面向国家公园管理目标的综合灾害风险管理:一个概念模型

减小阻碍国家公园管理目标实现的灾害风险,实现管理有效性,是保证国家公园体制建设建立的重要途径。研究提出,面向国家公园多元管理目标,保障社会-生态系统稳定性和恢复力,国家公园灾害风险管理具有综合性。这种综合性体现在国家公园内致灾因子与承灾体的多样性、相对性与转化性,需要集成分别侧重社会与生态系统的传统自然灾害风险管理与生态风险管理,让灾害风险管理贯穿国家公园具体管理。为实现集成应对这种综合性,研究首先总结国内外多类型自然保护地灾害风险管理特点与经验,辨析国家公园灾害风险管理在国家公园管理职责和管理规划中的定位,从3个方面提出对我国国家公园灾害风险管理的启示：1）需要与国家公园宏观管理目标紧密相连;2）以维持社会-生态系统理想状态为目标;3）要具有管理空间、时间与运行的整体性。在此基础上提出一个面向国家公园管理目标的综合灾害风险管理框架,其主要特点是：1）具有"层级式"管理目标;2）以社会-生态系统服务为评价终点开展以理想状态为目标的风险管理;3）联结研究与管理、协调科学与价值观进行适应性管理。     

宠物收容管理研究

由于我国宠物收容管理法规和措施缺乏,导致宠物管理不到位,导致流浪动物犬和猫咬伤人,传播人兽共患病,形成社会矛盾,有损于政府形象。本文研究美国等发达国家宠物收容管理,以提高我国宠物收容管理水平,探讨建立新的宠物管理办法与措施,减少流浪动物,防止人兽共患病的发生,使人和宠物和谐共处。     

The development of a frame model for management strategies selection using fuzzy proximity

This research is to discuss management strategies selection and enterprise life cycle periods referencing fuzzy proximity from fuzzy set theory and based on the current development situation of enterprises in China. First, this paper measures the degree of proximity for eight kinds of management strategies and different enterprise life-cycle periods (the pioneering period, growth period, maturity period and recession period) using a fuzzy proximity vector. The eight management strategies include management idea innovation, management organization innovation, management method innovation, management culture innovation, management institution innovation, market innovation, business model innovation and performance management innovation. Second, this paper analyzes management innovation strategies in different enterprise life cycle periods, and verifies the consequences using an example of the developmental history of one engine manufacturing enterprise since 1997. Several conclusions can be drawn from this research: (1) The frame model of management innovation strategies in the enterprise’s life cycle is both reasonable and convincing as a reference for management innovation strategies selection when enterprises are developing. (2) The fuzzy proximity method can be applied to research where a management innovation strategy during a particular life cycle needs to be selected. Therefore, this research extends the application and scope of the fuzzy proximity method.     

论害虫种群的生态控制

本文根据保护生物圈与经济持续发展的要求,提出害虫种群的“生态控制’对策,以代替现在国内外采用的“综合防治”。文中根据生态学与经济学理论,不仅提出了“生态控制”应遵循的经济学与生态学的管理原则,并且提出了“生态控制”的指导思想与方法论,以及它的目标函数、约束条件与主要对策。进而根据国内外本领域的科技发展动态分析与生产实际需要,论述了本种对策在生产中的可行性与重要性。     

基于林网体系尺度上的农田防护林持续经营模型Ⅱ--模型的应用

基于林网体系尺度上的农田防护林持续经营模型,是以矩(方)形林网为对象,通过分析经营尺度、更新能力、林带更新年龄、更新方式等林网时空结构状态要素而建立起来的,是林网体系功能目标与时空结构状态之间的数量关系表达。本文通过有效性检验证明了该模型的实用性,并以辽宁省昌图前双井子行政村为对象,在杨树林网体系中应用该模型,计算出更新林带的空间位置和整个林网体系的结构动态变化过程,以及每个经营阶段林网体系中林带的年龄结构和空间分布状态转移序列,可形成持续经营状态林网体系,克服目前传统经营方式下林网的防护效益不能稳定维持的弊病,为优化林网配置形式和经营提供了方向。     

Design of forest management planning DSS for wildfire risk reduction

Forest management planning is generally a complicated task. The amount of data, information and knowledge involved in the management process is often overwhelming. Decision support systems can help forest managers make well documented decisions concerning forest management planning. These systems include a wide variety of components, depending on the management goals of the forested land. Although an increased growth of decision support systems in specific domains of forest management planning exists, there is no special design model for the deployment of forest management planning. To this direction, this paper has the following objectives: Firstly, to propose a conceptual design model for developing goal-driven forest management planning decision support systems. Secondly, to apply the design model for a particular case of these systems, the wildfire risk reduction decision support systems. Thirdly, to present the deployment of a wildfire risk reduction decision support system as well as its results for a specific forest area.     

