胃粘膜萎缩大鼠适应性细胞保护作用的变化及其与内源性PG_s等的关系

本文观察了由丙线照射所致胃粘膜萎缩后其适应性细胞保护作用的变化,及其与内源性PGE、PGI_2和 TXA_2的关系。结果表明,胃粘膜萎缩可明显地减弱由胃蛋白酶(150U 溶于0.1mol/L 盐酸)或20%酒精灌胃所引起的对牛磺胆酸所致的胃粘膜损伤的适应性细胞保护作用。在丙线照射后28 d 胃粘膜萎缩状态下,组织合成和释放 PGE 和 PGI_2的能力显著降低,而生成 TXA_2的能力则明显增强;给予上述两种弱刺激后15min,PGE 和 PGI_2含量的增加比无粘膜萎缩动物明显减少,PGI_2/TXA_2比值降低。预先5min 给予外源性 PGE_2,则可使丙线照射所抑制的适应性细胞保护作用重新恢复。这些结果说明,丙线照射可使大鼠胃粘膜的适应性细胞保护作用明显减弱,而胃组织 PGE 和 PGI_2合成和释放能力的降低以及 PGI_2/TXA_2比值下降,可能是产生这种现象的机制之一。     

小鼠胚泡着床过程中子宫6—酮—PGF1α（6—KF）及TXB2含量的变化

本实验利用前列环素(Prostacyclin,简称PGI_2)及血栓素(Thromboxane A_2,简称TXA_2)的代谢产物6-KF及TXB_2的RIA技术,探讨了小鼠子宫在胚泡着床点及非着床部位上述二类PG_s的含量变化。实验表明,妊娠D_5胚泡着床部位及着床间区,6-KF的水平较高;而TXB_2含量较低变化也小。表明胚泡着床时,血管通透性增强与PGI_2升高密切相关。PGI_2与TXA_2比值的增高,使血管舒张,增强抗凝,有利于胚泡着床及营养供应。     

6-Keto-PGF_(1α)和TXB_2在胃粘膜适应性细胞保护中的作用

PGI_2和TXA_2均系前列腺酸的衍生物,胃粘膜细胞可不断合成和释放,具有很强的细胞保护作用。然而,关于它们与胃蛋白酶的适应性细胞保护作用的关系,尚未见报道。本文则采用放射免疫方法,测定了胃粘膜组织 PGI_2和TXA_2的代谢物 6-Keto-PGF_(1α)和TXB_2含量在不同情况下的变化。结果表明,单纯胃蛋白酶225U或胃蛋白酶150U溶于0.1NHCl或75U溶于0.2NHCl中,提前15min灌胃,均可防止由25％NaCl高渗溶液和沸水所致的胃粘膜坏死的发生,这种保护作用呈明显的量效关系。在上述三种配方灌胃后15min,胃粘膜组织PGI_2和TXA_2含量明显升高,约为对照组的2.0—2.15和1.7—2.0倍;且以PGI_2含量的增加占优势;胃蛋白酶浓度与两者含量呈现明显的量效关系。说明胃蛋白酶作为弱刺激对高渗和物理性烫伤所致的胃粘膜损伤均有保护作用,其作用机制是通过诱发内源性PG_s 的合成和释放而实现的,这一现象对解释胃粘膜的自身耐受机制,具有重要的生理意义。     

电离辐射降低大鼠胰淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性机制的一些初步分析

1.丙线照射后胰淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性明显降低,胰酶活性降低程度和胰腺重量有关。在一定照射剂量范围内,胰酶活性和腺重量随着照射剂量的增加而下降。2.同样剂量的丙线照射后,胰腺组织匀浆上清液中的胰酶活性无变化。3.丙线照射后胰腺腺泡由M受体激动剂氨甲酰胆碱引起的淀粉酶分泌量明显减少。4.电镜观察表明,丙线照射后大鼠胰腺腺泡内合成及分泌酶原的内质网、线粒体等超微结构紊乱,这可能是电离辐射后胰酶活性降低的主要原因。     

