研究生细胞分子生物学教学探索

为了培养具有科研思雏、德才兼备的研究生,在细胞分子生物学的教学中,从与人类生活及疾病相关的问题入手,以近年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获奖相关工作为主线,要求学生阅读指定文献并自己查阅相关文献,采用启发式或讨论式等多种方式开展教学,让学生在学习过程中经历了文献查阅、综述撰写、会议报告的制作等过程,使学生掌握了基础理论,增强了发现问题的意识,培养了解决问题的能力,提高了学术交流的技能。从而使学生的道德修养和综合素质有了显著提高,为今后从事科学研究工作奠定了良好的基础。     

Adoption of a Wild orphaned ringtailed lemur infant by natal group members: Adaptive explanations

In December 1992 an infant ringtailed lemur, approximately 7 weeks of age, was orphaned in one of the regularly-censused social groups at the Beza-Mahafaly Reserve, southwestern Madagascar. The infant was initially adopted by a subadult (2 yr-old) male from the group. Continuous-time focal animal data were collected for a 12-hr period, from the time that the infant was retrieved by the young male, in order to document the adoption process. Ten members of the infant's social group (total group number=18) engaged in infant care behaviors over the 12-hr period. The subadult male spent the most time engaged in infant care, and he and one adult female exhibited the highest frequency of caregiving behaviors over the 12-hr period (p<0.001). Four adult males also initially cared for the infant. The orphan was one of only six infants in the reserve population to survive that year. She was censused two years later as an adolescent member of her natal group. Adaptive explanations for this adoption vary depending upon the care-giver. For the subadult male and adult female caregivers, kin selection can be suggested, as the infant was related to all females and immature animals in the group. Adult males may have exhibited caregiving behaviors as a strategy related to affiliation with adult females which could lead to potential mating and reproductive success.     

Chironomid midges: a forgotten model of developmental biology research

For more than a century, embryologists have been exploring various model systems to gain insights into developmental processes. This article presents an overview of the role of chironomid midges in embryology research since their introduction as model organisms in the 19th century. We present the vestiges of bibliography since the days of Weismann (1834–1914), who raised preliminary queries to unravel many unique features of insect embryogenesis using midges as a crucible. Unfortunately, over the years, chironomid midges got lost into obscurity as a model for developmental biology, which is evident from the paucity of developmental biology–related literature on midges in the past decades. Through this essay, the authors intend to share reminiscences of the heydays of chironomid research with the wider community of zoologists with an aim of reviving chironomid embryology. Midges not only possess the basic qualities essential for an ideal model system, but being one of the ancestral dipteran stocks, they can also prove an excellent test system for evo‐devo, transgenetic, and embryogenomic investigations that utilize methodologies at the interface of developmental biology and high‐throughput molecular genetic and genomics approach. An introspection of re‐introducing chironomid midgesas model system will be rewarding for the contemporary developmental biologists.     

师范院校生物教育实习现状调查与思考

通过对师范院校生物教育实习现状调查,了解基础教育改革深化背景下的生物教育实习模式、实习学校生物教育状况及生物教育实习生存在的问题和困惑等,并对高师院校课程设置、教育实习管理等问题进行反思,为高师院校生物教育实习和课程设计提供一些借鉴。     

The Bielefeld teaching program in zoo biology

The teaching program in zoo biology of the University of Bielefeld offers a 4-week course that aims at providing special knowledge of zoos and zoo animals from theoretical, educational, and applied points of view. The course includes 1 week each of seminar-type lectures, a 1-week visit to one particular zoo, “comparative” 1-day visits to different zoos, and reports and seminars to be given by the participants. During the “zoo week” the students are required to select one of the exhibits and to make full-day behavioral observations of the animals. Requirements include seminar talks, a protocol about the observations, and the design of a label.     

昆虫学的基本科学问题及分子生物学技术

昆虫与人类生产及生活关系密切,昆虫学研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。昆虫容易大量饲养,是研究生物学基本科学问题的良好材料。分子生物学技术与方法的快速发展,极大地推动了昆虫学研究进程。转录组测序的普及以及基因编辑(gene editing)技术的成功已经打破了模式生物与非模式生物的界限,为研究各种重要的农业害虫提供了技术。我们应当根据生产实践的需要和现有理论凝练重要的创新性科学问题,灵活运用各种研究方法和技术,推动昆虫学研究进展,阐明昆虫学领域的特殊科学问题及大生物学领域的共同科学问题。     