More or Less Integrated Ocean Management: Multiple Integrated Approaches and Two Norms

Abstract

Through a normative lens, this article investigates integrated ocean management and the multiple concepts that it involves. Although international law provides legal authority to coastal states to manage their ocean area entitlements, no single legally binding norm specific to integrated ocean management exists. Nevertheless, by combining different internationally recognized sources, this article identifies and discusses two normative concepts applicable in coastal state integrated ocean management. These are (1) the framing of integrated ocean management as a management process and (2) the incorporation of environmental, economic, and social concerns into an ocean management policy.     

Preferences for wildlife management methods among the peri-urban public in Scotland

Wildlife management remains a matter of considerable controversy amongst many stakeholders, particularly where lethal control (culling) is used. Wild deer provide perhaps one of the best examples of such a management ‘problem’, especially where they are encountered in peri-urban environments. Faced with potential controversy, decision-makers in public land management organisations need information which clearly differentiates between generally acceptable management objectives and methods, and less mainstream preferences. We conducted a questionnaire survey aimed at assessing the preferences of community members in peri-urban Scotland for management methods in response to specific problems and analysed the results in relation to three social categories—age, gender and familiarity with wildlife. Active management was broadly accepted. Fencing dominated as the preferred first management response with little variation across social category, or between management problems. Changing human behaviour (e.g. introducing speed limits) was also a highly preferred response by the respondents in this study. In general, the order of preferred management responses stayed the same in relation to different management impacts. Culling (lethal control) had almost no support as a first management response to any problem, although considerably more respondents support it as a third preference. Our results suggest that culling is acceptable as a subsidiary management response in peri-urban areas, but only where other preferred management methods have been tried and failed.     

自然保护区管理的博弈分析

自然保护区作为地球上生态保育的基石,其管理的有效性和可持续性一直是备受关注的热点问题之一。自然保护区管理涉及自然环境和社会经济两大系统,具有复杂性特征。为解析这种复杂性,可以把自然保护区管理看成是博弈问题,将博弈论作为有力工具来解决自然保护区管理中的各种矛盾冲突,协调各种利益关系,以促进自然保护区管理的科学性、有效性和可持续性。一般地,自然保护区可以描述为n人博弈,能够通过Nash均衡和n人合作博弈的Shapley值以及核仁(Nucleolus)等方法求解。作者用博弈论思想分析了自然保护区管理中天然林保护、以电代柴和适度开发等典型案例,总结了自然保护区管理博弈分析的一般步骤。认为必须通过政策、体制和机制创新,促进自然保护区管理中各利益主体的广泛参与和密切合作,才能实现自然保护区管理中公平与效率、高效与持续的统一。     

Stock enhancement as a fisheries management tool

Stock enhancement has been viewed as a positive fisheries management tool for over 100 years. However, decisions to undertake such activities in the past have often been technology-based, i.e., driven by the ability to produce fishes, with most stock enhancement projects having limited or no demonstrated success. The reasons for this have been due to an inability to identify and/or control the underlying reasons why a fishery is under-performing or not meeting management objectives. Further, stock enhancement has often been applied in isolation from other fisheries management tools (e.g., effort control). To address these issues and consider stock enhancement in a broader ecosystem perspective, a new approach for stock enhancement is proposed. The proposed model comprises four major steps; a review of all information about an ecosystem/fishery/stock and the setting of clear management targets; a comparison of all relevant fisheries management tools with the potential to meet the management targets; the instigation of a scientifically based, pilot-scale, stock enhancement program with clear objectives, targets, and evaluations; and a full-scale stock enhancement program if the pilot project meets the objectives. The model uses a flow-chart that highlights a broad range of scientific and other information, and the decisions that need to be made in relation to stock enhancement and fisheries management in general. In this way all steps are transparent and all stakeholders (managers, scientists, extractive and non-extractive users, and the general public) can contribute to the information collection and decision making processes. If stock enhancement is subsequently identified as the most-appropriate tool, then the stepwise progression will provide the best possible chance of a positive outcome for a stock enhancement project, while minimizing risks and costs. In this way, stock enhancement may advance as a science and develop as a useful fisheries management tool in appropriate situations.     