胃内PGE和PGF_(2α)介导胃蛋白酶的适应性细胞保护作用的观察

胃粘膜细胞不断合成和释放的前列腺素(PGs),具有很强的细胞保护作用。我们的前一工作表明,预先用胃蛋白酶灌胃,可防止牛磺胆酸所致的胃粘膜坏死的发生,这一保护作用可被消炎痛所阻断;间接提示这种适应性细胞保护的发生机制可能与内源性PGs有关。本文则用放射免疫方法,直接测定了胃粘膜组织PGE和PGF_(2α)含量在不同情况下的变化。结果表明,单纯胃蛋白酶225U,胃蛋白酶150U溶于 0.1N HCl或75单位溶于 0.2N HCl中,提前 15min灌胃,均可防止由0.2N NaOH、0.6N HCl 和无水乙醇所致的胃粘膜坏死的发生,这种保护作用呈明显的量效关系。上述三种配方的胃蛋白酶溶液灌胃后15min,胃粘膜组织PGE和PGF_(2α)含量明显升高,分别为对照组的2.7—2.9倍和1.9—2.5倍;且以PGE含量的上升占优势。进一步观察不同浓度胃蛋白酶溶于生理浓度盐酸中对胃粘膜PG含量的影响发现,胃蛋白酶与胃粘膜组织PGE和PGF_(2α)含量的增加呈现明显的量效关系。这些结果说明,胃蛋白酶作为弱刺激对强酸、强碱和无水乙醇所致的胃粘膜损伤均有保护作用,其作用机制则是通过诱发内源性PGs的合成和释放而实现的。     

非甾体抗炎药和应激状态使胃粘膜前列腺素E含量减少

非甾体抗炎药可加重或诱发溃疡病,其机制尚不清,可能与此类药物抑制前列腺素E(PGE)的生物合成有关。PGE合成抑制时,胃酸分泌增加,胃粘膜缺血,加之PGE的前体花生四烯酸堆积,均具有致溃疡作用。最近,荒山哲男等(医学,112:673,1980)用放射免疫法测定大鼠胃粘膜PGE的含量,直接证明了上述假设。     

黄芩甙对发热大鼠下丘脑PGE2和cAMP含量的影响

目的和方法：PGE2和cAMP是重要的中枢发热介质。为了探讨PGE2和cAMP是否参与了黄芩甙解热的机制,本实验用内毒素（ET）复制大鼠发热模型,观察黄芩甙的解热作用及对大鼠下丘脑中PGE2和cAMP含量的影响。结果：黄芩甙有明显的解热作用,并且翻转ET对下丘脑中PGE2和cAMP含量的影响。相关分析显示,下丘脑中PGE2和cAMP含量的变化与体温变化之间存在明显正相关。结论：黄芩甙可通过抑制下丘脑中PGE2和cAMP含量升高而发挥其解热作用。     

猴头菌颗粒治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎作用机制研究

目的：观察猴头菌提取物颗粒对大鼠慢性萎缩性胃炎的治疗效果。方法：SD大鼠分为5组,即正常对照组、模型对照组、维酶素治疗组、猴头菌颗粒小剂量组、猴头菌颗粒大剂量组;除正常对照组外,其余大鼠用热盐水灌胃方法制作慢性萎缩性胃炎模型：模型制成后连续给药28天;处死动物后通过制备病理切片和利用试剂盒测定胃粘膜氨基己糖、前列腺素E2（PGE2）含量,由此观察猴头菌提取物颗粒对慢性萎缩性胃炎的治疗作用。结果：猴头菌颗粒治疗组大鼠胃粘膜G、D细胞数量和氨基己糖、PGE2含量高于模型对照组,尤以猴头菌颗粒大剂量组,最为显著（P〈0．01）。结论：猴头菌颗粒对大鼠慢性萎缩性胃炎有明显的治疗作用。     

