华南若干旧石器时代地点的铀系年代

本文用铀系法测定了我国华南地区的建德乌龟洞、大冶石龙头、长阳龙洞、马坝狮子山、柳江通天岩、柳州白莲洞、桐梓岩灰洞、黔西观音洞、水城硝灰洞、桐梓马鞍山和呈贡龙潭山3号洞等11个旧石器时代地点的年代,根据测定结果,汇同我们发表的华北地区旧石器年代数据排列了它们的年代序列。     

THE ESTIMATION OF NUMBERS OF BACTERIA BY TENFOLD DILUTION SERIES

Results obtained by dilution series are sometimes so unlikely that doubt is cast on the validity of the method. Criteria for the rejection of results are discussed and a Table is given of acceptable results for tests with five tubes for each of three tenfold dilutions. Methods of estimating the concentration of bacteria for other numbers of tubes or of dilutions are suggested. The inherent lack of precision of the dilution series method is stressed.     

Abundance and diversity of Homoptera in the canopy of a tropical forest

Abstract. 1. A series of samples of Homoptera was obtained by fogging the canopy of Luehea seemannii trees in tropical forest in the Panama Canal Zone at three different times of the year.
2. The peak of abundance occurs around July (at least 11.8 individuals/m²), in the early wet season, at a time when most of the trees in the forest, including Luehea are producing new leaves.
3. Minimum abundance occurs in March (at least 3.5 individuals/m²), in the late dry season.
4. The samples obtained are some 35% richer in species per given number of individuals than light trap samples taken simultaneously in a similar forest some 6 km away from the present sampling site.
5. The data show that the effect of intensive light trapping on the populations of Homoptera in the forest is virtually negligible.
6. For a given sample size the tropical samples are many times richer in species than samples from temperate areas.     

基于高阶复杂性测度的心率变异信号分析

心率变异性反映了交感神经和迷走神经对心血管系统的综合调节作用,是评价心血管系统功能的重要指标。复杂度是描述时间信号序列信息量的一个重要参数,传统算法中的过分粗略化会丢失大量的有用信息,而高阶复杂度的引入可较大程度地避免这一问题。在利用Lorenz模型数据仿真的基础上,分别对25例正常人样本和25例充血性心力衰竭病人样本的心率变异信号的1～15阶Kolmogorov复杂度进行了计算,通过对比分析后确定,5阶Kolmogorov复杂度在临床医学上可以为分析心率变异信号获得更为理想的效果。     

PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH ANDEAN FLORA

Previous work has suggested that the floras of the separate regions of the high Andes are the products of disparate geographical, ecological, and geological factors. Among the important factors that differ among the regions are distances from source areas of propagules, climates, and differential effects of Pleistocene glaciations. To ascertain the relative importances of these factors in shaping the modern floras, and to test hypotheses about the causes of observed generic diversity patterns, models of abundances of species per genus were tested against data from three samples representing the major vegetation zones of the high Andes (páramo, puna, and austral alpine). While originally proposed for intraspecific phenomena, abundance models (broken stick, log normal, geometric series, and log series) appear to be applicable to supraspecific taxa and were used to assess alternative hypotheses. Potential sources of genera now present in the sample areas were compared, and coefficients of similarity were computed between these samples and between each of them and two North American high-elevation floras. Propagule types in the three Andean samples were also scored to see if methods of fruit dispersal differed. Results showed that all areas fit the geometric series model if abundance plots of ranked genera were compared, but these results were heavily influenced by the large number of genera represented by only one species. Both the puna and austral alpine samples fit the log series models, indicating that the habitats of these areas are relatively uniform and that arrival of propagules was random over time. The lack of a fit of the Colombian data to the log series or log normal models is due primarily to a large number of species-rich genera relative to other areas. These findings support the hypothesis that there has been a pronounced level of autochthonous speciation in the Colombian Andes relative to other areas. Coefficients of similarity at the generic level show that a given flora is most similar to that of the nearest sample area within the same continent. However, the floristic similarity between Tierra del Fuego and the high mountains of Colorado is as high as that between the Tierra del Fuego sample and the neighboring Argentina sample, indicating that similarities in climate can be as important as distance in determining the composition of some Andean floras.     

THE CYTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF NITRO BLUE TETRAZOLIUM AS AN INDEX OF POLLEN VIABILITY

A new technique for estimating pollen viability utilizing Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (Nitro-BT) is given. Pollen of 16 taxa was studied and scored for stainability. A comparison was made between Nitro-BT-stained pollen samples and aniline-blue-lactophenol-stained samples, because the validity of the latter stain has been questioned in recent years. It is demonstrated that Nitro-BT can discriminate between pollens which have a capacity for oxidative metabolism, representing potential viability, and those which do not. Suggestions for pollen stainability studies are given.     

TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE-Results with Dihydroergocornine Methanesulfonate (DHO-180) and Other Ergot Derivatives

A comparison of nicotinic acid, a non-narcotic analgesic and a series of injectable and oral ergot preparations tested by various methods in treating 40 patients with typical migraine indicate that ergot alkaloids are far superior in producing symptomatic relief.A comparison of ergotamine tartrate, dihydroergotamine (DHE-45) and dihydroergocornine (DHO-180) indicated that ergotamine tartrate is the most effective and perhaps the most toxic, DHE-45 is slightly less effective and considerably less toxic, and that DHO-180 is the least effective but also the least toxic. When given orally, these alkaloids were about half as effective as when given by injection. EC-110 (ergotamine nitrate with caffeine) was the most effective.DHO-180 in liquid form, given daily for one month, had a marked preventive effect on migraine attacks.     

Detection of diagnostic clues in statistical histometry

Examples are given of the detection of diagnostic clues in quantitative cytology and histopathology by statistical testing, such as may be applied in image analytical procedures. Schematic and other examples are presented of the visual images analyzed by each procedure, whose limits are also discussed. The situations analyzed include increased cellularity, differences in nuclear placement patterns, uniformity of displacement, variance in nuclear diameters and chaincode variance of nuclear placement. A specific model is presented for describing or generating a series of dependent observations representing nuclear placement, based on the Box-Jenkins (ARIMA) models for decomposing a spatial or temporal series into several components. This model describes the statistical observations that are random samples from the series. Finally, one graphic example is given in which visual inspection more readily ascertains an alteration than does statistical analysis of a modest-sized sample.     

TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE—Results with Dihydroergocornine Methanesulfonate (DHO-180) and Other Ergot Derivatives

A comparison of nicotinic acid, a non-narcotic analgesic and a series of injectable and oral ergot preparations tested by various methods in treating 40 patients with typical migraine indicate that ergot alkaloids are far superior in producing symptomatic relief.A comparison of ergotamine tartrate, dihydroergotamine (DHE-45) and dihydroergocornine (DHO-180) indicated that ergotamine tartrate is the most effective and perhaps the most toxic, DHE-45 is slightly less effective and considerably less toxic, and that DHO-180 is the least effective but also the least toxic. When given orally, these alkaloids were about half as effective as when given by injection. EC-110 (ergotamine nitrate with caffeine) was the most effective.DHO-180 in liquid form, given daily for one month, had a marked preventive effect on migraine attacks.     

菟丝子三种提取工艺对心血管活性的影响

目的 观察菟丝子不同提取工艺对实验犬血流动力学药效学的影响。方法 16只成年杂种犬随机分成四组,给药组剂量为20mg／kg静脉注射。结果 经初步筛选实验结果表明,三个不同提取工艺样品均能增加心肌冠脉血流量,但3个样品对心肌耗氧量具有不同的影响,其中3号制剂心肌耗氧量降低;而1、2号制剂则增加心肌耗氧量。结论 3个样品各有特点,综合效应3号最佳。     

TIME RELATIONS OF GROWTH : II. THE EQUIVALENCE OF AGE IN MAMMALS ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR GROWTH CONSTANTS.

The numerical values of the growth constants given in the preceding paper of this series are utilized for determining equivalence of growth age and growth weight in several animal forms. The results are presented in the form of two age-equivalence tables and fifteen age-equivalence and weight-equivalence charts.     

TIME RELATIONS OF GROWTH : I. GENETIC GROWTH CONSTANTS OF ANIMALS.

This paper is the first in a series proposing to evaluate growth constants from the viewpoint of and by the methods of the physical chemist. After discussing the physicochemical conception of growth, tentative numerical values of two growth constants are given for several species of animals including man, and the methods of computation are discussed in detail.     

The separation and estimation of free amino acids,trimethylamine oxide,and betalne in tissues and body fluids of marine invertebrates

As a preliminary to a series of investigations of free nitrogenous substances in the tissues and body fluids of some marine invertebrates details are given of the analytical methods used; the problems involved are far more severe than with protein hydrolysates. The separation and estimation of amino acids, glutamine, and asparagine using the single column Technicon Amino Acid Auto-analyzer are described together with methods for trimethylamine oxide and betaine. Details of the preparation of the samples are given.     

