Evaluation of airborne methyl salicylate for improved conservation biological control of two-spotted spider mite and hop aphid in Oregon hop yards

The use of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) to attract natural enemies has received interest as a tool to enhance conservation biological control (CBC). Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a HIPV that is attractive to several key predators of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), and hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Homoptera: Aphididae). A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the recommended commercial use of MeSA in hop yards in Oregon. Slow-release MeSA dispensers were stapled to supporting poles in 0.5 ha plots and these plots were compared to a paired non-treated plot on each of three farms in 2008 and 2009. Across both years, there was a trend for reduced (range 40–91%) mean seasonal numbers of T. urticae in five of the six MeSA-baited plots. Stethorus spp., key spider mite predators, tended to be more numerous in MeSA-baited plots compared to control plots on a given farm. Mean seasonal densities of hop aphid and other natural enemies (e.g., Orius spp. and Anystis spp.) were similar between MeSA-treated and control plots. Variability among farms in suppression of two-spotted spider mites and attraction of Stethorus spp. suggests that the use of MeSA to enhance CBC of spider mites in commercial hop yards may be influenced by site-specific factors related to the agroecology of individual farms or seasonal effects that require further investigation. The current study also suggests that CBC of hop aphid with MeSA in this environment may be unsatisfactory.     

Synthetic Herbivore-induced Plant Volatiles Increase Field Captures of Parasitic Wasps

Field evidence for attraction of parasitic wasps from the families Encyrtidae and Mymaridae to grapevines baited with synthetic versions of three herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) is presented. In a replicated experiment conducted in a juice grape vineyard, sticky cards in blocks baited with controlled-release dispensers of methyl salicylate (MeSA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HA), trapped significantly greater numbers of Metaphycus sp. (Encyrtidae) than cards in unbaited blocks during May–September. Significantly greater numbers of Anagrus spp. (Mymaridae) were trapped in MeSA and MeJA-baited blocks than in unbaited blocks, during August–September. Greater numbers were recorded in HA-baited blocks in September only. Previous studies showed Encyrtidae and Anagrus spp. were not attracted to sticky cards baited with vials of MeSA, MeJA or HA. Possible reasons for attraction in this study are discussed including the possibility that synthetic, gaseous HIPV from controlled-release dispensers may stimulate plants to produce natural blends of parasitoid-attracting volatiles.     

西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

西藏马鹿为我国特有种,曾一度被认定为野外灭绝。在其生境中有多种食性相近的野生有蹄类及家畜同域分布,探究青藏高原特殊环境下西藏马鹿与这些有蹄类的食物资源种间竞争与共存关系十分必要。2013年和2014年8—9月,采用粪便显微分析法确定了桑日县西藏马鹿自然保护区西藏马鹿、白唇鹿、藏原羚、牦牛、山羊草青期食物组成,并比较分析了西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜之间的食物重叠和分化状况。结果表明: 西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类具有相似的可食植物种类组成,但所占食谱比例不同。西藏马鹿主要可食植物多为其他有蹄类次要可食植物,其中弱小火绒草为西藏马鹿(在动物食谱中的百分比为11.2%)与牦牛(10.2%)共同的主要食物,西藏柳为西藏马鹿(9.6%)和白唇鹿(11.4%)共同的主要食物。从科级水平来看,豆科植物为西藏马鹿(21.4%)与藏原羚(42.5%)的共同主要可食植物,莎草科植物为白唇鹿(49.2%)、牦牛(33.4%)、山羊(50.3%)的共同主要可食植物。菊科植物作为西藏马鹿(29.6%)的主要可食植物,也是白唇鹿(7.6%)、藏原羚(11.6%)、牦牛(17.3%)和山羊(14.1%)的次要可食植物。禾本科植物作为西藏马鹿(7.1%)次要可食植物,较其他4种有蹄类(白唇鹿13.6%、藏原羚12.3%、牦牛11.5%、山羊16.0%)所占比例低。西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类食物重叠度均高于0.5,与牦牛的重叠度最高(0.65)。西藏马鹿食物多样性指数(1.32)、均匀度指数(0.37)和生态位宽度指数(15.79)均较高。与2007—2008年相比,西藏马鹿食物组成变化较大,豆科植物比例增大,莎草科植物比例降低,食物质量总体有所提高。西藏马鹿与家畜之间存在较高的食物资源竞争,这将进一步影响西藏马鹿的分布范围和生存空间。     

