高中生物学课程应提高基本科学素养要求

高中生物学课程改革应注意提高基本科学素养要求,一是要增进对科学知识的理解,构建更合理的知识体系：二是要增进对科学过程和方法的理解,重视模型方法和数学方法在探究中的运用;三是要增进对科学,技术,社会三者关系的理解。突出科技意识增养和系统分析能力的发展。     

《普通高中生物课程标准》的研制基础

《普通高中生物课程标准》(以下简称高中课标 )的研制是我国“跨世纪素质教育工程”的一个组成部分 ,是继 2 0 0 0年对现行高中教学大纲修订工作完成之后 ,我国第 8次课程改革中的第 2个步骤。对于生物学课程改革工作来说 ,这第 2个步骤的改革要实现更大幅度的跨跃 ,以便使新的高中生物课程能够反映时代的进步和国际上科学教育改革的趋势。为完成我国生物学教育发展中的这一重大工程 ,标准研制核心组和有关的人员经过2年 7个月共同努力 ,至 2 0 0 3年初 ,标准的研制工作已基本完成 ,即将由教育部正式颁布。为了使更多的生物学教师了解高中课…     

Why Science Standards are Important to a Strong Science Curriculum and How States Measure Up

In 2000, Lawrence Lerner and the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation reviewed state science standards in 49 states and the District of Columbia, specifically with respect to the coverage of evolution. We repeat his survey for all current standards publicly available as of May 2009 and discuss the history and role of state science standards in American public education. Our survey indicates that science standards tend to cover evolution more extensively than they did a decade ago, and that the average quality of the treatment has increased. However, certain types of creationist language are also becoming more common in state standards. We also discuss the history and role of state science standards in American public education.     

《普通高中生物课程标准》的设计思路和主要特点

2003年3月,教育部颁布了高中生物课程标准。新的高中生物课程有很大的变化,它将直接影响我国高中生物学教育发展的方向。介绍了新高中生物课程的设计思路和主要特色,以帮助我国的生物学教育工作者理解和贯彻这一标准。     

Explaining events in the environment to primary school students

This paper is part of an investigation into 11-year-old students' interpretations of events in the environment. In particular, we analyse the use of a scale model constructed and manipulated by students when simulating a forest fire.We consider that their explanations involve the interrelation of three levels of organisation: the level at which the phenomenon is observed, a lower level at which causal mechanisms are identified, and a higher level in which environmental constraints are identified. The data consisted of recordings of conversations in class and the students' explanations themselves.These were analysed under three headings: 1. The organisational level of the explanation; 2. The source of the evidence (original observations, the scale model, previous experiences or authorities); and 3.Who promotes the explanation (teacher, student or in interaction). The results show a spiral process of explanation construction. The use of the scale model encourages the inclusion of constraints in the explanations, while mechanisms are mostly introduced when resorting to previous experiences and observations. Scientific language is used mostly regarding mechanisms, and the integration of levels is encouraged by questions posed by the teacher.     

高中生物新课程中的科学方法教育

在生物新课程实施的背景下,探讨了高中生物科学方法教育及其在高中生物新课程中的体现.分析了在生物新课程中实施科学方法教育过程中出现的问题.     

A program for at-risk high school students informed by evolutionary science

Improving the academic performance of at-risk high school students has proven difficult, often calling for an extended day, extended school year, and other expensive measures. Here we report the results of a program for at-risk 9th and 10th graders in Binghamton, New York, called the Regents Academy that takes place during the normal school day and year. The design of the program is informed by the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and learning, in general and for our species as a unique product of biocultural evolution. Not only did the Regents Academy students outperform their comparison group in a randomized control design, but they performed on a par with the average high school student in Binghamton on state-mandated exams. All students can benefit from the social environment provided for at-risk students at the Regents Academy, which is within the reach of most public school districts.     

Airway conductance in high school students living in the European North

Spirography and pneumotachometry have been used to study airway conductance in apparently healthy high school students aged 15–18 years (120 boys and 120 girls) who were born and reside in Arkhangel’sk. The study was performed in winter. The values of forced expiratory volume during 1 s (FEV₁) in the high school students living in the North are 3–22% higher than the reference values and the actual mean volume rates (MVR_25–75) are 5–17% lower than the respective reference values in all age and sex groups. The forced expiration time constant at the level of small bronchi is higher than that for medium bronchi.     

Comprehensive study of environmental consciousness of high school students

This article describes the results of a theoretical-experimental study of environmental consciousness (EC) of 197 boys and girls, students of the tenth and eleventh forms of general education schools of Tver. The authors substantiate a hypothesis concerning two basic components of EC, i.e., cognitive-evaluative and activity-related components. EC is shown to have a manifest typology related to human individual features.     

Essay contest reveals misconceptions of high school students in genetics content

National educational organizations have called upon scientists to become involved in K-12 education reform. From sporadic interaction with students to more sustained partnerships with teachers, the engagement of scientists takes many forms. In this case, scientists from the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG), the Genetics Society of America (GSA), and the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) have partnered to organize an essay contest for high school students as part of the activities surrounding National DNA Day. We describe a systematic analysis of 500 of 2443 total essays submitted in response to this contest over 2 years. Our analysis reveals the nature of student misconceptions in genetics, the possible sources of these misconceptions, and potential ways to galvanize genetics education.     

