,为揭示水椰八角铁甲耐寒机制提供理论基础。【方法】以25℃处理为对照,将水椰八角铁甲各虫态于12.5, 15, 17.5和20℃驯化处理10 d后,比较其体内的游离水、蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、甘油和可溶性糖原等生理活性物质含量的变化。【结果】低温驯化显著影响铁甲体内上述物质的含量水平。低温驯化能提高该铁甲体内甘油和游离氨基酸的含量,降低游离水、蛋白质、粗脂肪、可溶性糖原的含量。与对照相比,12.5℃驯化对该铁甲各虫态体内游离水含量存在显著影响(P<0.01);经12.5, 15, 17.5和20.0℃驯化后,该铁甲各虫态体内蛋白质、粗脂肪含量与对照相比均存在显著差异(P<0.01);经125,150和175℃驯化后,该铁甲各虫态体内游离氨基酸含量与对照存在显著差异(P<0.01);经12.5,15.0,17.5和20℃驯化后,该铁甲各虫态(2龄幼虫除外)体内甘油含量与对照相比存在显著差异(P<0.01);12.5, 15.0, 17.5和20℃驯化对除2龄幼虫、蛹和成虫外的铁甲其他各虫态体内可溶性糖原含量存在显著影响。经15.0℃驯化处理后铁甲各虫态体内平均甘油含量最高,比对照25℃的平均甘油含量高出约9.4倍,而经12.5℃驯化处理的虫体内的平均甘油含量仅增加3.5倍。【结论】低温驯化对水椰八角铁甲体内相关生理活性物质含量的影响效能是有限的;水椰八角铁甲可以根据不良的环境条件调节最佳的生理状况,以适应未来的环境和达到最强的适应性。 相似文献
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Females of Adoxophyes orana F. v. R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) could mate after one day, or after up to 7 days, after eclosion. It was recorded how many eggs per female were laid, had been fertilized and ultimately hatched. Mating rate was assessed by counting the spermatophores in a female.Egg production did not depend on mating rate, but proportion fertilization of eggs from females with three or more spermatophores was reduced. Delayed mating promoted longevity and changed the pattern of oviposition in time. No correlation was found between the proportion hatching of fertilized eggs and any of the other variables in the experiments.The data were introduced into a population model to compute the relation between fecundity and probability to mate.
Effets du nombre d'accouplements et du retard de la date du premier accouplement sur la fécondité de Adoxophyes orana
Résumé Des femelles de A. orana F. v. R. (Lep., Tortricid.) ont eu la possibilité de s'accoupler le lendemain de leur émergence. Nous avons dénombré l'effectif d'oeufs pondus par chaque femelle, et calculé leur taux de fertilisation et d'éclosion. Les femelles ont été disséquées et les spermatophores comptés pour déterminer le nombre de copulations. La même procédure a été suivie avec d'autres femelles qui ont pu copuler librement jusquà leur mort, (leur longévité a été notée), mais avec une date du premier accouplement pouvant être retardée jusqu'à 6 jours après l'émergence.La production d'oeufs ne dépend pas du nombre de copulations, mais le taux de fertilisation des femelles avec 3 ou 4 spermatophores a été plus faible. Le retard de la date du premier accouplement augmente la longévité, mais réduit légérement le taux de fertilisation. La production d'oeufs était à peu près proportionnelle à la durée de la vie décomptée à partir du moment où la copulation était possible. Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre la taux d'éclosion des oeufs fertilisés et les variables de l'habitat.Pour évaluer ces résultats et obtenir plus de connaissances sur les conséquences des copulations retardées, par exemple provenant de procédures d'interruption des copulations, les données ont été introduites successivement dans un modèle de populations pour établir la relations entre fécondité et probabilité d'accouplement.相似文献
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外来入侵害虫棉花粉蚧雄虫生殖能力研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《环境昆虫学报》2014,(5):661-666
采用单头雄虫与不同数量雌虫配比的方法研究了棉花粉蚧雄虫的生殖能力。结果表明,与1~7头雌虫配比,雄虫的交配成功率分别为94.4%、91.2%、85.4%、80.7%、77.7%、69.5%、66.2%;产仔雌虫数量与雌雄性比关系符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程Ff=5.2159EXP(-2.5304EXP (-0.421739N)),1头雄虫平均可以满足4~5 头雌虫生殖需要,最多为5.22头;与单头雄虫交配后雌虫总产仔量由358.8头增大至1274.2头,其数量与雌雄性比关系符合S型增长曲线F?t=1524.589e-1.3922/N,总产仔量最大可达1525头;单雌产仔量先由358.8头上升至427.6头,其后逐渐下降至266.5头;子代性比(♀:♂)变化无规律,为1.13~1.86;子代中雌虫数量由206.1头增大到727.4头,其数量与雌雄性比关系可由F?of=840.1124e-1.2599/N描述,最大值是840头。 相似文献
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刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso(膜翅目:细蜂科)是我国外来有害生物刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldeman)(双翅目:瘿蚊科)十分重要的寄生性天敌,为卵-幼虫跨期寄生蜂,专化性强,在自然抑制害虫虫口密度中起着非常重要的作用。为摸清刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在我国的地理分布,探讨其与刺槐叶瘿蚊的相互关系,本文根据寄主刺槐叶瘿蚊在我国的分布范围,采用踏查的方法,对全国17个省、市、自治区的29个地区进行了调查。结果显示,刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在其寄主分布区都有分布,分布范围在26°35.451′-43°53.482′N,103°51.816′-125°15.969′E,海拔4-1 097 m。 相似文献