遮阴对4种紫堇属植物光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置0、20%、40%、60%和80%遮阴度5种遮阴处理,研究遮阴对刻叶紫堇、伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇4种紫堇属植物叶绿素含量、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以加快其在园林方面的应用。结果表明: 随着遮阴度的提高,4种植物叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)总量不断增加,刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理均达到最大,而伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴处理达到最大;叶绿素a/b、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率的变化趋势呈相反的趋势。4种植物中,刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理下,伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴度下各叶绿素荧光参数达到最大。4种植物耐阴性大小为刻叶紫堇＞伏生紫堇＞紫堇＞黄堇。刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理,以及伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴处理下光能利用率最大,光合能力最强,最有利于植物的生长。     

Delineation of Chondrus (Gigartinales, Florideophyceae) in China and the origin of C. crispus inferred from molecular data

Complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained for 18 Chondrus populations collected at 15 sites from eight countries worldwide. Pairwise comparisons with the multiple alignment revealed that intraspecific divergences of ITS sequences ranged from 0.3 to 1.8% in C. crispus Stackhouse (except for the entity SVLH from France) and from 0.0 to 0.6% in C. ocellatus Holmes, whereas interspecific divergences in Chondrus varied from 1.4 to 5.0%. Three phylogenetic methods (neighbour joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) confirmed three main lineages: the North Atlantic lineage containing entities of C. crispus from Canada, France, Germany, England, Portugal, Ireland and Wales; a second lineage comprising three species: C. sp. 1, C. armatus (Harvey) Yamada et Mikami, and C. pinnulatus (Harvey) Okamura from the Northern Pacific; and a third lineage containing just one species: C. ocellatus from the Northern Pacific. Chondrus yendoi Yamada et Mikami separated from other Chondrus species singly. nrDNA ITS data indicate that a previous assignment of C. sp. 2 to Mazzaella japonica (Mikami) Hommersand may be incorrect, and additional evidence is needed to resolve the generic placement of this entity. It is inferred from the nrDNA ITS data that three Chondrus species are presently known in China with two, C. ocellatus and C. nipponicus, in Qingdao and two, C. armatus and C. nipponicus, in Dalian. We hypothesize that the ancestor of North Atlantic C. crispus had a Pacific origin, and that the present distribution of C. crispus in the Atlantic Ocean correlates with a trans-Arctic dispersal and vicariance events associated with Pleistocene glaciation maxima.     

A yeast clade near Candida kruisii uncovered: nine novel Candida species associated with basidioma-feeding beetles

Yeasts similar to Candida kruisii were isolated repeatedly from the digestive tracts of basidioma-feeding beetles, especially nitidulids inhabiting and feeding on a variety of agarics in the southeastern USA and Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Based on the identical sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the LSU rRNA gene (rDNA) and host beetle information, the isolates were grouped into 19 genotypes which varied from C. kruisii by up to 38 nucleotide differences in the D1/D2 region. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences and phenotypic traits placed the isolates in C. kruisii and in nine undescribed taxa. The new species and type strains are designated as Candida pallodes (NRRL Y-27653^T), C. tritomae (NRRL Y-27650^T), C. panamensis (NRRL Y-27657^T), C. lycoperdinae (NRRL Y-27658^T), C. atbi (NRRL Y-27651^T), C. barrocoloradensis (NRRL Y-27934^T), C. aglyptinia (NRRL Y-27935^T), C. stri (NRRL Y-48063^T), and C. gatunensis (NRRL Y-48064^T). A phylogeny based on analysis of a combined database of sequences of SSU and LSU rDNA and the ITS region showed that the nine new species formed a novel sister clade to C. kruisii that was strongly supported by bootstrap analysis. Candida pallodes, C. tritomae, C. panamensis, and C. lycoperdinae formed one subclade, while C. atbi, C. barrocoloradensis, C. aglyptinia, C. stri, and C. gatunensis formed a second distinct subclade within the larger clade. Candida pallodes and C. atbi showed a strong host specificity to beetle species in the genus Pallodes (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) collected from a variety of agarics. On the other hand, C. panamensis, C. tritomae, and C. lycoperdinae were associated with several unrelated beetles in Erotylidae, Scarabaeidae, Tenebrionidae, and Curculionidae as well as Lycoperdina ferruginea (Nitidulidae). Candida pallodes, C. tritomae, C. lycoperdinae, and C. atbi have been isolated repeatedly in the USA, while the other five new species have been found only at Barro Colorado Island, Panama.     

Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in humans and cattle in The Netherlands

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is found world-wide and can cause disease in both humans and animals. To study the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium in The Netherlands we isolated this parasite from the faeces of infected humans and cattle and genotyped those isolates for several different markers. The overall genotyping results showed: for humans isolates, 70% Cryptosporidium hominis, 19% Cryptosporidium parvum, 10% a combination of C. hominis and C. parvum, and 1% Cryptosporidium felis; and for cattle isolates 100% C. parvum. Analysis of the genetic variants detected for the HSP70, ML1 and GP60 markers showed: for human isolates, one C. hominis and two C. parvum variants (C. parvum and C. parvum NL) for HSP70, one C. hominis and five C. parvum variants (C1, C2, C3, and C2 NL1 and C2 NL2) for ML1, four C. hominis (mainly IbA10G2) and four C. parvum variants (mainly IIaA15G2R1) for GP60; and the cattle isolates only C. parvum (not C. parvum NL1) for HSP70, C1 and C2 for ML1, and 17 different IIa sub-types (mainly IIaA15G2R1) for GP60. Molecular epidemiological analysis of the human data showed a C. hominis peak in autumn. The majority (80%) of the human cases were children aged between 0 and 9 years and >70% of these were caused by C. hominis. Patients >25 years of age were infected mainly with C. parvum. We conclude that C. hominis IbA10G2 is found at high frequencies in autumn in humans and not in cattle. The high prevalence of C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 in both humans and cattle indicates that cattle may be a reservoir for this sub-type in The Netherlands.     

A novel group I intron in Candida dubliniensis is homologous to a Candida albicans intron

In the present study, we determined the sequence of group I self-splicing introns found in the large ribosomal RNA subunit of Candida albicans, Candida stellatoidea and the recently-described species Candida dubliniensis. It was found that both the intron and ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences are almost perfectly identical between different C. albicans strains as well as between C. albicans and C. stellatoidea strains. Comparisons of ribosomal RNA sequences suggest that local isolates of atypical C. albicans from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus can be assigned to the C. dubliniensis species. C. dubliniensis strains also harbor a group I intron in their ribosomal RNA, as observed in about 40% of C. albicans strains and all C. stellatoidea strains. This novel C. dubliniensis group I intron is identical to the C. albicans and C. stellatoidea intron, except for two widely divergent stem-loop regions. Despite these differences, the C. dubliniensis intron possesses self-splicing ability in an in vitro assay. Taken together, these data support the idea that C. albicans and C. stellatoidea should be joined together as variants of the same species while C. dubliniensis is a distinct but closely related microorganism. To our knowledge, the C. albicans and C. dubliniensis introns are the first example of a pair of homologous group I introns differing only by the presence of apparently facultative sequences in some stem-loops suspected to be involved in stabilization of tertiary structure.     

宁夏兽类两新纪录——川西缺齿鼩和小纹背鼩鼱

<正>川西缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hypsibia)(De Winton andStyan,1899)和小纹背鼩鼱(Sorexbedfordiae)(Thomas, 1911)同属于劳亚食虫目(Eulipotyphla)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)。缺齿鼩鼱属(Chodsigoa,Kastschenko, 1907)全世界目前已知10个物种(Wilson and Mittermeier, 2018; Chen et al., 2022)，其中川西缺齿鼩为中国特有，     

纳他霉素对芒果采后胶孢炭疽菌的抑菌效果及机理

以纳他霉素为抑菌剂, 实验测定了离体条件下不同浓度纳他霉素对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的孢子萌发及菌丝生长的抑制效果, 以及活体损伤接种炭疽病菌后, 纳他霉素对芒果(Mangifera indica)果实炭疽病的防治效果。通过测定纳他霉素处理后胶孢炭疽菌的细胞膜相对渗透率、可溶性蛋白含量、细胞膜完整性、孢子内活性氧水平和线粒体分布情况, 初步探明其抑菌机理。结果表明, 3 mg∙L ^-1纳他霉素可显著抑制胶孢炭疽菌孢子萌发、芽管伸长和菌落生长, 80 mg∙L ^-1纳他霉素可有效抑制芒果贮存过程中果实炭疽病斑的扩展。纳他霉素处理后胶孢炭疽菌细胞膜相对渗透率和可溶性蛋白含量增加; 2 mg∙L ^-1纳他霉素处理8小时, 处理组胶孢炭疽菌孢子细胞膜损伤染色率为33.6%, 对照组染色率为13.9%; 处理组胞内活性氧产生染色率达46.9%, 比对照组高39.7%; 同时观察到纳他霉素使胞内线粒体分布不均且荧光信号微弱。以上结果表明, 纳他霉素可以破坏胶孢炭疽病菌细胞膜, 诱导活性氧大量积累, 并降低线粒体活性, 从而干扰菌体正常生理活性, 使其代谢活动受影响, 从而达到抑菌目的。     

Phylogenetic relationships within Pyrenodesmia sensu lato and the role of pigments in its taxonomic interpretation

Most lichens of the family Teloschistaceae (Ascomycota) produce yellow-orange-red anthraquinone pigments. However, the genus Pyrenodesmia encompasses species in which anthraquinones are absent and replaced by a gray pigment Sedifolia-gray. It was shown recently that these species are related to taxa with both anthraquinones and Sedifolia-gray (Caloplaca xerica group, C. haematites group, and C. cretensis) and to species with a brown pigment instead of both anthraquinones and Sedifolia-gray (C. demissa, C. obscurella, and C. reptans). Nevertheless, relationships between mentioned anthraquinone-containing and anthraquinone-lacking species remained unclear. In total, 8 DNA loci from 41 species were used here to resolve these uncertainties. We concluded that C. demissa, C. obscurella, and C. reptans are rather distant from the core of Pyrenodesmia, and we place them outside of Pyrenodesmia sensu lato. Within Pyrenodesmia sensu lato, three lineages were revealed and recognized on a generic level: the genus Pyrenodesmia sensu stricto (21 species), the genus Kuettlingeria (14 species), which is resurrected here, and the genus Sanguineodiscus (4 species), which is newly described here. The genus Pyrenodesmia includes taxa that never contain anthraquinones, but Sedifolia-gray. It matches with the former C. variabilis group. Taxa of the genera Kuettlingeria and Sanguineodiscus have anthraquinones in their apothecia and Sedifolia-gray in their thalli. The genus Kuettlingeria includes the former C. xerica group plus C. cretensis and C. diphyodes. The genus Sanguineodiscus includes the former C. haematites group and C. bicolor. The identity of Kuettlingeria (Caloplaca) diphyodes was clarified and the name Pyrenodesmia helygeoides was resurrected. Twenty-four new combinations were proposed.     

热带假丝酵母高效利用甘油研究

目的:热带假丝酵母以油脂为底物发酵时会产生副产物甘油,研究对热带假丝酵母gk基因进行过表达,将副产物甘油转化为能量,提高油脂转化利用效率。方法:以热带假丝酵母Candida tropicalis 1798中的甘油激酶(gk)为研究对象,利用PCR技术获得同源臂基因gkpR,通过一步法无缝克隆将同源臂和G418抗性基因(kanr)连接至pPICzαA载体,同时将解脂假丝酵母Candida lipolytica 1457中的启动子基因pGAP无缝连接至载体中的gkpR,构成质粒pPICzαA-gkp,并电转化至C.tropicalis 1798感受态细胞中,通过一次同源单交换,将启动子pGK替换为pGAP。结果:经过G418抗性筛选和PCR鉴定,成功获得pGAP基因替换菌株C.tropicalis 1798-gkPr;发酵验证结果显示,启动子基因替换C.tropicalis 1798在以甘油为底物培养时重组菌OD600值比野生型菌株高46.4%,重组菌培养基中甘油剩余量比野生菌降低56.1%,表明启动子替换能促进C.tropicalis1798对甘油的吸收利用。此外,以油脂为底物进行发酵实验时还发现重组菌产长链二元酸的量比野生菌提高32.7%。结论:通过启动子替换手段构建的重组菌C.tropicalis 1798-gkPr,提高了热带假丝酵母对油脂组分中甘油成分的利用效率。     

化肥减量配施有机肥对药用菊花产量、品质和药理活性的影响

采用田间小区试验,设置5个有机肥无机肥配施处理(100%化肥和14%、28%、56%、84%有机肥替代化肥处理),测定各处理对药用菊花农艺性状、产量、矿质元素吸收、有效成分含量的影响。并采用酶标仪和MTT试剂盒测定不同处理菊花水提物体外抗氧化活性及对H₂O₂致损的LO2肝细胞的保护作用。结果表明: 与100%化肥处理相比,化肥配施有机肥可以保证药用菊花产量,甚至低比例配施处理(14%有机肥替代化肥)还可以增产达8.3%。随着化肥减量配施有机肥比例的提高,菊花花中N、Mg含量呈上升趋势,而Ca和P含量分别在56%和28%有机肥替代处理有最大值。化肥减量配施有机肥可以显著增加药用菊花中绿原酸、木犀草苷和3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸的含量,各成分含量随着有机肥比例的升高呈逐渐上升的趋势,上升幅度分别为3.3%～12.8%、15.7%～30.1%和9.5%～29.7%。各处理菊花水提液均有一定的体外抗氧化活性,且随着有机肥比例的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势;菊花水提液能显著提高H₂O₂致损的LO2肝细胞存活率,28%有机肥替代化肥处理细胞存活率最高,为91.2%,与模型组相比呈现极显著差异。综合产量、养分吸收、有效成分含量、体外抗氧化活性、对H₂O₂致损的LO2肝细胞的保护作用等指标,以及有机肥生态友好的特点,确定药用菊花栽培上以28%有机肥替代化肥的效果最佳。     

纳他霉素对芒果采后胶孢炭疽菌的抑菌效果及机理

以纳他霉素为抑菌剂, 实验测定了离体条件下不同浓度纳他霉素对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的孢子萌发及菌丝生长的抑制效果, 以及活体损伤接种炭疽病菌后, 纳他霉素对芒果(Mangifera indica)果实炭疽病的防治效果。通过测定纳他霉素处理后胶孢炭疽菌的细胞膜相对渗透率、可溶性蛋白含量、细胞膜完整性、孢子内活性氧水平和线粒体分布情况, 初步探明其抑菌机理。结果表明, 3 mg?L ^-1纳他霉素可显著抑制胶孢炭疽菌孢子萌发、芽管伸长和菌落生长, 80 mg?L ^-1纳他霉素可有效抑制芒果贮存过程中果实炭疽病斑的扩展。纳他霉素处理后胶孢炭疽菌细胞膜相对渗透率和可溶性蛋白含量增加; 2 mg?L ^-1纳他霉素处理8小时, 处理组胶孢炭疽菌孢子细胞膜损伤染色率为33.6%, 对照组染色率为13.9%; 处理组胞内活性氧产生染色率达46.9%, 比对照组高39.7%; 同时观察到纳他霉素使胞内线粒体分布不均且荧光信号微弱。以上结果表明, 纳他霉素可以破坏胶孢炭疽病菌细胞膜, 诱导活性氧大量积累, 并降低线粒体活性, 从而干扰菌体正常生理活性, 使其代谢活动受影响, 从而达到抑菌目的。     

武夷山中亚热带常绿阔叶林样地的群落特征

武夷山保存了典型的中亚热带原生性森林生态系统。由于以往研究的空间和时间尺度较小, 方法规范性不强, 该地区尚缺少大型的、规范的综合性观测和研究平台。本文依托环境保护部南京环境科学研究所等单位按照CTFS调查技术规范建立的武夷山中亚热带常绿阔叶林9.6 ha动态监测样地开展植物群落调查, 从物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和空间分布格局等方面分析了其群落特征。结果表明: 样地内有维管植物68科135属232种, 其中乔木层内胸径≥ 1 cm的植物有44科86属171种。热带性质的科和属分别占总科数和总属数的68.58%和58.83%, 热带特征明显。珍稀濒危物种较多, 有4种国家II级重点保护野生植物、2种《中国生物多样性红色名录——高等植物卷》中的“近危”物种、1种《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录II物种以及72种中国特有物种, 具有较高的保护和研究价值。稀有种29种, 占总树种数的16.96%。重要值最大的科是壳斗科和山茶科, 二者的重要值之和大于40%。米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、毛锥(C. fordii)、甜槠(C. eyrei)和少叶黄杞(Engelhardtia fenzlii)的重要值较大, 但没有明显的优势种。小径木较多, 所有个体的平均胸径为5.10 cm, 整体径级分布呈倒J形。乔木层可分为两个亚层, 米槠、毛锥、甜槠等在第I亚层中占优势。米槠和毛锥呈均匀分布, 甜槠、少叶黄杞、赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)和木荷(Schima superba)呈聚集分布。     

中华鬣羚行为谱及PAE编码系统的建立

栖息地破碎化、人为干扰等因素影响着中华鬣羚(Capricornis sumatraensis)的生存.目前,中华鬣羚的行为研究还比较匮乏,因此有必要构建中华鬣羚的行为谱及PAE (posture-act-environment)编码系统,以期促进其基础行为资料的完善,为深入开展科学研究和保护工作奠定基础.本文旨在:(1...     

