澳门翼手类物种多样性调查

2009 ～2012 年,对澳门翼手目(蝙蝠)物种多样性进行了调查。结果共捕捉到10 个物种,属5 科8 属,其中包括澳门原来记载的2 个物种,即蹄蝠科的大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)和蝙蝠科的东亚伏翼(Pipistrellus abramus);本研究新增加8 个物种,即狐蝠科的犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx) 和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaulti),鞘尾蝠科的黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon),菊头蝠科的菲菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pusillus),以及蝙蝠科的大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti)、普通伏翼(P. pipistrellus)、普通长翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersi) 和南长翼蝠(M. pusillus)。另外,通过野外录音和分析,并与已发表物种声音特征比较核对,发现菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科各一种,前者可能是泰国菊头蝠(R. siamensis)或者中菊头蝠(R. affinis),后者可能是果树蹄蝠(H. pomona) 或者三叶蹄蝠(Aselliscus stoliczkanus)。本文对已捕捉10 种蝙蝠的分布、形态特征和回声定位叫声特征进行报道,同时对其种群数量和保护现状进行了讨论。保护蝙蝠栖息生境(洞穴、古老建筑和蒲葵树等) 对保护澳门蝙蝠物种多样性至关重要。     

甘肃省卓尼县发现宽耳犬吻蝠

2020年10月17日,在甘肃省卓尼县（103°30′37″ E,34°35′00″ N,海拔2 540 m）用手网采集到1只雌性蝙蝠;该个体前臂长59.98 mm;两耳宽大,耳缘具毛,双耳前缘基部在额顶相联;吻部突出,上唇肥厚有褶皱;尾从尾膜后缘伸出一半;足掌具明显可见肉垫;各脚趾缘具有白色硬毛;背毛呈土褐色,毛基苍白色。头骨狭长,颅全长24.05 mm;颧弓平直;上门齿与上犬齿大,下门齿小,齿式为1.1.2.3/3.1.2.3 = 32。以上形态特征均与宽耳犬吻蝠（Tadarida insignis）相符;基于细胞色素b基因（Cyt b）系统发育学证据也支持上述结果,故将此标本鉴定为宽耳犬吻蝠。此为该种在甘肃省翼手目分布新记录。     

Development of conserved microsatellite markers of high cross-species utility in bat species (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera, Mammalia)

Comparative ecological and behavioural studies of the widespread and diverse Vespertilionidae, which comprise almost 400 of the 1100 bat species, have been limited by the availability of markers. The potential of new methods for developing conserved microsatellite markers that possess enhanced cross-species utility has recently been illustrated in studies of birds. We have applied these methods to develop enhanced microsatellite markers for vespertilionid bats, in particular for the genus Myotis (103 species). We compared published bat microsatellites with their homologues in the genome sequence of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, to create consensus sequences that were used to design candidate primer sets. Primer sets were then tested for amplification and polymorphism in 22 species of bat from nine of the largest families (including 11 Vespertilionidae). Of 46 loci tested, 33 were polymorphic, on average, in each of seven Myotis species tested, 20 in each of four species in other vespertilionid genera, and two in 11 nonvespertilionid species.     

大墓蝠在广东省分布的再发现

<正>鞘尾蝠科(Emballonuridae)墓蝠属(Taphozous)在全世界共有14种(Wilson and Mittermeier, 2019),分布在赤道与南北回归线之间的热带和亚热带地区(Kitchener et al., 1993)。该属在我国仅分布2种,即黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon)和大墓蝠(Taphozous theobaldi),前者主要分布于广东、广西、云南、贵州、海南、澳门和香港(蒋志刚等,2015),为广布种;后者文献记录甚少,标本稀缺,     

Microsatellite loci for the greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Rhinolophidae,Chiroptera) and their cross‐utility in 17 other bat species

We have isolated 14 polymorphic greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum microsatellite loci. The number of alleles varied from two to 12 in 58 individuals. These loci will be used to assign paternity in order to characterize patterns of breeding and reproductive success in a wild R. ferrumequinum population. Loci were also tested in 17 other bat species. Twelve loci cross‐amplified in other species and three loci were polymorphic in all eight Rhinolophus species tested.     

贵州省翼手类名录修订

参考翼手目动物分类学和分子系统学的最新研究成果, 在《贵州兽类志》的基础上, 结合近年来有关翼手类研究的资料, 对贵州省翼手类名录进行整理, 并列出了贵州省翼手类的分布地点。截止到2015年10月31日, 贵州省共有蝙蝠7科17属51种, 占中国现有蝙蝠种类(134种)的38.1%。其中, 我国特有种8种(贵州特有种2种)。与《贵州兽类志》中记载的翼手类相比, 增加了14种, 3个物种未被列入, 更改了10个物种的名称。按照中国动物地理区划, 贵州省蝙蝠以东洋界种类占绝对优势, 共有42种, 古北界种类仅2种, 广布种7种。列入IUCN红色名录各濒危等级的有44种, 列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》的有48种。     

Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in Schreibers’ long‐fingered bat,Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Five polymorphic, dinucleotide microsatellite loci have been identified and characterized in Schreibers’ long‐fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). These include three uninterrupted (CA)_n repeats, ranging in length from (CA)₁₇ to (CA)₁₉, one interrupted repeat (CA)₄(CG)₂(CA)₁₃, and one uninterrupted (GA)₂₇ repeat. All loci were highly polymorphic, with 17–20 alleles identified per locus. Observed heterozygosity levels (0.66–0.82) are lower than expected due to homozygote excess, probably caused by pooling of populations, resulting in population substructuring. All five polymorphic loci were also successfully amplified in the closely related M. fraterculus. Two pairs of primers additionally amplified polymorphic microsatellites in Chaerophon sp.     

Reproduction of the long-tongued nectar bat Macroglossus minimus (Pteropodidae) in Brunei, Borneo

The long‐tongued nectar bat Macroglossus minimus lagochilus (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae) is a small fruit bat inhabiting South‐east Asia. Its reproduction was studied in Brunei, Borneo, where individuals were usually captured in rainforest (Ulu Temburong). Adult females (n = 23) had body masses of 13.0–19.0 g, with forelimbs 3.83–4.33 cm in length. All adult females were pregnant, with pregnancies observed during every month except May, September and November when no adult females were captured. Female M. minimus in Brunei have a reproductive cycle that is consistent with a pattern of seasonal bimodal polyoestry. Most births appear to occur from November to May, during which time females experience two births: the first centred around November and December, and the second centred around April and May. These two birth seasons appear correlated to the two seasons of greater rainfall in Brunei: October to December, and April to July. Oestrous and mating apparently occur soon after each birth; however, there appears to be a 2‐ to 3‐month period of delayed embryonic development following the births centred around April and May. The data are consistent with embryonic development commencing around July and August (after a delay) for the births centred around November and December, and around December and January for the births centred around April and May. The data suggest that all adult females participate in each breeding season. Adult males (n = 20) had body masses of 12.5–18.0 g, with forelimbs 3.91–4.26 cm in length.     

The earliest Asian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) address major gaps in bat evolution

Bats dispersed widely after evolving the capacity for powered flight, and fossil bats are known from the early Eocene of most continents. Until now, however, bats have been conspicuously absent from the early Eocene of mainland Asia. Here, we report two teeth from the Junggar Basin of northern Xinjiang, China belonging to the first known early Eocene bats from Asia, representing arguably the most plesiomorphic bat molars currently recognized. These teeth combine certain bat synapomorphies with primitive traits found in other placental mammals, thereby potentially illuminating dental evolution among stem bats. The Junggar Basin teeth suggest that the dentition of the stem chiropteran family Onychonycteridae is surprisingly derived, although their postcranial anatomy is more primitive than that of any other Eocene bats. Additional comparisons with stem bat families Icaronycteridae and Archaeonycteridae fail to identify unambiguous synapomorphies for the latter taxa, raising the possibility that neither is monophyletic as currently recognized. The presence of highly plesiomorphic bats in the early Eocene of central Asia suggests that this region was an important locus for the earliest, transitional phases of bat evolution, as has been demonstrated for other placental mammal orders including Lagomorpha and Rodentia.     

A new archaic bat (Chiroptera: Archaeonycteridae) from an Early Eocene forest in the Paris Basin

Abstract

A new Early Eocene bat is described from dental remains recovered from the locality of Prémontré in the Paris Basin, northern France. It is referred to the extinct family Archaeonycteridae, whose members are among the oldest and dentally most plesiomorphic bats. The new archaeonycterid is part of the diverse Prémontré mammal fauna of the late Ypresian (MP10; 50 Ma) which includes a suite of archaic mammals as well as early representatives of modern mammal families. Like other archaeonycterids, this bat may have been an insectivorous perch hunter in paratropical forests that extended into high latitudes during the Early and Middle Eocene. Archaeonycterids disappear from the fossil record after the Middle Eocene, along with many other archaic mammal groups, probably in response to significant changes in climate and habitats as well as competition from crown group bats possibly better adapted to less predictable conditions.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:194C2A09-77A6-460C-93E2-017362FD0DC3     

A Comparison of the Phyllostomid Bat Assemblages in Undisturbed Neotropical Forest and in Forest Fragments of a Slash‐and‐Burn Farming Mosaic in Petén,Guatemala1

Using mist nets, we compared phyllostomid bat ensembles of continuous mature forest in Tikal National Park, Guatemala, and of forest fragments in the nearby farming landscape. Of 20 species captured, 13 were shared between treatments, 4 were unique to continuous forest, and 3 were unique to forest fragments. Dominance–diversity curves were similar for the two treatments except that Sturnira lilium comprised 43 percent of captures in the forest fragments, resulting in greater dominance there. Capture rates (and presumably relative abundance) differed significantly between continuous forest and forest fragments, both in terms of species and feeding guilds. Sturnia lilium and Dermanura sp. were captured significantly more often in forest fragments than in continuous forest, whereas Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, and Centurio senex were taken significantly more often in continuous forest. Large frugivores accounted for a higher proportion of total captures in continuous forest than in forest fragments, whereas small frugivores showed the opposite pattern. By their abundances, Carollia perspicillata and S. lilium are indicators of forest disturbance. The relative abundances of large frugivores, which feed on large fruits of mature forest trees, and small frugivores, which feed on small‐fruited plants occurring in early succession, are an indicator of forest disturbance. Other groups, such as large insect‐ and vertebrate‐eating bats, because of their low capture rates, are impractical as indicators for rapid assessment of forest disturbance based on mist netting, but may prove especially vulnerable to forest fragmentation.     

Characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the lesser horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus hipposideros (Rhinolophidae,Chiroptera)

Fourteen polymorphic microsatellites isolated in the lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros, are described. A subset of eight loci successfully coamplified in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and allowed to confirm that expected heterozygosity was relatively high for the eight loci (0.56–0.83). This set of eight microsatellites indeed permits to build genetic tags that distinguish all individuals in colonies consisting of up to more than 1000 individuals.     

Territorial songs indicate male quality in the sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae)

Defense of territories in many animal species involves the advertisementof territory holder quality by acoustic signaling. In the sac-wingedbat Saccopteryx bilineata, males engage in territorial countersingingwhen reoccupying their day-roost territories in the morningand in the evening before abandoning the roost for the night.Females roost mainly in male territories, and territory holdersare reproductively more successful than nonterritorial males.In territorial songs of male S. bilineata, we distinguished6 syllable types and parameterized their acoustic properties.The analysis of 11 microsatellite loci allowed assignments ofjuveniles to their parents. Males had a higher reproductivesuccess both when they uttered more territorial songs per dayand when their long buzz syllables had a lower end frequencyof the fundamental harmonic. Long buzzes had a harsh qualitydue to a pulsation of the fundamental frequency at the syllableonset and also had the highest sound pressure level of all syllabletypes in most territorial songs. Territorial songs and especiallylong buzz syllables are thus likely to advertise territory holderquality and competitive ability.     

Seasonal habitat selection and temporal activity patterns determine the structure of bat assemblages in Dhana Biosphere Reserve,Jordan (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

We measured species richness, diversity, and diel activity patterns of insectivorous bats at four sites within Dhana Biosphere Reserve. A total of seven species belonging to five families at varying species compositions were recorded. Four to six species were present at these sites and total diversity ranged between 0.32 at Ain Lahtha and 0.65 at Al Khararah. Overall frequency of passes was highest at Shaq Kalbeh. The Common Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, was the most prevalent at three sites, followed by the Arabian Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus clivosus, and Botta’s Serotine, Eptesicus bottae. Natterer’s Bat, Myotis nattereri, and the European Free-tailed Bat, Tadarida teniotis, occurred at low abundance. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros, occurred at a higher abundance within Finan site (arid site at lower altitude), whereas the Egyptian Mouse-tailed Bat, Rhinopoma cystops, was restricted to Finan. The overall mean number of bat passes was not significantly different between sites. Average seasonal species diversity was low during winter (none at Ain Lahtha and Shaq Kalbeh) and highest during summer (0.68 at Al Kharrarah). Seasonal activity patterns for each site in terms of frequencies of bat passes on an hourly basis are given.     

The Hemiptera (Insecta) communities of tropical rain forest in Sulawesi

The structure and composition of Hemiptera communities of tropical rain forest in Dumoga-Bone National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia were investigated over a 1-year period. The aim was to investigate the extent to which insect samples, obtained using six different techniques, were representative of the whole community, and to explore temporal and spatial variation in Hemiptera community composition. Sampling techniques employed were Rothamsted light trapping, canopy fogging, malaise trapping at both ground and canopy level, flight interception trapping and yellow water pan trapping. Overlap between faunas collected using different techniques was surprisingly low emphasizing the limitations of using any single method to sample and thereby describe the Hemiptera community. Differences were observed at the species, family and suborder levels. Similarly, there were major differences in faunal composition between sites and diversity appeared to peak at elevations between 600–1000 m. Seasonal changes were also significant but generally lower than between methods or sites. Results are discussed in relation to factors such as food availability and host specialization and the efficacy of each sampling method is reviewed in relation to the biology of the different Hemiptera groups and the composition of the samples obtained.