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Effects of early resource limitation and compensatory growth on lifetime fitness in the ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Acceleration of growth following a period of diet restriction may result in either complete or partial catch-up in size. The existence of such compensatory growth indicates that organisms commonly grow at rates below their physiological maxima and this implies a cost for accelerated growth. We examined patterns of accelerated growth in response to temporary resource limitation, and assayed both short and long-term costs of this growth in the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. Subsequent to the period of food restriction, accelerated growth resulted in complete compensation for body sizes, although we observed greater larval mortality during the period of compensation. There were no effects on female fecundity or survivorship within 3 months of maturation. Females did not discriminate against males that had undergone compensatory growth, nor did we observe effects on male mating behaviour. However, individuals that underwent compensatory growth died significantly sooner when deprived of food late in adult life, suggesting that longer-term costs of compensatory growth may be quite mild and detectable only under stressful conditions. 相似文献
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1 Although management of the oriental beetle Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) by mating disruption shows promise across a range of agricultural systems, relatively little is known about aspects of the reproductive biology of this species relevant to its management. We studied the effects of delayed mating on several aspects of the oviposition behaviour and biology of the oriental beetle using females mated in the laboratory at 4–13 days posteclosion. 2 Females exhibited a gradual decline in fecundity with increased age at mating that was largely a function of a decline in duration of the oviposition period, as well as lower female fertility: females mated at 11 days were less likely to lay any fertile eggs. However, egg fertility did not vary with female age at mating. 3 Because mating delay did not affect longevity, females mated at older ages experienced decreased oviposition periods; however, females laid more eggs per day with increased age at mating, which partially offset shorter oviposition periods. 4 A mating delay of ≥ 6 days relative to females mated within the first day of reaching sexual maturity resulted in an approximately 35–50% lower mean fecundity. 5 These results suggest that, for mating disruption to be a successful management tool for the oriental beetle, mating must be prevented rather than delayed. We compare the findings of the present study with the published research on delayed mating in moths and discuss the importance of these results in relation to management of the oriental beetle using female sex pheromones. 相似文献
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Repeated mating with the same male increases female longevity and fecundity in a polyandrous leaf beetle Galerucella birmanica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
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Female multiple mating (polyandry) is widespread across Insecta, even if mating can be costly to females. To explain the evolution and maintenance of polyandry, several hypotheses, mainly focusing on the material (direct) and/or the genetic (indirect) benefits, have been proposed and empirically tested in many species. Considering only the direct benefits, repeatedly‐mated females are expected to exhibit the same fitness as multiply‐mated females under the same mating frequency. In the present study, we compare the fitness of females received monandrous repeated mating (MM) and polyandrous multiple mating (PM) in a polyandrous leaf beetle Galerucella birmanica and assess female mate preference with regard to polyandry or monandry. Our data indicate that the longevity and the egg‐laying duration of MM females are significantly longer than that of PM females. MM females produce significantly more hatched eggs than PM females over their lifetime under the same mating frequency, which results from the high hatching rate of eggs produced by MM females. PM females mated with novel virgin males in the second mating suffer decreased longevity and lifetime fecundity compared with PM females mated with novel mated males in the second mating. Once‐mated females are more likely to re‐mate with familiar males than novel males. By contrast to expectations, the results of the present study suggest that repeated mating provides females with more direct benefits than multiple mating in G. birmanica, and females prefer to re‐mate with familiar males. The possible causes of this finding are discussed. 相似文献