FIELD IMMOBILIZATION OF YOUNG WILDEBEEST WITH SUCCINYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE

The results of 112 cases of field immobilization of wildebeest, Gorgon taurinus hecki (Neumann), * with succinylcholine chloride are given, and compared with the results given by Talbot and Lamprey (1961), who reported field dose rates of 0.023 mg/lb. body weight as ineffective, 0.028–0.029 mg/lb. as effective, and 0.036 mg/lb. as lethal, when given to adult wildebeest. Doses in the present series were determined empirically in the field and it was found that the youngest age group of wildebeest tried with the drug (49 cases, 6–12 months old) survived 'lethal' doses of 0.036–0.037 mg/lb. Field experience suggested that not only were young wildebeest capable of surviving greater doses of succinylcholine than adults, but there was an absence of secondary complications. Adult animals suffered from regurgitation of ruminal contents and difficulty with breathing.
In the field it proved easier to produce consistent results with young wildebeest, and it is suggested that in testing the possible use of succinylcholine for immobilizing other game animals the effect of the drug on both young and old animals should be compared.
Use of an effective marking method, by branding, followed by field recording of marked animals has shown that six animals out of a total of 87 disappeared shortly after release. The casualty rate associated with the field marking is given.     

Altitude, habitat and tropical insect diversity

Sample size and species richness of a series of light-trap samples taken in a number of localities in the Republic of Panama are given. Species richness as well as sample size decreased gradually with increasing altitude over a 100–2200 m range, in contrast to data from the literature which demonstrated a maximum at intermediate elevations. It is suggested that differences in technique, especially the continuous nature of the sampling in the present case are responsible for this discrepancy. Moderate human disturbance, which leaves a relatively high tree species diversity in the area has a surprisingly little, if any, effect on insect diversity. A large perturbation of the environment does, however, decrease species richness of the insect fauna.     

EFFECTS OF SAMPLE SIZE AND PRIOR MASTICATION ON TEXTURE JUDGMENTS

Two experiments were conducted. In the first, 25 untrained subjects judged the hardness and chewiness of three different food samples following either 0, 60, 120, or 180 s of adaptive chewing on an experimental gum compound. No effect of the adaptive chewing was found, in spite of observable and self-reported masticatory fatigue induced by the experimental procedures. These data fail to support the prevalent use of procedural limits on the number and temporal spacing of samples in sensory texture studies. In the second experiment, six groups of subjects (n = 107) judged the hardness and chewiness of two series of food samples that varied in physical size (volume). The groups differed in the degree to which cues about the true size differences were made available. Results showed both hardness and chewiness judgments to increase as a function of sample size, independently of subject awareness of the size differences. These data support the use of procedural controls on sample size, but fail to provide evidence of a size constancy phenomenon. A rheological explanation is proposed to account for the observed sensory effect.     

Elimination OF Distortion and Poor Staining in Paraffin Sections OF Plant Tissues

Three fixing solutions causing least distortion and bright staining of plant tissues are named. Glycerin dehydration causes less distortion than a series of alcohol concentrations; 95% alcohol removes some of the glycerin, sets the protoplasm and improves the staining. Absolute alcohol causes distortion and should be avoided. Pure chloroform, as a paraffin solvent, is followed by brighter staining but more distortion than are the butyl alcohols. A schedule resulting in minimum distortion is given. The results are shown in photomicrographs. Brightest staining follows the use of C. P. iron alum and hematoxylin. The use of a paper cup for very gradual change from one liquid to another and as a labor saver is described.     

我国东南沿海地区的VA菌根真菌 Ⅰ.四种硬囊霉

报道了从我国东南沿海地区山东、浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南等省分离的四种VA菌根真菌:枫香硬囊霉Sclerocystis liquidambaris Wu & Chen,台湾硬囊霉Sclerocystis taiwanensis Wu & Chen,悬钩子状硬囊霉Sclerocystis rubiformis Gerdemann & Trappe,弯丝硬囊霉Sclerocystis sinuosa Gerdemann & Bakshi。其中枫香硬囊霉,台湾硬囊霉和悬钩子状硬囊霉在我国大陆初次发现。本文详细记叙了以上四个种的形态特征及生境状况。     

Feeding behaviour of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val. and its impact on the food web in Lake Kinneret,Israel

Two series of plankton samples, collected in different parts of the Ivory Coast, are examined for their rotifer content. Seventy-one taxa are identified to species level, some of which are present in different forms. Seventeen taxa are new to the Ivory Coast, three are new to Africa. Ecological and distributional notes are given. The correct spelling of Brachionus quadridentatus f. melhemi is discussed.