Enhancing survival and subsequent infectivity of conidia of potential mycoherbistats using UV protectants

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) can reduce the effectiveness of fungi used for biological control; therefore, this study examined the photostabilising effect of water- and oil-soluble UV protectants on conidium germination of Plectosporium alismatis and Colletotrichum orbiculare, pathogens with potential as biocontrol agents, and the ability of conidia of C. orbiculare to cause disease. Formulation in riboflavin (1%), proline (1%), propyl gallate (1%), melanin (0.1%) and ascorbic acid (5%) increased the germination of UVB-exposed conidia of P. alismatis to levels found in the dark control without causing a delay in germination. Formulation in (a) pyridoxin (5%), (b) an nC24 mineral oil (5%), and (c) ECCO 1422 (5% in the mineral oil) also resulted in germination similar to the control but germination was delayed. Protection was provided to conidia of C. orbiculare treated with 1% aqueous solutions of proline and folic acid in vitro. Formulation of conidia of C. orbiculare in a 5% aqueous emulsion of the mineral oil and aqueous solutions of melanin (0.01%), proline and tyrosine (both at 1%) significantly increased anthracnose development above control levels on leaf discs of Xanthium spinosum exposed to UVB dose of 16.7 kJ m^-2. After exposure to natural sunlight at a UVB dose of 2.2 kJ m^-2, anthracnose development was greater on leaf discs inoculated with conidia of C. orbiculare formulated in 1% aqueous solutions of ascorbic acid (1%), proline (1%), tyrosine (1%) and melanin (0.01%), or in 5% aqueous emulsions of a canola-derived oil and the mineral oil than by conidia formulated in water alone. Therefore, a range of compounds can provide conidia with protection from UVB. Of these, propyl gallate and oils similar to the mineral oil are likely to be cost effective. Such formulations can be combined with suitable application times to increase mycoherbisitat efficiency.     

中亚热带森林转换对凋落物养分归还及养分利用效率的影响

为了解中亚热带森林转换对森林生态系统碳及养分循环的影响,以中亚热带米槠天然林、森林转换后的米槠次生林和杉木人工林为对象,对3种林分的凋落物量、养分归还量和养分利用效率进行4年研究.结果 表明:米槠天然林转换为米槠次生林和杉木人工林后,年凋落物量分别下降29.0％和45.7％,凋落物氮归还量分别下降34.0％和72.7％...     

平果金花茶核型的研究

本文研究了平果金花茶(Camellia Pingguoensis D.Fang)核型。其体细胞染色体数目2n=30。具有10对中部着丝点染色体(其中第4对为带随体染色体), 5对近中着丝点染色体。与金花茶(C.chrysantha(Hu)Tuyama)、显脉金花茶(C.euphlebia)、凹脉金花茶(C.impressinervis)、毛瓣金花茶(C.pubiptala)和小果金花茶(C.chrysantha var.microcarpa)的核型有显著不同。     

Cyperus rotundus suppresses AGE formation and protein oxidation in a model of fructose-mediated protein glycoxidation

Non-enzymatic glycation, as the chain reaction between reducing sugars and the free amino groups of proteins, has been shown to correlate with severity of diabetes and its complications. Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) is used both as a food to promote health and as a drug to treat certain diseases. In this study, considering the antioxidative effects of C. rotundus, we examined whether C. rotundus also protects against protein oxidation and glycoxidation. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of C. rotundus was evaluated in vitro using a model of fructose-mediated protein glycoxidation. The C. rotundus extract with glycation inhibitory activity also demonstrated antioxidant activity when a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays as well as metal chelating activity were applied. Fructose (100 mM) increased fluorescence intensity of glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) in terms of total AGEs during 14 days of exposure. Moreover, fructose caused more protein carbonyl (PCO) formation and also oxidized thiol groups more in glycated than in native BSA. The extract of C. rotundus at different concentrations (25–250 μg/ml) has significantly decreased the formation of AGEs in term of the fluorescence intensity of glycated BSA. Furthermore, we demonstrated the significant effect of C. rotundus extract on preventing oxidative protein damages including effect on PCO formation and thiol oxidation which are believed to form under the glycoxidation process. Our results highlight the protein glycation inhibitory and antioxidant activity of C. rotundus. These results might lead to the possibility of using the plant extract or its purified active components for targeting diabetic complications.