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Effect of male and female multiple mating on the fecundity, fertility, and longevity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: The effect of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) male and female multiple mating on fecundity, fertility, and longevity was studied. Males could mate for five times with virgin females during scotophase. The successful copulation rates, fecundity of female, and longevity of both females and males decreased when male mating times increased, whereas copulation duration increased. Correlation coefficient between copulation duration and male mating times was significant ( r = 0.7358, P = 0.0001, spearman rank-order correlation). There were linear relationships between mating history of males and longevities of males and females, and regression relationships between them were significant. Mated females had similar daily reproductive pattern, which laid the most eggs on the first day after mating in spite of their mates' mating history. Virgin females laid some infertile eggs before they died. Most of the females mated once during their lifespan but 19.9% of females mated twice when one female kept with one male during scotophase. There were no significant differences in the fecundity, fertility and longevity between the single- and twice-mated females. Correlation coefficient between copulation duration and female mating times was not significant ( r = 0.0860, P = 0.8575). Results suggested that DBM females may be monandrous. Multiple mating did not increase male or female mating fitness. 相似文献
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Effects of macronutrient intake on the lifespan and fecundity of the marula fruit fly,Ceratitis cosyra (Tephritidae): Extreme lifespan in a host specialist
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Kevin Malod C. Ruth Archer John Hunt Susan W. Nicolson Christopher W. Weldon 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(22):9808-9817
In insects, lifespan and reproduction are strongly associated with nutrition. The ratio and amount of nutrients individuals consume affect their life expectancy and reproductive investment. The geometric framework (GF) enables us to explore how animals regulate their intake of multiple nutrients simultaneously and determine how these nutrients interact to affect life‐history traits of interest. Studies using the GF on host‐generalist tephritid flies have highlighted trade‐offs between longevity and reproductive effort in females, mediated by the protein‐to‐carbohydrate (P:C) ratio that individuals consume. Here, we tested how P and C intake affect lifespan (LS) in both sexes, and female lifetime (LEP), and daily (DEP) egg production, in Ceratitis cosyra, a host‐specialist tephritid fly. We then determined the P:C ratio that C. cosyra defends when offered a choice of foods. Female LS was optimized at a 0:1 P:C ratio, whereas to maximize their fecundity, females needed to consume a higher P:C ratio (LEP = 1:6 P:C; DEP = 1:2.5 P:C). In males, LS was also optimized at a low P:C ratio of 1:10. However, when given the opportunity to regulate their intake, both sexes actively defended a 1:3 P:C ratio, which is closer to the target for DEP than either LS or LEP. Our results show that female C. cosyra experienced a moderate trade‐off between LS and fecundity. Moreover, the diets that maximized expression of LEP and DEP were of lower P:C ratio than those required for optimal expression of these traits in host‐generalist tephritids or other generalist insects. 相似文献
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Acanthocephalan parasites are known to alter the reproductive biology and physiology of their hosts in various ways. In this study we investigated the influence of two acanthocephalan parasites, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Polymorphus minutus, on the fecundity and pairing success of female Gammarus pulex. The results show that P. laevis and P. minutus affect female intermediate host reproduction in different ways. Females infected with P. minutus were totally castrated, whereas those infected with P. laevis only showed reduced fecundity. The oocytes of P. laevis-infected females showed a similar structure to those of uninfected females, although infected females had a higher proportion of oocytes that had failed to reach complete maturity. In comparison, the oocytes of P. minutus-infected females demonstrate a clearly altered structure that suggests a major disruption to the process of vitellogenesis. In the field, males paired more frequently with uninfected females than with infected ones, and is a stronger effect for P. minutus-infected females than P. laevis-infected females. We suggest that the difference in pairing success of P. minutus-infected and P. laevis-infected females is a direct result of the different effects that the two parasites have on female fecundity. 相似文献
