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1.
The diet composition of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at Heard Island (53°05′S; 73°30′E) was determined from stomach contents of 98 adults captured as they returned to the island
throughout 1992. During the two growth seasons, the diet was dominated by the myctophid fish Krefftichthys anderssoni (94% by number, 48% by mass). The paralepidid fish Magnisudis prionosa contributed <1% by numbers but 17% by mass. Mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) accounted for 17% by mass of chick diet in late winter, when chicks were malnourished and prone to starvation, although
its annual contribution to the penguins' diet was only 3%. Squid was consumed only between April and August; Martialia hyadesi was the commonest squid taken, comprising 40–48% of the winter diet. The remainder of the diet consisted of the squid Moroteuthis ingens and fish other than K. anderssoni. The energy content of the diet mix fed to the chicks varied seasonally being highest during the growth seasons (7.83 ± 0.25 kJ g−1) and lowest in winter (6.58 ± 0.19 kJ g−1). From energetic experiments we estimated that an adult penguin consumed 300 kg of food each, of which its chick received
55 kg during the 1992 season. The chicks received large meals at the beginning of winter (1.2 ± 0.3 kg) and during the middle
of the second growth season (1.2 ± 0.3 kg), and their smallest meals in late winter (0.4 ± 0.1 kg). The gross energy required
to rear a king penguin chick was estimated to be 724 MJ. The potential impact of commercial fisheries on the breeding activities
of king penguins is discussed.
Received: 20 October 1997 / Accepted: 27 April 1998 相似文献
2.
Photographs of gentoo and king penguins were taken in the field on a bright and sunny day first in colour (here reproduced
in black and white) and then, seconds later, through a filter that transmits only UV radiation and blocks all visible light.
Because of the lower light intensity and different focal point of UV, it is unavoidable that the UV photographs turn out less
sharp and less well focused than photographs taken with visible light. Comparisons of the two sets of photographs show that
king penguins with white (but not yellow or orange) auricular patches reflect UV from these areas. Furthermore, the beaks
of juvenile gentoo penguins, but not those of the adults, are UV reflectant. The findings are discussed in view of recent
suggestions that UV reflection in penguins could be part of a communication system. However, this paper argues that as long
as UV perception in penguins has not been demonstrated, UV reflection in penguins ought to be seen as an “associative phenomenon”
with no significance to penguin behaviour. 相似文献
3.
Responses of king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus adults and chicks to two food‐related odours
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Gregory B. Cunningham Sarah Leclaire Camille Toscani Francesco Bonadonna 《Journal of avian biology》2017,48(2):235-242
Increasing evidence suggests that penguins are sensitive to dimethyl sulphide (DMS), a scented airborne compound that a variety of marine animals use to find productive areas of the ocean where prey is likely to be found. Here we present data showing that king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus are also sensitive to DMS. We deployed DMS on a lake near a king penguin colony at Ratmanoff beach in the Kerguelen archipelago. We also presented DMS to ‘sleeping’ adults on the beach. On the lake, penguins responded to the DMS deployments by swimming more, while on the beach, penguins twitched their heads and woke up more for the DMS than for the control presentations. Interestingly, penguins did not respond to cod liver oil deployments on the lake; mirroring at‐sea studies of other penguins. Although at‐sea studies are needed to confirm that king penguins use DMS as a surface cue that informs them of productivity under the water, this study is an important first step in understanding how these birds locate prey over significant distances. 相似文献
4.
Sébastien Descamps Michel Gauthier-Clerc Céline Le Bohec Jean-Paul Gendner Yvon Le Maho 《Polar Biology》2005,28(4):303-310
Predation can have major effects on population dynamics, but predator–prey interactions in marine ecosystems have rarely been studied. While the king penguin is one of the most studied seabirds, little is known about the impact of predation on its population dynamics. Here, we determine the impact of the main predators (giant petrels and skuas) on king penguin breeding success taking into account the nocturnal predation of petrels. We found that predation is the most important source of breeding failure for king penguins. The smallest chicks within crèches are the most hunted. The periphery of the colony suffers the highest risk of predation during summer. Our study shows the unequal quality of some areas inside the colony in terms of predation risk and breeding success, and points out the importance of timing in successful breeding. 相似文献
5.