Suicidal thought and behavior in high school students in Adana, Turkey

Fifty years ago adolescents mostly died of natural causes, whereas they now die from more preventable causes. Part of this change has been a worldwide rise in adolescent suicide rates in both developed and developing countries. Suicides are probably under reported due to cultural and religious stigma attached to self-destruction. Objectives of this study were to collect data about suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts and related sociodemographic details in high school students. The population comprised 2,480 randomly selected students among 46,271 students from 72 high schools in 1999-2000 in Adana and 2,352 (94.8%) students from 10 schools were reached and given a questionnaire modified using Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire (YRBSQ). Chi2 and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used. Mean age was 16.5 +/- 1 (14-21) year, 1,187 (50.5%) students reported severe desperation, 526 students (22.4%) had suicidal thoughts, 332 (14.1%) planned committing suicide, 145 (6.2%) attempted suicide. The occurrence rate of desperation, suicidal thoughts, plans, attempts and the mean number of attempts were significantly higher in females than males. Adolescent suicide is a tragedy affecting individual, family, peers, and community. Families, teachers, and physicians should be aware of risk factors for suicide.     

Prevalence of zinc deficiency in junior high school students of Tehran City

Zinc deficiency is a health problem in many communities especially among adolescents because of pubertal growth sprout. This investigation was carried out to determine the epidemiology of zinc deficiency in junior high school students in Tehran City in 1997. This cross-sectional study was performed on 881 students (452 males and 429 females) with the mean age of 13.2±1.0 yr, who were selected by multistage random sampling method. Plasma, erythrocyte, and hair zinc levels were assayed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Anthropometric and demographic characteristics were measured and recorded on a questionnaire. Dietary intakes were evaluated by a 24-h recall method. Zinc deficiency was defined as having at least two indices from indices of erythrocyte, plasma, and hair zinc below 10 μg/mL, 100 μg/dL, and 125 μg/g of hair, respectively. The results showed that zinc deficiency prevalence was 31.1% (confidence interval: 28–34.4%). Zinc deficiency was 65%, 49%, and 1.3% based on plasma, erythrocyte, and hair zinc levels, respectively. The mean ± SD for plasma, erythrocyte, and hair zinc concentration, height-for-age, as well as weight-for-age Z scores were 95.2±17.7 μg/dL, 10.3±2.3 μg/mL, 239.4±54.4 μg/g, −0.40±0.92, and 0.12±0.91, respectively. As for dietary intake compared with the RDA, 50% of the subjects consumed less than 50% of their requirement for zinc RDA based on a 24-h dietary recall. Zinc intake in subjects was 7.5±3.7 μg, that in boys was higher than in girls. Correlation coefficients between zinc status indices were very weak. There was neither a linear nor nonlinear relationship between biochemical parameters and nutritional zinc intake. It is concluded that almost one-third to one-half of the subjects would be considered zinc deficient.     

高中生学习生物学动机的初步研究

动机是影响学生学习的要素之一,为了解高中生学习生物学的动机,采用Paul L．Gardener和Pinchas Tamir开发的量表,对378名高中生学习生物学的动机进行了调查与分析。研究结果表明,学生学习生物学的主要动机是“问题解决”,“考试成功”则居次要地位。本研究旨在为中学生物学教学中教学策略的运用及课程改革与开发提供基本的信息。     

上海市高中生自杀态度及自杀意念水平研究

目的 了解上海市高中生对自杀态度的取向以及其自杀意念的水平,为提高青少年心理健康提供依据.方法 采用青少年生活事件量表、父母教养方式评价量表及Beck抑郁问卷,对上海市1 695名高中生进行调查,由学生自评后统一回收问卷并进行评分.结果 41.18％的学生轻度抑郁,19.17％的学生中度抑郁,13.75％的学生重度抑郁,不同性别和地区的抑郁程度差异无统计学意义.在自杀意念影响因素中,青少年生活事件总应激量、母亲的惩罚严厉、父亲的过度保护均为危险因素,0R值分别为1.10,1.08,1.12;而家庭的情感温暖,学习成绩好是保护因素,0R值分别为0.94和1.38.结论 应采用综合性措施从个人、学校和家庭三方面共同努力,提高青少年心理健康水平.     

初中生物学教学课程资源开发与利用的实践探索

基于初中生物学教学课程资源开发与利用的实践探索,丰富的根植本土的教学案例的呈现与分析,再现了黑龙江垦区生物学教师可喜的研究成果,对初中生物学教学具有一定的指导作用。     

Sleep and sleepiness among working and non-working high school evening students

The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns of sleepiness, comparing working and non-working students. The study was conducted on high school students attending evening classes (19:00-22:30 h) at a public school in S?o Paulo, Brazil. The study group consisted of working (n=51) and non-working (n=41) students, aged 14-21 yrs. The students answered a questionnaire about working and living conditions and reported health symptoms and diseases. For seven consecutive days, actigraphy measurements were recorded, and the students also filled in a sleep diary. Sleepiness ratings were given six times per day, including upon waking and at bedtime, using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Statistical analyses included three-way ANOVA and t-test. The mean sleep duration during weekdays was shorter among workers (7.2 h) than non-workers (8.8 h) (t=4.34; p<.01). The mean duration of night awakenings was longer among workers on Tuesdays and Wednesdays (28.2 min) and shorter on Mondays (24.2 min) (t=2.57; p=.03). Among workers, mean napping duration was longer on Mondays and Tuesdays (89.9 min) (t=2.27; p=.03) but shorter on Fridays and Sundays (31.4 min) (t=3.13; p=.03). Sleep efficiency was lower on Fridays among non-workers. Working students were moderately sleepier than non-workers during the week and also during class on specific days: Mondays (13:00-15:00 h), Wednesdays (19:00-22:00 h), and Fridays (22:00-00:59 h). The study found that daytime sleepiness of workers is moderately higher in the evening. This might be due to a work effect, reducing the available time for sleep and shortening the sleep duration. Sleepiness and shorter sleep duration can have a negative impact on the quality of life and school development of high school students.