基于PSR模型的国家公园综合灾害风险评估指标体系构建

灾害会对社会-生态系统产生严重影响,造成重大的社会、经济、环境等方面的损失,科学地对灾害风险进行评估是进行防灾减灾的基础工作。自然保护地是区域灾害风险管理热点地区,在国家公园体制试点建设与自然保护地体系改革中,国家公园作为保护重要生态系统并保障全民公益性的重要的自然保护地类型之一,管理目标的多样性,决定了其具有多风险源-多受体的灾害风险特征,因此,进行全面有效的灾害风险评估是支持国家公园生态系统管理、游客管理、社区管理等具体管理目标的必要环节。在明确国家公园灾害风险的特征与内涵的基础上,以国际减灾署灾害风险定量评估框架为依据,细分灾害风险源和风险受体,然后针对国家公园不同类型的灾害风险受体,以灾害风险源的危险性与灾害风险受体的脆弱性(包含敏感性、暴露性和适应性)衡量灾害风险度,结合压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)模型,构建了适用于国家公园综合灾害风险管理的评估指标体系,旨在为国家公园的灾害风险管理提供理论基础和科学依据,服务于国家公园多元化管理目标。     

Heavy-Metal Balances, Part II: Management of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in European Agro-Ecosystems

The aim of sustainable heavy-metal management in agroecosystems is to ensure that the soil continues to fulfill its functions: in agricultural production, in environmental processes such as the cycling of elements, and as a habitat of numerous organisms. To understand and manage heavy-metal flows effectively, a consistent approach to modeling the flows is needed within the particular agro-system under study. General aspects of heavy-metal balance studies in agro-ecosystems were described in part I of this study. In this article (part II), several European studies of heavy-metal balances at varying spatial scales and in a variety of agro-ecosystems are reviewed. Sectoral studies at the national and international levels provide information for economic analyses and generic regulations; however, policies implemented at these levels often ignore farm characteristics and individual management options. Field-scale and farm-gate balances give farmers specific feedback on effective options for better heavy-metal management. Heavy-metal balances could be incorporated in an environmental management system of certified farms. In this way, farm certification may well serve as a basis from which to develop policy to address environmental issues in agriculture.     

Habitat management as a generalized tool to boost European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus populations in the Iberian Peninsula: a cost‐effectiveness analysis

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Elephant management: why can't we throw out the babies with the artificial bathwater?

Elephant management is highly controversial and any elephant-related study is quickly seen as a pro or con for one of the usual elephant management practices ( laissez-faire , culling, contraception or metapopulation management). Managing water sources has also been suggested as one option, even though no experimental data exist. In a recent issue of Diversity and Distributions , Smit et al. (2007 ) rejected this management tool as an efficient method to control elephant distribution and dynamics in Kruger National Park, South Africa. However, we believe that (1) Smit et al. 's conclusion is poorly supported by the available data, and (2) that this non-intrusive management tool has the potential for being one of the few practices able to reconcile managers, scientists, and the public opinion in the never-ending 'elephant problem'. For these reasons, we believe that the strong conclusions of Smit et al. should be moderated.     

Local Ecological Knowledge and Institutional Dynamics for Ecosystem Management: A Study of Lake Racken Watershed, Sweden

The sustainable use of resources requires that management practices and institutions take into account the dynamics of the ecosystem. In this paper, we explore the role of local ecological knowledge and show how it is used in management practices by a local fishing association in a contemporary rural Swedish community. We focus on the local management of crayfish, a common-pool resource, and also address the way crayfish management is linked to institutions at different levels of Swedish society. Methods from the social sciences were used for information gathering, and the results were analyzed within the framework of ecosystem management. We found that the practices of local fishing association resemble an ecosystem approach to crayfish management. Our results indicate that local users have substantial knowledge of resource and ecosystem dynamics from the level of the individual crayfish to that of the watershed, as reflected in a variety of interrelated management practices embedded in and influenced by institutions at several levels. We propose that this policy of monitoring at several levels simultaneously, together with the interpretation of a bundle of indicators and associated management responses, enhances the possibility of building ecological resilience into the watershed. Furthermore, we found that flexibility and adaptation are required to avoid command-and-control pathways of resource management. We were able to trace the development of the local fishing association as a response to crisis, followed by the creation of an opportunity for reorganization and the recognition of slow ecosystem structuring variables, and also to define the role of knowledgeable individuals in the whole process. We discuss the key roles of adaptive capacity, institutional learning, and institutional memory for successful ecosystem management and conclude that scientific adaptive management could benefit from a more explicit collaboration with flexible community-based systems of resource management for the implementation of policies as experiments. Received 26 April 2000; accepted 13 October 2000.     