Halsey LG Butler PJ Fahlman A Bost CA Woakes AJ Handrich Y 《Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ》2008,81(6):856-867
Accurate estimates of penguin energetics would represent an important contribution to our understanding of the trophodynamics of the Southern Ocean ecosystem and our ability to predict effects of environmental change on these species. We used the heart rate-rate of oxygen consumption technique to estimate rate of energy expenditure in adult king penguins raising a chick, in combination with data from the literature on changes in adult mass, chick energy requirements, and prey energy density. Our model estimated a variety of energetic costs and quantities of prey consumption related to raising a king penguin chick during the austral summer. The total energy requirements of a king penguin chick at the Crozet Archipelago from hatching until reaching a mass of 8 kg 90 d later is 271 MJ, representing the consumption of 38.4 kg of myctophid fish. A successfully breeding male requires 0.78 kg d(-1) of fish during the entirety of the incubation period and 1.14 kg d(-1) during the subsequent 90 d of chick rearing. Assuming the same energy requirements for females, the estimated 580,000 pairs of king penguins that breed successfully at Crozet each year, together with their chicks, consume a total of around 190,000 tons of fish during the incubation and summer rearing periods combined. If, due to depletion of fish stocks, the diet of breeders and chicks during the summer becomes identical to the typical diet of adults during the austral winter, the mass of prey required by both adults and chicks combined (where the chick still reaches 8 kg after 90 d) would increase by more than 25%. 相似文献
6.
Petermann Island (65°10′S, 64°10′W), one of the Antarctic Peninsula’s most frequently visited locations, is at the epicenter
of a rapid shift in which an Adélie penguin dominated fauna is becoming gentoo penguin dominated. Over the course of five
seasons, the breeding productivity of Adélie and gentoo penguins breeding at Petermann Island were monitored to identify drivers
of this rapid community change. The impact of tourist visitation on breeding success was also investigated. Consistent with
larger trends in this region, the Adélie penguin population decreased by 29% and the gentoo penguin population increased by
27% between the 2003/2004 and 2007/2008 seasons. Reproductive success among Adélie penguins ranged from 1.09 to 1.32 crèched
chicks/nest, which was higher than or comparable to other sites and is an unlikely explanation for the precipitous decline
of Adélie penguins at Petermann Island. Whereas gentoo penguin reproductive success was lowest in colonies frequently visited
by tourists, Adélie penguin colonies frequently visited by tourists had higher reproductive success than those visited only
occasionally. These results are placed in the context of other studies on reproductive success and the impact of tourist visitation
on breeding colonies of Adélie and gentoo penguins. 相似文献
7.
Thousands of penguins are banded annually world-wide, even though little is known about the potential impact of these flipper
bands. In this paper, the possible effect of banding on the survivorship, breeding frequency and other ecological factors
on king penguins was investigated. The extended laying period (3–4 months) of the king penguin allows the observation of non-lethal
effects that could influence the time of laying and thus the reproductive success. Three hundred and eighty-three breeding
king penguins on the colony of “la Baie du Marin” on Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago were either single- or double-flipper
banded. The results show that the returning birds were laying late the following breeding season, and that double-banded birds
lay significantly later than single-banded birds. Furthermore, our data suggest a lower return rate for double-banded birds
than for single-banded birds (45% as opposed to 76%). The low return rate of single-banded birds, when compared to an interannual
survivorship estimated to be 96.5%, also raises questions concerning the potential impact of single banding.
Received: 2 January 1998 / Accepted: 23 May 1998 相似文献
8.
J.-B. Charrassin C. A. Bost K. Pütz J. Lage T. Dahier T. Zorn Y. Le Maho 《Oecologia》1998,114(2):194-201
For oceanic birds like king penguins, a major constraint is the separation of foraging areas from the breeding colony, largely
because swimming increases foraging costs. However, the relationship between foraging strategy and breeding stage has been
poorly investigated. Using time-depth recorders, we studied the diving behaviour of two groups of king penguins that were
either incubating or brooding chicks at Crozet Islands (Southern Indian Ocean) at the same period of the year. Although birds
with chicks had the highest predicted energy demand, they made foraging trips half as long as incubating birds (6 vs. 14 days)
and modified their time and depth utilisation. Birds with chicks dived deeper during daylight (mean maximum depth of 280 m
vs. 205 m for those incubating). At night, birds with chicks spent twice as much time diving as those incubating, but birds
at both stages never dived beyond 30 m. Movements to greater depths by brooding birds are consistent with the vertical distribution
of myctophid fish which are the main prey. As chick provisioning limits trip duration, it is suggested that it is more efficient
for parents to change their diving patterns rather than to restrict their foraging range.
