丰林自然保护区景观生态评价:量化与解释

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数(CEI).结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型:椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0%和森林总蓄积的96.6%,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰(人为和自然的),自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18165hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明     

丰林自然保护区景观生态评价： 量化与解释

丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数（CEI）.结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型：椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0％和森林总蓄积的96.6％,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰（人为和自然的）,自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18 165 hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明其生态质量很好,保护价值高,在东北地区乃至全国均有典型的代表意义.目前保护区的面积、结构及经营管理能满足其可持续发展的需要.     

Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology

In addition to maintaining the GenBank(R) nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI resources include Entrez, PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), LocusLink, the NCBITaxonomy Browser, BLAST, BLAST Link (BLink), Electronic PCR (e-PCR), Open Reading Frame (ORF) Finder, References Sequence (RefSeq), UniGene, HomoloGene, ProtEST, Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), Human/Mouse Homology Map, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), Entrez Genomes and related tools, the Map Viewer, Model Maker (MM), Evidence Viewer (EV), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB), the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), and the Conserved Domain Architecture Retrieval Tool (CDART). Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.     

Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information

In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval resources that operate on the data in GenBank and a variety of other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI data retrieval resources include Entrez, PubMed, LocusLink and the Taxonomy Browser. Data analysis resources include BLAST, Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), Human Genome Sequencing, Human MapViewer, GeneMap'99, Human-Mouse Homology Map, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), Entrez Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheri-tance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB) and the Conserved Domain Database (CDD). Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov.     

Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information

In addition to maintaining the GenBank(R) nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval and resources that operate on the data in GenBank and a variety of other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI data retrieval resources include Entrez, PubMed, LocusLink and the Taxonomy Browser. Data analysis resources include BLAST, Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, RefSeq, UniGene, Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), Human Genome Sequencing pages, GeneMap'99, Davis Human-Mouse Homology Map, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP) pages, Entrez Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) pages, SAGEmap, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB). Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov     

The National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO): Status and perspectives

The National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO, sited in Pavia, Italy) completed at the end of 2013 the clinical trial phase achieving the CE label from the notified body of the Italian Health Ministry and obtained the authorisation to treat patients within the national health system. Nowadays more than 400 patients completed the treatments, two thirds of them with carbon ions, and recently started the treatment of pathologies located within moving organs. For the first time in the world carbon ions delivered with active scanning, coupled with breathing synchronisation and rescanning modalities have been applied to treat patients affected by tumours of the liver and by pancreatic cancers.The path to reach the final CE label required a wide-ranging experimental activity that went through dosimetry measurements of the hadron beams, in-vitro and in-vivo radiobiology essays and treatments of 150 patients, all enrolled in one of the 23 clinical trials approved by the Ethical Committee of CNAO and then authorized by the Italian Ministry of Health. The results of the trials were very positive in terms of safety and reliability of the procedures. The follow-up period is still short, but preliminary good results are observed in particular in terms of limited toxicity, that on the whole is less than expected.The paper gives a status report on the experimental phase that completed the CE certification process and then outlines the ongoing activities with also indications on the future trends and the most interesting R&D programmes pursued at CNAO.     

Applications of Biocatalysis to Biotechnology

β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins) are of major clinical importance and contribute to over 40% of the total antibiotic market. These compounds are produced as secondary metabolites by certain actinomycetes and filamentous fungi (e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus and Acremonium species). The industrial producer of penicillin is the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. The enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway are well characterized and most of them are encoded by genes that are organized in a cluster in the genome. Remarkably, the penicillin biosynthetic pathway is compartmentalized: the initial steps of penicillin biosynthesis are catalyzed by cytosolic enzymes, whereas the two final steps involve peroxisomal enzymes. Here, we describe the biochemical properties of the enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis in P. chrysogenum and the role of peroxisomes in this process. An overview is given     

生物安全时代:新生物科技变革与国家安全治理*

科技进步改进了人类对天然生物危害因子的操控能力,在诱发新的生物安全危害形态的同时,也赋予了生物安全客体的源头难以追溯性、生物安全主体的多元性、生物安全危害演变机理的复杂性等特点。生物安全在很大程度上体现了非传统安全的非传统特点。随着生物科技与生物安全在推动人类社会发展进程的作用日益显著,21世纪或将成为生物安全的时代。新一轮生物科技变革及其与人类社会互动衍生的生物安全问题,已经逐渐触及人类安全观念和现代文明的内源性危机或挑战。全面提升国家生物安全能力、优化国家生物安全治理,不仅是世界各国的战略选择,也是对人类科技文明与政治文明的新探索。     

生物安全时代:新生物科技变革与国家安全治理*

科技进步改进了人类对天然生物危害因子的操控能力,在诱发新的生物安全危害形态的同时,也赋予了生物安全客体的源头难以追溯性、生物安全主体的多元性、生物安全危害演变机理的复杂性等特点。生物安全在很大程度上体现了非传统安全的非传统特点。随着生物科技与生物安全在推动人类社会发展进程的作用日益显著,21世纪或将成为生物安全的时代。新一轮生物科技变革及其与人类社会互动衍生的生物安全问题,已经逐渐触及人类安全观念和现代文明的内源性危机或挑战。全面提升国家生物安全能力、优化国家生物安全治理,不仅是世界各国的战略选择,也是对人类科技文明与政治文明的新探索。     

The Management of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: The UK National Aspergillosis Centre Approach

Purpose of Review

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a serious long-term fungal disease of the lung with a worldwide prevalence. Treatment of CPA is not straightforward given the often-multiple associated co-morbidities, complex clinical picture, drug interactions, toxicities and intolerances.

Recent Findings

First line treatment is oral itraconazole or voriconazole. In the event of intolerance or toxicity, patients may be swapped from itraconazole to voriconazole or vice versa. In the event of resistance or further intolerance, third line treatment with posaconazole could be initiated. In those with pan-azole resistance, short-term courses of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B or micafungin are fourth line therapy, keeping in mind the nephrotoxic effects of amphotericin B.

Summary

The available evidence for current treatments in CPA is limited and based mostly on retrospective cohort studies. There is a real need to raise awareness of this devastating disease to enable early treatment as well as prospective drug trials and studies to identify potential patient factors that correlate with progression, severity and overall outcomes in order to target future therapies.