Recognition of Aboriginal rights, interests and values in river research and management: Perspectives from northern Australia

Summary Aboriginal people perceive land and water as equal components of country, and hold distinct perspectives on water relating to identity and attachment to place, environmental knowledge, resource security, and the exercise of custodial responsibilities to manage interrelated parts of customary estates. This paper documents Aboriginal perspectives from certain areas in northern Australia, defined as the region of tropical savannas stretching from Townsville to Broome, and offers a number of suggestions for improving current knowledge of Aboriginal values and Aboriginal participation rates in water and catchment management. The paper highlights the cultural significance of rivers and water in selected northern regions, and provides a preliminary outline of research and management priorities as determined by key north Australian Aboriginal land management organizations. Priorities include developing the capacity for collaborative aquatic resource management, conservation of traditional ecological knowledge, riparian resource inventories and threat assessment, as well as improved Aboriginal participation in catchment management and water policy. Although there is a strong north Australian focus to this paper, the issues raised are relevant to water and natural resource management policy throughout Australia.     

The role of the veterinarian in bovine fertility management on modern dairy farms

The decline in dairy herd fertility internationally has highlighted the limited impact of traditional veterinary approaches to herd fertility. The role of the veterinarian in fertility management on dairy farms has evolved from addressing individual clinical conditions to analyzing suboptimal herd metrics. However, this paradigm shift has only successfully occurred in some dairy industries and less so in others. Needs analyses indicate that the critical constraints to change are veterinary practice size, client motivation and data quality and availability. In addition, this review identified the inability of veterinarians to demonstrate and to market the cost-benefit of their fertility management services as important impediments to change. In many cases change is not being managed but is imposed by the growth of paraprofessionals. Some veterinarians still see their role as an animal clinician while others have evolved into leaders of the herd fertility management team. The core role of dairy veterinarians remains individual animal examinations but this must be supplemented with systematic herd fertility investigation and veterinarian-led herd fertility management. This new role encompasses leading the change from clinical calls only to a planned approach to herd fertility, demonstrating the cost-benefits of the program, scheduling fertility management consultations, assisting the farmer in setting specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-limited (SMART) goals, drawing up standard operating procedures (SOPs), training and auditing staff in fertility management practices, encouraging a team approach, implementing veterinary fertility management and monitoring performance. Veterinarians who fail to engage in this process of change risk being marginalized by others keen to promote their herd fertility services.     

Heterogeneity fosters biodiversity: Linking history and ecology of dry calcareous grasslands

Calcareous grasslands in Central Europe harbour a high diversity of plant and animal species. However, as man-made habitats, they need to be managed in order to maintain high species diversity. Conservation efforts often aim at reintroducing historical management regimes, such as regular grazing or mowing. Despite such efforts, the diversity and number of species of calcareous grasslands is still decreasing. We propose that, besides fragmentation and eutrophication, a lack of structural heterogeneity within and around calcareous grasslands as created by historic management is causing species loss as well. Here, we review the literature on the history of calcareous grassland management in northern Switzerland, the heterogeneity that it created and the relevance of this heterogeneity for biodiversity at three spatial scales: (1) within grasslands, (2) in their close surroundings and (3) at the landscape scale. Considering that historic management has created heterogeneity at all three scales and that many species do indeed depend on this structural diversity, we conclude that in order to conserve the full range of biodiversity associated with calcareous grasslands, conservation management should aim at increasing heterogeneity in, around, and between grasslands.     

Red deer range and problems of carrying capacity in the Scottish Highlands

Some general principles underlying the concept of carrying capacity and problems in using the term are illustrated by reference to herbivore/vegetation inter-relationships in intensive pasture systems, regimes of range management and wildlife systems. The approach to management of the deer/range system in Scotland does not fit into any of these categories of land use. Ecological deficiencies arise because deer, rather than the soils and vegetation, are regarded as the resource. Hence, management of the range is animal orientated. It is based on techniques such as burning which give temporary benefits to the animal component of the system. It is argued that this inversion of priorities in management has the long-term effect of encouraging vegetational successions that aggravate problems of animal management, especially on the poorer soils. The characteristics of the deer and the vegetation, and trends of change are considered in this context. It is concluded that within the present framework of management there is little scope for radical improvement. A restructuring of the system is required to give greater control over the biological performance of the deer and of the trends in the vegetation.     

The human dimensions of coastal ecosystem services: Managing for social values

Coastal management is driven by the values and priorities of society as expressed through social, political, and economic systems. Diverse resource management goals reflect what society wants from its surrounding environments as presented in enabling legislation and other resource laws. Today, coastal management encompasses decisions of what to regulate, what enterprises and initiatives to promote, and which ecosystem services are most important to citizens and businesses. Data based on the natural or physical sciences are important, but are just one input into this socially driven, value-based process. This paper offers an insight into why an ecosystem service approach using human dimensions as the major driver is becoming an increasing focus of coastal resource management.