Received: 23 June 1997 / Accepted: 3 November 1997 相似文献
9.
Christopher R. Brown 《Polar Biology》1987,8(2):95-102
Summary Energy requirements for growth and maintenance of macaroni and rockhopper penguin chicks at Marion Island, southern Indian Ocean, were estimated from rates of oxygen consumption and body composition analysis. Mass-specific energy expenditures of both species increased to levels 1.5 times that of hatchlings within 14–21 days of hatching and subsequently decreased. Lipid was initially accumulated slowly but the rate of accumulation increased after 30 days of age when male parents joined the females in feeding the chicks. Lipid, however, decreased markedly after 45 days of age and was presumably metabolized. Protein was laid down throughout the growth period, but doubled its initial rate of accumulation between 22 and 35 days of age. Thereafter the rate decreased until independence. Daily energy requirements of macaroni and rockhopper penguins increased from 417 and 211 kJ d-1, respectively, in the first week after hatching to peaks of 1540 and 1170 kJ d-1 about halfway through the growth period before decreasing until independence. Total energy requirement for growth and maintenance was estimated to be 76200 kJ for macaroni penguins and 59400 kJ for rockhopper penguins, of which growth energy comprised 38% and 28%, respectively. Based on the energy requirements and population data, macaroni and rockhopper penguin chicks at Marion Island consume an estimated 4200 and 700 t of food, respectively, each year. 相似文献
10.
Avian sleep quality depends on its depth (deeper sleep being of better quality). In king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica), sleep may be disturbed by congeners passing in the sleeper's vicinity. As king penguin activity is increased in the morning, sleep disturbances are more likely to occur during this time period. One might therefore assume that afternoon sleepers (AS) sleep more profoundly than morning sleepers (MS). To test this hypothesis, we examined the diurnal variations in sleep depth of king penguins sleeping in resting sites adjacent to the colony of 'La Baie du Marin' (Crozet Archipelago). We measured the bodily tactile arousal threshold at the upper back level. The arousal threshold in AS was twice as high as in MS. This study demonstrates for the first time that sleep depth changes according to time of day in a diurnal wild bird. We postulate that diurnal sleep depth is increased due to decreased congener movements close to the sleeping penguin. 相似文献
11.
J. R. Clarke 《Polar Biology》2001,24(1):16-20
Analyses of the body masses of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) departing on foraging trips of long and short duration (> and<40 h, respectively) during chick rearing showed that the departure
weights of birds prior to long trips were significantly lighter than were those prior to short trips. Penguins, particularly
males, were significantly heavier at the start of the guard stage than at the end and both sexes gained similar amounts of
body mass during the crèche period. Results support the hypothesis that the foraging effort of Adélie penguins at Béchervaise
Island is partitioned between the sexes, with males accepting a net rate of negative energy gain to provide regular meals
for their offspring during the guard stage. Adélie penguin foraging behaviour may be driven by a trade-off between the allocation
of food to chicks and the storage of parental body reserves, similar to that previously postulated for some species of flying
seabirds. The relevance of such a foraging strategy to the breeding success of penguins in the Mawson region of eastern Antarctica
is discussed in relation to micronekton distribution in the area.
Accepted: 3 June 2000 相似文献
12.
Robin Cristofari Emiliano Trucchi Jason D. Whittington Stéphanie Vigetta Hélène Gachot-Neveu Nils Christian Stenseth Yvon Le Maho Céline Le Bohec 《PloS one》2015,10(2)
How genetic diversity is maintained in philopatric colonial systems remains unclear, and understanding the dynamic balance of philopatry and dispersal at all spatial scales is essential to the study of the evolution of coloniality. In the King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, return rates of post-fledging chicks to their natal sub-colony are remarkably high. Empirical studies have shown that adults return year after year to their previous breeding territories within a radius of a few meters. Yet, little reliable data are available on intra- and inter-colonial dispersal in this species. Here, we present the first fine-scale study of the genetic structure in a king penguin colony in the Crozet Archipelago. Samples were collected from individual chicks and analysed at 8 microsatellite loci. Precise geolocation data of hatching sites and selective pressures associated with habitat features were recorded for all sampling locations. We found that despite strong natal and breeding site fidelity, king penguins retain a high degree of panmixia and genetic diversity. Yet, genetic structure appears markedly heterogeneous across the colony, with higher-than-expected inbreeding levels, and local inbreeding and relatedness hotspots that overlap predicted higher-quality nesting locations. This points towards heterogeneous population structure at the sub-colony level, in which fine-scale environmental features drive local philopatric behaviour, while lower-quality patches may act as genetic mixing mechanisms at the colony level. These findings show how a lack of global genetic structuring can emerge from small-scale heterogeneity in ecological parameters, as opposed to the classical model of homogeneous dispersal. Our results also emphasize the importance of sampling design for estimation of population parameters in colonial seabirds, as at high spatial resolution, basic genetic features are shown to be location-dependent. Finally, this study stresses the importance of understanding intra-colonial dispersal and genetic mixing mechanisms in order to better estimate species-wide gene flows and population dynamics. 相似文献
13.