结合分子生物学课程对大学生创新能力进行培养的尝试

大学教育应以建设创新型国家为己任,为培养创新型人才服务。根据分子生物学课程的特点,从课堂教学和实验教学两方面同时入手,结合教师的科研情况、学科的前沿动态以及引导学生进行课外阅读等几方面对学生的创新能力的培养进行尝试,取得良好效果。     

谈细胞生物学启发讨论式教学中的问题设置

启发讨论式教学是素质教育对各科教学的新要求。问题设置是启发讨论式教学中的关键环节。探讨了细胞生物学启发讨论式教学中问题设置的基本方式及其应注意的几个方面。     

pGLO mutagenesis: a laboratory procedure in molecular biology for biology students

A five-session laboratory project was designed to familiarize or increase the laboratory proficiency of biology students and others with techniques and instruments commonly used in molecular biology research laboratories and industries. In this project, the EZ-Tn5 transposon is used to generate and screen a large number of cells transformed with mutagenized pGLO plasmid. EZ-Tn5 carries the kanamycin resistance (Kan(R)) gene, and the pGLO plasmid carries the β-lactamase gene for ampicillin resistance (Amp(R)), the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the arabinose operon repressor (araC). Insertion of the Tn5 transposon into pGLO occurs randomly, and any gene into which it inserts is knocked out. By screening cells transformed with mutagenized pGLO with kanamycin, ampicillin, arabinose and/or for GFP expression in different combinations, pGLO plasmids with mutations in different genes are identified. The locations of these insertions are then mapped approximately by restriction fragment analysis and precisely by sequence analysis of the pGLO plasmid.     

Skeletal biology of the Taino: a preliminary report

Preliminary data on the skeletal biology of 78 Taino skeletons belonging to Juan Dolio, an archaeological site of the Maguana province, 80 Km. east of S. Domingo, are presented. The minimum number of individuals, sex, age, stature, and morphologic and morphometric characters were determined. Dental wear and pathology of cranial and post-cranial bones were also recorded.     

基于哲学思维的“分子生物学”教法改革初探

针对“分子生物学”教学中出现的问题,通过分析“分子生物学”中哲学思想及其认知特点,文章进行了基于哲学思维的“分子生物学”教学方法改革初步探讨。期望通过引入哲学思维,培养学生的哲学思想,开拓学生的创新思维,提升他们的认知水平,增强自然科学学生的人文素养,进一步提升“分子生物学”的教学效果。     

Human Cytokinome: a new challenge for systems biology

Cytokines play an important role in the evolution of inflammatory processes. Therefore, they are also key components of the cancer evolution, a disease recognized to depend on chronic inflammation. On the whole, we define cytokinome as the totality of these proteins and their interactions in and around biological cells. Understanding the complex interaction network of cytokines in patients affected from cancers should be very useful both to follow the cancer evolution from its early steps and to define innovative therapeutic strategies by using systems biology approaches.     

利用国际互联网,搞好信息时代的生物教学

本文介绍利用互联网上的共亨信息资源,服务生物教学的优点。简介其在备果、开发课件、研究涉及跨时空教学的内容及在生物教师间交流信息等方面的应用。     

The teacher writing toolkit: enhancing undergraduate teaching of scientific writing in the biological sciences

ABSTRACT

Teaching scientific writing in biology classes is challenging for both teachers and students. This article offers and reviews several useful ‘toolkit’ items that instructors of science writing can use to improve college student success. The tools in this kit are both conceptual and practical, and include: 1) Understanding the role of student metacognition, cognitive instruction, and strategic teaching, 2) Recognition of different student writing levels, 3) Applying the writing process, 4) Demonstrational classroom revision and editing, 5) Student-teacher sentence editing, 6) Student peer editing and guided student editing, 7) Student copy-editing, 8) Reflective writing, 9) Addressing plagiarism, paraphrasing, and proper in-text citations and referencing, and 10) Using external, on campus and online resources. Additionally, we discuss the new challenges of teaching scientific writing online versus face-to-face. The discussions, approaches, and exercises presented in this paper empower teachers in assisting students in their development of a personal writing style, while simultaneously building student confidence. The tools we present augment our previous presentation of the student writing toolkit, and can improve and enhance the teaching of scientific writing to undergraduate students.     

分子生物学实验课程中自行设计实验的实践

自行设计实验报告是学校分子生物学实验课程考核体系的一个重要内容,由学生以小组的形式分工合作完成。报告设计的实验方案在全班进行讨论和修改,最后确定一套切实可行的实验方案。学生参与自行设计实验的每一个环节,包括试剂的选择与订购、器皿耗材的准备、试剂的配制、实验的操作和结果的处理分析等等。该实验增加了实验教学的主动性、创新性、系统性和高效性。这一研究过程拓宽了学生的知识面、提高了学生解决问题的能力,同时积累了科研工作的经验,为进入研究生阶段的工作奠定基础。     

A systems biology approach to the blood-aluminium problem: the application and testing of a computational model

Transport and distribution of systemic aluminium are influenced by its interaction with blood. Current understanding is centred upon the role played by the iron transport protein transferrin which has been shown to bind up to 90% of serum total aluminium. We have coined what we have called the blood-aluminium problem which states that the proportion of serum aluminium which, at any one moment in time, is bound by transferrin is more heavily influenced by kinetic constraints than thermodynamic equilibria with the result that the role played by transferrin in the transport and distribution of aluminium is likely to have been over estimated. To begin to solve the blood-aluminium problem and therewith provide a numerical solution to the aforementioned kinetic constraints we have applied and tested a simple computational model of the time-dependency of a putative transferrin ligand (L) binding aluminium to form an Al-L complex with a probability of existence, K(E), between 0% (no complex) and 100% (complex will not dissociate). The model is based upon the principles of a lattice-gas automaton which when ran for K(E) in the range 0.1-98.0% demonstrated the emergence of complex behaviour which could be defined in the terms of a set of parameters (equilibrium value, E(V), equilibrium time, E(T), peak value, P(V), peak time, P(T), area under curve, AUC) the values of which varied in a predictable way with K(E). When K(E) was set to 98% the model predicted that ca. 90% of the total aluminium would be bound by transferrin within ca. 350 simulation timesteps. We have used a systems biology approach to develop a simple model of the time-dependency of the binding of aluminium by transferrin. To use this approach to begin to solve the blood-aluminium problem we shall need to increase the complexity of the model to better reflect the heterogeneity of a biological system such as the blood.     

Reproductive biology of Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Orchidaceae): a Cyrtopodiinae pollinated by deceit

The genus Cyrtopodium comprises about 42 species distributed from southern Florida to northern Argentina. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum occurs on rocks or in sandy soils, in restinga vegetation along the Brazilian coast. It flowers during the wet season and its inflorescences produce a high number of resupinate yellow flowers. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum offers no rewards to its pollinators, but mimics the yellow, reward-producing flowers of nearby growing Stigmaphyllon arenicola (oil) and Crotalaria vitellina (nectar) individuals. Several species of bee visit flowers of C. polyphyllum , but only two species of Centris ( Centris tarsata and Centris labrosa ) act as pollinators. Visits to flowers of C. polyphyllum were scarce and, as a consequence, low-fruit set was recorded under natural conditions. Such low-fruit production contrasts with the number of fruits each plant bears after manual pollination, suggesting deficient pollen transfer among plants. C. polyphyllum is self-compatible and has a high-fruit set in both manual self- and cross-pollinated flowers. Furthermore, fruits (2%) are formed by self-pollination assisted by rain. This facultative self-pollination mechanism is an important strategy to provide reproductive assurance to C. polyphyllum as rainfall restricts the foraging activity of its pollinating bees. Fruits derived from treatments and under natural conditions had a similar high rate of potentially viable seed. Moreover, these seeds had a low polyembryony rate, which did not exceed 5%. C. polyphyllum acts by deceit involving optical signals and exploits other yellow-flowered species within its habitat by attracting their pollinators. The low capsule production under natural conditions was expected, but its reproductive success is assured through self-pollination by rain and high seed viability.     

在生物学教学中引导学生利用归纳推理法建立数学模型

在生物学新课程改革中,高中生物学第1次明确提出了数学模型。以高中生物学中所涉及到的一些数学模型为例,尝试运用归纳推理法进行数学模型的构建。     

How development changes evolution: conceptual and historical issues in evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo) is a new and rapidly developing field of biology which focuses on questions in the intersection of evolution and development and has been seen by many as a potential synthesis of these two fields. This synthesis is the topic of the books reviewed here. Integrating Evolution and Development (edited by Roger Sansom and Robert Brandon), is a collection of papers on conceptual issues in Evo-Devo, while From Embryology to Evo-Devo (edited by Manfred Laubichler and Jane Maienschein) is a history of the problem of the relations between ontogeny and phylogeny.