前列腺素在血小板聚集与抗聚集中的作用

本文对血栓素A_2(TXA_2)及前列腺环素(PGI_2)在体内的生物合成、生理作用及两者的相互关系与临床意义的新进展作了概要介绍。最近几年发现的前列腺素内过氧化物产物:TXA_2及PGI_2,认为在血小板的聚集与解聚中起关键作用,血小板的自稳态可能由两者之间的平衡所调节。     

血栓素合成酶抑制剂的研究现状和展望

血栓素合成酶抑制剂(TxSI)是一类新型抗血小板药,其显著特点是阻断花生四烯酸(AA)代谢过程中诱聚性及血管收缩性产物血栓素A_2(TxA_2)的形成,而不抑制甚至增加抗聚性及血管扩张性前列环素(PGI_2)的生成。这类药物比环氧酶抑制剂阿司匹林等经典抗血小板药具有更高的特异性作用,可望于心血管疾病的临床应用。     

Effect of ionizing radiation on prostaglandins and gastric secretion in rhesus monkeys

Early radiation toxicity is characterized by nausea and vomiting. We have previously shown that gastric emptying, gastric motility, and gastric secretion were suppressed after total body exposure to irradiation. In the present studies, we evaluated the relation between vomiting and gastric function in nine rhesus monkeys and explored the possible role of prostaglandins (PG) in these phenomena. The concentration of PG in plasma and gastric juice was determined using a standard radioimmunoassay and gastric acid output was measured concurrently using a marker dilution technique. The animals were studied in the basal state and after total body exposure to 800 cGy 60Co delivered at a rate of 500 cGy/min. Acid output was abolished from 40 min to 2 h after irradiation but had returned to preirradiation levels 2 days later. Plasma PGE2 and PGI2 (as measured by 6-keto-PGF1 alpha determination) were not significantly modified by irradiation. In contrast, irradiation produced an immediate significant increase (P less than 0.05) in gastric juice concentration of PGE2 (318 +/- 80 to 523 +/- 94 pg/ml; mean +/- SE) and PGI2 (230 +/- 36 to 346 +/- 57 pg/ml); both had returned to basal levels 2 days later. Thus, an increase in gastric juice concentration of both PGE2 and PGI2 is associated with the radiation induced suppression of acid output.     

Actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its product, 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on the rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro.

The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its breakdown product 6-oxo-PGF1alpha on various aspects of gastric function were investigated in the rat. PGI2 increased mucosal blood flow when infused intravenously. PGI2 was a more potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in vivo than PGE2. Like PGE2, PGI2 inhibited acid secretion from the rat stomach in vitro. PGI2 had comparable activity to PGE2 in inhibiting indomethacin-induced gastric erosions. Thus prostacyclin shares several of the activities of PGE2, and may be involved in the regulation of gastric mucosal function.     

Pentoxifylline does not spare acute radiation reactions in rat lung and skin.

Male rats were exposed to single doses (0-30 Gy) of 60Co gamma rays to the right hemithorax. Half of each dose group consumed only control powdered chow after irradiation, and half consumed feed containing 0.10% (w/w) pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg/day). The severity of epilation and desquamation in the field of the radiation port was scored weekly. Two months after irradiation the animals were killed, and pulmonary endothelial function was monitored by the activity of lung angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator (PLA), and by production of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2). The amount of hydroxyproline (HP) in the lung served as an index of pulmonary fibrosis. Radiation produced a dose-dependent decrease in ACE and PLA activity in the right lung and an increase in the production of PGI2 and TXA2. This endothelial dysfunction was accompanied by an increase in wet weight and in protein and HP content in the irradiated lung. Pentoxifylline spared only the increase in lung wet weight and protein content, and actually elevated the radiation-induced hyperproduction of PGI2 and TXA2. The severity of the epilation and desquamation reactions increased with increasing radiation dose and time but was independent of diet. These data indicate that pentoxifylline, despite some promising pharmacological actions, has no beneficial effect on acute radiation reactions in rat lung and skin.     

Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction induced by unilateral as compared to bilateral thoracic irradiation in rats

Rats were sacrificed 2 months after a single dose of 10-30 Gy of 60Co gamma rays delivered to either a right unilateral or a bilateral thoracic port. Four indices of lung endothelial function were measured: the activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator (PLA) and the production of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2). The number of macrophages recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy (an index of pulmonary hypertension) also were determined. Right lung ACE and PLA activity decreased linearly, and PGI2 and TXA2 production increased linearly with increasing radiation dose. The response curves for right unilateral and bilateral thoracic irradiation were not significantly different. In contrast, bilateral irradiation was more toxic than unilateral, since rats exposed to the former exhibited decreased body weight, an increased incidence of pleural effusions, an increase in the number of macrophages recovered by BAL, and right ventricular hypertrophy. These data demonstrate that pulmonary endothelial dysfunction induced by hemithorax irradiation represents a direct response of the endothelium to radiation injury and is not secondary to other phenomena such as shunting of function to the shielded lung.     

Gastric prostacyclin (PGI2) prevents stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats primarily by inhibiting leukocyte activation.

We investigated whether, in rats, gastric prostacyclin (PGI2) prevented gastric mucosal injury that was induced by water-immersion restraint stress by inhibiting leukocyte activation. Gastric levels of 6-keto-PGF1alpha, a stable metabolite of PGI2, increased transiently 30 min after stress, followed by a decrease to below the baseline 6-8 h after stress. Gastric mucosal blood flow decreased to approximately 40% of the baseline level 8 h after stress. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased 8 h after stress. Treatment with indomethacin before stress inhibited the increase in 6-keto-PGF1alpha levels and markedly reduced mucosal blood flow. It also markedly increased leukocyte accumulation and mucosal lesion formation. Iloprost, a stable PGI2 analog, inhibited the indomethacin-induced decrease in mucosal blood flow, mucosal lesion exacerbation, and increase in leukocyte accumulation. Nitrogen mustard-induced leukocytopenia inhibited the indomethacin-associated lesion exacerbation and the increase in leukocyte accumulation, but not the decreases in mucosal blood flow. These observations indicate that gastric PGI2 decreases gastric mucosal lesion formation primarily by inhibiting leukocyte accumulation.     

Prostacyclin and thromboxane formation in human umbilical arteries following stimulation with vasoactive autacoids

The formation of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (measured as the stable metabolites 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2) during stimulation with vasoactive autacoids was registered in human umbilical arteries perfused in vitro. Responses were registered within 3-4 minutes after addition of the substances. Both angiotensin I and II were found to increase the formation of PGI2 while depressing that of TXA2. Serotonin increased the formation of TXA2 but not that of PGI2. Both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha stimulated the PGI2 formation. The TXA2 mimetic U46619, increased PGI2 production, whereas PGI2 slightly increased the formation of TXA2. All responses were found to be completely inhibited by indomethacin.     

Enhancement of gastric mucosal integrity by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

The gastric mucosa is frequently exposed to different exogenous and endogenous ulcerative agents. Alcoholism is one of the risk factors for the development of mucosal damage in the stomach. This study aimed to assess if a probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is capable of protecting the gastric mucosa from acute damage induced by intragastric administration of ethanol. Pre-treatment of rats with LGG at 10(9) cfu/ml twice daily for three consecutive days markedly reduced ethanol-induced mucosal lesion area by 45%. LGG pre-treatment also significantly increased the basal mucosal prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) level. In addition, LGG attenuated the suppressive actions of ethanol on mucus-secreting layer and transmucosal resistance and reduced cellular apoptosis in the gastric mucosa. It is suggested that the protective action of LGG on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions is likely attributed to the up-regulation of PGE(2), which could stimulate the mucus secretion and increase the transmucosal resistance in the gastric mucosa. All these would protect mucosal cells from apoptosis in the stomach.     