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We used horn measurements from natural and hunted mortalities of male thinhorn sheep Ovis dalli from Yukon Territory, Canada, to examine the relationship between rapid growth early in life and longevity. We found that rapid growth was associated with reduced longevity for sheep aged 5 years and older for both the hunted and natural mortality data sets. The negative relationship between growth rate and longevity in hunted sheep can at least partially be explained by morphologically biased hunting regulations. The same trend was evident from natural mortalities from populations that were not hunted or underwent very limited hunting, suggesting a naturally imposed mortality cost directly or indirectly associated with rapid growth. Age and growth rate were both positively associated with horn size at death for both data sets, however of the two growth rate appeared to be a better predictor. Large horn size can be achieved both by individuals that grow horns rapidly and by those that have greater longevity, and the trade-off between growth rate and longevity could limit horn size evolution in this species. The similarity in the relationship between growth rate and longevity for hunted and natural mortalities suggests that horn growth rate should not respond to artificial selection. Our study highlights the need for the existence and study of protected populations to properly assess the impacts of selective harvesting. 相似文献
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F. M. KHAMIS N. KARAM S. EKESI M. DE MEYER A. BONOMI L. M. GOMULSKI F. SCOLARI P. GABRIELI P. SICILIANO D. MASIGA E. U. KENYA G. GASPERI A. R. MALACRIDA C. R. GUGLIELMINO 《Molecular ecology》2009,18(23):4798-4810
Phytophagous insects of the genus Bactrocera are among the most economically important invasive fruit fly pests. In 2003, an unknown Bactrocera species was found in Kenya. First identified as an ‘aberrant form’ of the Asian B. dorsalis complex, it was later recognized as a new species, Bactrocera invadens. Within 2 years of its discovery, the species was recorded in several African countries, becoming an important quarantine pest. As this invasive fly was discovered only recently, no data are available on its invasion pattern in Africa. This pilot study attempts to infer from genetic data the dynamic aspects of the African invasion of this pest. Using microsatellite markers, we evaluated the level of genetic diversity and the extent of common ancestry among several African populations collected across the invaded areas. A sample from the Asian Sri Lankan population was analysed to confirm the Asian origin of this pest. Genetic data cast no doubt that Sri Lanka belongs to the native range, but only a small percentage of its genotypes can be found in Africa. African populations display relatively high levels of genetic diversity associated with limited geographical structure and no genetic footprints of bottlenecks. These features are indicative of processes of rapid population growth and expansion with possible multiple introductions. In the span of relatively few years, the African invasion registered the presence of at least two uncorrelated outbreaks, both starting from the East. The results of the analyses support that invasion started in East Africa, where B. invadens was initially isolated. 相似文献
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Numerous delphacid planthopper species are major pests of economically important and widely cultivated crops (i.e. rice, corn, and sugarcane). These insects have the potential to become serious crop pests in areas where they have either naturally migrated or been newly introduced. The white-bellied planthopper, Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy, 1907, originally known from tropical South Pacific islands, appeared in tropical and subtropical Asia in the early years of the 21st century. Since then, S. pacificus has become a serious pest of corn in some Southeast Asian countries, although it also feeds on rice, sugarcane, sorghum, and other grasses. Here, we report the presence of S. pacificus in mainland Japan, representing the first record of this species in temperate Asia. Seven male and 17 female adult individuals collected in Kumamoto Prefecture in 2019 and 2020 were identified as S. pacificus based on their morphological characteristics and mitochondrial COI sequences. In addition, molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that S. pacificus formed a distinct clade from other Stenocranus species, indicating uncertainty in its generic assignment. Although crop damage by S. pacificus has not yet been reported from temperate regions, given its wide range of plant hosts and the potential for future range expansions, damaged crops in Asia, including in temperate regions, should be monitored for the presence of this species. 相似文献