A method to assess population changes in king penguins: the use of a Geographical Information System to estimate area-population relationships 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Simon Chamaillé-Jammes Christophe Guinet Frédéric Nicoleau Marie Argentier 《Polar Biology》2000,23(8):545-549
During the last decades, king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) populations have been reported to increase throughout most of their breeding range. In this study, we compared the results
obtained from direct counts of incubating king penguins with the results yielded by the estimation of the change in area occupied
by breeding birds at the Ratmanoff king penguin colony at the Kerguelen Islands. The area of the colony was determined using
a Geographical Information System with a georeferencing extension on aerial pictures taken in 1963, 1985 and 1998. Individual
king penguin were counted on the same pictures or pictures taken on the same day. The overall population increase between
1963 and 1998 was 733% while the colony area increased by 677%. This study indicates that monitoring change in colony size
is a good indicator for detecting and monitoring large population changes in king penguins, in particular for remote colonies.
The discrepancy between the two results may be from two different kinds of bias. Firstly, there could be a possible error
in the estimation of the area occupied by the colony resulting from the georeferencing of oblique pictures, and secondly,
the density of king penguins may also change with population number. This method, which only requires high-altitude pictures,
also reduces the possible disturbance to breeding made by low- to medium-altitude flights.
Accepted: 7 February 2000 相似文献
14.
Polished pebbles occasionally found within skeletons of giant herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs are very likely to be gastroliths (stomach stones). Here, we show that based on feeding experiments with ostriches and comparative data for relative gastrolith mass in birds, sauropod gastroliths do not represent the remains of an avian-style gastric mill. Feeding experiments with farm ostriches showed that bird gastroliths experience fast abrasion in the gizzard and do not develop a polish. Relative gastrolith mass in sauropods (gastrolith mass much less than 0.1% of body mass) is at least an order of magnitude less than that in ostriches and other herbivorous birds (gastrolith mass approximates 1% of body mass), also arguing against the presence of a gastric mill in sauropods. Sauropod dinosaurs possibly compensated for their limited oral processing and gastric trituration capabilities by greatly increasing food retention time in the digestive system. Gastrolith clusters of some derived theropod dinosaurs (oviraptorosaurs and ornithomimosaurs) compare well with those of birds, suggesting that the gastric mill evolved in the avian stem lineage. 相似文献
15.
Boris Culik 《Polar Biology》1994,14(3):205-210
Energy requirements of resting Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), Gentoo (P. papua) and Chinstrap (P. antarcticd) penguin chicks were determined with respect to body mass via respirometry in Antarctica. Resting metabolic rates of all Pygoscelid penguin chicks were similar (ANOVA p=0.91) and best described by E=0.0096 M0.98 (n=24, r2=0.97), where E is power (W) and M is mass (g). Using the results obtained here and data published in the literature, I determined a) the amount of food needed from hatching to fledging as 29.8, 31.7 and 56.4 kg per chick for Adélie, Chinstrap and Gentoo penguins, respectively and b) the average amount of food left daily to the parent after feeding the brood throughout the breeding period. Parents keep only a minimum of food for themselves just prior to the time when chicks begin forming crèches. Thereafter, nest relief intervals are increased, and the amount of food parents can keep for themselves rises. The results of both models are discussed with respect to available data on Pygoscelid penguin food requirements. 相似文献
16.
Effects of food availability on fledging condition and post-fledging survival in king penguin chicks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Olof Olsson 《Polar Biology》1997,18(3):161-165
Effects of summer food shortage on king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus chicks were studied at South Georgia. Two cohorts were compared, fledging in the austral summers of 1992 (n = 32) and 1994 (n = 33) when availability of food was judged good and poor, respectively. The former cohort had a higher pre-fledging mean
mass (12.78 kg vs ≤ 10.03 kg), fledged earlier (median 5 January vs 21 January), and a higher proportion was re-sighted within
2 years of fledging (28% vs 0%). Within 4 years, 47% of the former cohort had been re-sighted (i.e. post-fledge survival);
in addition, one was observed at the Falkland Islands, and 22% had bred (i.e. recruitment) in their colony of origin. The
re-sighted chicks of the 1992 cohort fledged earlier than those not re-sighted (median 24 December vs 10 January), but it
remain unclear if they were heavier at fledging. All chicks in this study (n = 65) were marked with both transponders (subcutaneously implanted) and flipper bands (on one flipper), and no losses of
any markings were found (controlled up to 4 years afterwards). Therefore, data on chick post-fledging survival and recruitment
were not adjusted for losses of markings, as has been done in other studies.
Received: 21 October 1996 / Accepted: 2 February 1997 相似文献
17.
18.
Penguins use the two-voice system to recognize each other 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Aubin T Jouventin P Hildebrand C 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2000,267(1448):1081-1087
The sound-producing structure in birds is the syrinx, which is usually a two-part organ located at the junction of the bronchi. As each branch of the syrinx produces sound independently, many birds have two acoustic sources. Thirty years ago, we had anatomical, physiological and acoustical evidence of this two-voice phenomenon but no function was known. In songbirds, often these two voices with their respective harmonics are not activated simultaneously but they are obvious in large penguins and generate a beat pattern which varies between individuals. The emperor penguin breeds during the Antarctic winter, incubating and carrying its egg on its feet. Without the topographical cue of a nest, birds identify each other only by vocal means when switching duties during incubation or chick rearing. To test whether the two-voice system contains the identity code, we played back the modified call of their mate to both adults and also the modified call of their parents to chicks. Both the adults and the chicks replied to controls (two voices) but not to modified signals (one voice being experimentally suppressed). Our experiments demonstrate that the beat generated by the interaction of these two fundamental frequencies conveys information about individual identity and also propagates well through obstacles, being robust to sound degradation through the medium of bodies in a penguin colony. The two-voice structure is also clear in the call of other birds such as the king penguin, another non-nesting species, but not in the 14 other nesting penguins. We concluded that the two-voice phenomenon functions as an individual recognition system in species using few if any landmarks to meet. In penguins, this coding process, increasing the call complexity and resisting sound degradation, has evolved in parallel with the loss of territoriality. 相似文献
19.
During an investigation into the population decline of rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) on Campbell Island, New Zealand, avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) was found in dead adults and chicks. An RNA enveloped virus was isolated from Ixodes uriae, a tick which commonly parasitizes rockhopper penguins on the island. It is not known whether this virus is virulent for penguins. No evidence was obtained to suggest that avian cholera was the principal cause for the decline in the rockhopper penguin population. 相似文献
20.
David G. Ainley Peter R. Wilson Kerry J. Barton Grant Ballard Nadav Nur Brian Karl 《Polar Biology》1998,20(5):311-319
We investigated the diet and aspects of foraging effort among Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at three colonies on Ross Island, in the southwestern Ross Sea – Capes Royds, Bird and Crozier – during the chick-provisioning
period of three austral summers, 1994–1995, 1995–1996 and 1996–1997. During the study period, pack-ice cover differed in waters
offshore of these colonies, by colony, seasons and year. Diet differed among colonies only slightly. The fish Pleuragramma antarcticum was the most important prey, especially during years or periods within years when little pack ice was present. With respect
to krill, which composed the remainder of diet, juvenile Euphausia crystallorophias were consumed predominantly in a year of heavy pack-ice cover; more adult krill were consumed in 2 years when pack ice was
sparse. Foraging trip duration differed by colony, season and year and was related directly to distance from the colony to
the nearest pack ice. The amount of food brought to chicks increased as trip duration increased, to a point (2 days), but
then decreased as duration increased further (up to 4 days). On the basis of data on mass of parents and of meal sizes to
chicks, it appeared that on the longest trips more of the food gathered by parents was used for self maintenance; on the longest
trips, parents lost body mass. Successful foraging during chick rearing, the period when adult foraging is most intense, appears
to depend on the proximity of pack ice to nesting colonies for this penguin species.
Received: 1 October 1997 / Accepted: 25 April 1998 相似文献