Up-regulation of endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 and prostanoid synthesis by platelets. Role of thromboxane A2

Platelet-vascular endothelial cell interactions are central to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (prostaglandin (PG)I2) are the major products of cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolism by platelets and the vascular endothelium, respectively. Here we report the effects of platelet-endothelial interactions on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) COX-2 expression and prostanoid synthesis. Co-incubation of platelets with HUVECs resulted in a dose-dependent induction in COX-2 expression. This was accompanied by a relatively small increase in thromboxane B2 synthesis (2 ng) by comparison to the production of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and PGE2, which increased by approximately 14 and 12 ng, respectively. Abrogation of platelet-HUVEC interactions excluded direct cell-cell contact as a required event. Preincubation of HUVECs with SQ29548, a TXA2 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently inhibited platelet-induced COX-2 expression and prostanoid synthesis. Similarly, if platelet TXA2 synthesis was inhibited no induction of COX-2 was observed. Furthermore, a TXA2 analog, carbocyclic TXA2, induced HUVEC COX-2 expression and the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1alpha and PGE2. This was also associated with an increase in the expression and activity of PGI synthase and PGE synthase but not TX synthase. Platelet co-incubation (or TXA2) also selectively activated the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate HUVEC COX-2 expression. Thus it seems that platelet-derived TXA2 can act in a paracrine manner to up-regulate endothelial COX-2 expression and PGI2 synthesis. These observations are of particular importance given the recent observations regarding selective COX-2 inhibitors and the suppression of PGI2 synthesis.     

Atherosclerosis decreased prostacyclin formation in rabbit lungs and kidneys.

Metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) was studied in perfused lungs and kidneys of normal and atherosclerotic rabbits by determination of PGE2, PGF2 alpha and the stable metabolites of PGI2 (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and TXA2 (TXB2). PGI2 was the main AA metabolite formed by normal lungs and kidneys. Atherosclerosis reduced the formation of PGI2 by about 50 % in both organs. TXA2 formation was similarily decreased in lungs. In kidneys, the decrease in PGI2 formation was accompanied by an increase in PGE2 formation.     

Roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in prostanoid production by human endothelial cells: selective up-regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by COX-2

The two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, both metabolize arachidonic acid to PGH(2), the common substrate for thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), and PGE(2) synthesis. We characterized the synthesis of these prostanoids in HUVECs in relation to COX-1 and COX-2 activity. Untreated HUVEC expressed only COX-1, whereas addition of IL-1beta caused induction of COX-2. TXA(2) was the predominant COX-1-derived product, and TXA(2) synthesis changed little with up-regulation of COX-2 by IL-1beta (2-fold increase). By contrast, COX-2 up-regulation was associated with large increases in the synthesis of PGI(2) and PGE(2) (54- and 84-fold increases, respectively). Addition of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, almost completely abolished PGI(2) and PGE(2) synthesis, but had little effect on TXA(2) synthesis. The up-regulation of COX-2 by IL-1beta was accompanied by specific up-regulation of PGI synthase and PGE synthase, but not TX synthase. An examination of the substrate concentration dependencies showed that the pathway of TXA(2) synthesis was saturated at a 20-fold lower arachidonic acid concentration than that for PGI(2) and PGE(2) synthesis. In conclusion, endothelial prostanoid synthesis appears to be differentially regulated by the induction of COX-2. The apparent PGI(2) and PGE(2) linkage with COX-2 activity may be explained by a temporal increase in total COX activity, together with selective up-regulation of PGI synthase and PGE synthase, and different kinetic characteristics of the terminal synthases. These findings have particular importance with regard to the potential for cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition.