Reconstruction of Pathways Associated with Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Mitochondria

We have used a bioinformatics approach for the identification and reconstruction of metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in human mitochon- dria. Human mitochondrial proteins determined by experimental and computa- tional methods have been superposed on the reference pathways from the KEGG database to identify mitochondrial pathways. Enzymes at the entry and exit points for each reconstructed pathway were identified, and mitochondrial solute carrier proteins were determined where applicable. Intermediate enzymes in the mito- chondrial pathways were identified based on the annotations available from public databases, evidence in current literature, or our MITOPRED program, which pre- dicts the mitochondrial localization of proteins. Through integration of the data derived from experimental, bibliographical, and computational sources, we recon- structed the amino acid metabolic pathways in human mitochondria, which could help better understand the mitochondrial metabolism and its role in human health.     

Reconstruction of pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in human mitochondria

We have used a bioinformatics approach for the identification and reconstruction of metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism in human mitochondria. Human mitochondrial proteins determined by experimental and computational methods have been superposed on the reference pathways from the KEGG database to identify mitochondrial pathways. Enzymes at the entry and exit points for each reconstructed pathway were identified, and mitochondrial solute carrier proteins were determined where applicable. Intermediate enzymes in the mitochondrial pathways were identified based on the annotations available from public databases, evidence in current literature, or our MITOPRED program, which predicts the mitochondrial localization of proteins. Through integration of the data derived from experimental, bibliographical, and computational sources, we reconstructed the amino acid metabolic pathways in human mitochondria, which could help better understand the mitochondrial metabolism and its role in human health.     

氨基酸转运体在肿瘤代谢中的研究进展

代谢重编程是肿瘤的重要特征,是指肿瘤细胞为满足其快速增殖的生物合成与能量需求,对其糖代谢、脂代谢以及氨基酸代谢等代谢路径进行的重编程,以维持增长速度以及补偿能量代谢所造成的氧化还原压力。虽然不同的癌症代谢变化不同,但有些特征是所有癌症共有的,氨基酸代谢重编程是其中一个重要的特征。氨基酸进出细胞需要氨基酸转运体的协助,因而在肿瘤细胞中多种特定的氨基酸转运体均过表达。靶向氨基酸转运体通过影响肿瘤细胞的氨基酸代谢从而达到抗肿瘤的目的,是目前抗肿瘤药物的研究热点之一。主要介绍了几种在肿瘤代谢中发挥重要作用的氨基酸转运体以及靶向氨基酸转运体抗肿瘤治疗的研究进展及相关作用机制,旨在了解氨基酸转运体在抗肿瘤研究中的作用,以期促进靶向氨基酸转运体抗肿瘤药物的发展。     

氨基酸代谢与肝性脑病

肝性脑病 (HepaticEncephalopathy)又称肝昏迷 ,即由于严重肝病引起的中枢神经系统功能紊乱 ,患者出现一系列神经精神病状 ,直至进入昏迷。在此仅从氨基酸代谢异常的角度叙述与肝性脑病的关系。     

Anaerobic Amino Acid Metabolism

Anoxic stress induces a strong change in sugar, protein, and amino acid metabolism in higher plants. Sugars are rapidly consumed through the anaerobic glycolysis to sustain energy production. Protein degradation under anoxia is a mechanism to release free amino acids contributing in this way to maintaining the osmotic potential of the tissue under stress. Among free amino acids, a particular role is played by glutamic acid, being a precursor of some characteristic compounds of the anaerobic metabolism (alanine, -aminobutyric acid, and putrescine). The glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle contributes to ammonia reassimilation and primary assimilation of nitrate, and resynthesizes constantly glutamate for the synthesis of other compounds. Some polypeptides involved in these pathways are expressed under anoxia. The importance of amino acid metabolism for the response to anaerobic stress is discussed.     

槲皮素对甲硫氨酸负载大鼠氨基酸代谢的影响

为探讨槲皮素对甲硫氨酸(Met)负载大鼠氨基酸代谢的影响,将Wistar大鼠24只随机分为3组,即对照组、1％甲硫氨酸组以及1％甲硫氨酸和0.5％槲皮素组,喂养6周后,采用高压液相色谱法测定血清中半胱氨酸含量,全自动氨基酸分析仪测定血清中其他氨基酸含量.结果显示,1％甲硫氨酸干预后除对牛磺酸产生显著影响外,对其他氨基酸没有明显影响.0.5％槲皮素干预后,血清必需氨基酸苏氨酸、缬氨酸含量较1％ Met组显著升高(p＜0.05),牛磺酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸较对照组亦显著升高(p＜0.05),而血清丝氨酸和脯氨酸含量较对照组显著降低(p＜0.05).结果表明,槲皮素可能加强甲硫氨酸转硫化代谢途径.     

Ontogenetic Study of the Effects of Energetic Nutrients on Amino Acid Metabolism of Rat Cerebral Cortex

We studied the effect of various energetic nutrients on metabolism of l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine and [1–¹⁴C]glycine in cerebral cortex of rats at different ages. At gestational age, glucose and lactate stimulated protein synthesis from l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine and [1–¹⁴C]glycine and from l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine, respectively; glucose, -OH-butyrate and lactate stimulated lipid synthesis from l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine. At 10 days of age, glucose, mannose, and fructose stimulated protein synthesis, and glucose and mannose stimulated oxidation to CO₂ as well as lipid synthesis from l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine. In adult rats, glucose, mannose, and fructose stimulated protein synthesis from l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine and [1–¹⁴C]glycine; glutamine also markedly decreased the oxidation of l-[U-¹⁴C]leucine and [1–¹⁴C]glycine in 10–day-old and adult rats.     

人早期胚胎解冻后氨基酸代谢变化的临床分析

目的:分析人早期胚胎解冻后的氨基酸代谢变化,以明确冻融胚胎解冻后的最佳移植时机。方法:收集2013年1月-2014年1月本中心24例经体外受精-胚胎移植治疗患者取卵后第3日6~8细胞废弃胚胎,采用囊胚培养液微滴对其培养,培养2h后用玻璃化冷冻保存,于冷冻前2h、解冻后各时段分别收集15μL胚胎培养微滴,以同一培养皿中未进行胚胎培养的培养液为对照组。通过高效液相色谱法检测标本在不同时段(0.5、1、2、4、6、24 h)的氨基酸浓度变化。结果:对照组解冻后不同时间点赖氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸与谷氨酰胺浓度与与解冻前比较,差异具均有统计学意义(P0.05),其余16种氨基酸解冻前后浓度无明显变化,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。胚胎培养液解冻后1 h,胚胎培养液中的氨基酸浓度均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),氨基转换量明显高于解冻前、解冻后0.5 h、4 h、6 h,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:人早期胚胎在解冻后约0.5h就已开始恢复代谢状态,已开始进行氨基酸代谢,且氨基酸代谢水平与冷冻前基本相同。     

吊瓜籽中氨基酸质量分数的测定

样品吊瓜籽经酸水解处理,应用氨基酸分析仪进行分析,结果表明,吊瓜籽含所有常规17种氨基酸,质量分数高达23.28%,其中谷氨酸(G lu)和精氨酸(Agr)质量分数达4.39%和3.88%。     

ApoE4 Impairs Neuron-Astrocyte Coupling of Fatty Acid Metabolism

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氨基酸转运载体研究进展

氨基酸转运载体是介导氨基酸跨膜转运的膜蛋白,在氨基酸营养机体细胞和神经调节过程中起着重要作用;而且,其功能异常会导致严重的氨基酸吸收和代谢障碍性疾病,也具有重要的病理学意义。本文就近年来关于中性氨基酸、酸性氨基酸和碱性氨基酸转运载体家族成员及其组织分布、分子生物学特征、生理功能和病理学意义等研究进展进行了综述。     

氨基酸保健品的现状及发展趋势

随着社会经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高,氨基酸的各种功效逐渐被人们所熟知,在人们生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色,原本作为医用的氨基酸开始以保健品的形式走入人们的日常生活中。简要阐述了开发氨基酸保健品的必要性及现状,初步探讨了氨基酸保健品进一步的发展趋势。     

An Overview: The Diversified Role of Mitochondria in Cancer Metabolism

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles involved in energy production, cell metabolism and cell signaling. They are essential not only in the process of ATP synthesis, lipid metabolism and nucleic acid metabolism, but also in tumor development and metastasis. Mutations in mtDNA are commonly found in cancer cells to promote the rewiring of bioenergetics and biosynthesis, various metabolites especially oncometabolites in mitochondria regulate tumor metabolism and progression. And mutation of enzymes in the TCA cycle leads to the unusual accumulation of certain metabolites and oncometabolites. Mitochondria have been demonstrated as the target for cancer treatment. Cancer cells rely on two main energy resources: oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis. By manipulating OXPHOS genes or adjusting the metabolites production in mitochondria, tumor growth can be restrained. For example, enhanced complex I activity increases NAD⁺/NADH to prevent metastasis and progression of cancers. In this review, we discussed mitochondrial function in cancer cell metabolism and specially explored the unique role of mitochondria in cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment. Targeting the OXPHOS pathway and mitochondria-related metabolism emerging as a potential therapeutic strategy for various cancers.     

补服支链氨基酸对有氧运动耐力的影响

为了研究补服支链氨基酸(branched-chain amino acid,BCAA)对有氧运动耐力的影响,给白鼠补服BCAA,检测其对白鼠的运动能力和血清游离氨基酸代谢的影响;另选择健康男性作为受试者,于测试前30min分别口服氨基酸补剂及安慰剂,采取自身对照性分析法对比12min跑成绩及最大吸氧量的变化。结果表明,白鼠补充BCAA后,有氧运动的衰竭推迟出现,血清中BCAA的含量显著提高;人体数据研究表明,补服BCAA后,12min跑成绩和最大吸氧量均显著提高。表明补服BCAA能有效提高人体的有氧运动耐力。     

615小鼠血红蛋白α链的氨基酸组成及个别肽段的氨基酸序列

用CM-Cellulose-23柱层析分离纯化了615小鼠珠蛋白α链,测定其N端氨基酸残基为缬氨酸.615小鼠珠蛋白α链含有141个氨基酸残基,其中19个亮氨酸残基,10个组氨酸残基,9个缬氨酸残基,上述氨基酸残基的数目与文献中其亲本C₅₇BL不同.用胰蛋白酶水解615小鼠珠蛋白α链,发现有不溶性的‘核心’和可溶性的酶解片段.其中一个酶解肽段从N端数第8位氨基酸残基发生了突变,由亲本的缬氨酸变为亮氨酸.     

Amino Acid Metabolism in Rat Hippocampus During the Period of Brain Growth Spurt

We studied protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and CO₂ production by oxidation of glycine, alanine and leucine by slices of rat hippocampus during the period of brain growth spurt. The metabolism of the three amino acids decreased with the age of the animals, A major reduction was observed in protein synthesis, which was 4 times higher at 7 days of age than at 21 days of age for all amino acids studied. Glycine oxidation to CO₂ was twice as high as alanine oxidation and ten times higher than leucine oxidation. The major pathway of leucine utilization was incorporation into proteins. Glycine was the amino acid that had the highest metabolic rate.     

复合氨基酸铜螯合物的研究

以废弃鸡毛的硫酸水解液作为复合氨基酸的来源 ,将其与CuSO4 ·5H2 O螯合 ,采用有机溶剂沉淀法制取了高纯度的氨基酸铜螯合物 ,并用化学分析和红外光谱分析对其进行了研究 ;同时 ,提出了一种根据直接测定螯合态微量元素的含量来测定螯合率的新方法 ,为螯合率的测定提供了一条新的途径     

Carbohydrate Effects on Amino Acid Transport by Trypanosoma equiperdum*

SYNOPSIS. Uptake of ¹⁴C-labeled alanine, glutamate, lysine, methionine, proline, and phenylalanine by Trypanosoma equiperdum during 2-minute incubations occurred by diffusion and membrane-mediated processes. Amino acid metabolism was not detected by paper chromatography of trypanosome extracts. Most of 18 carbohydrates tested for ability to alter amino acid transport neither changed nor significantly inhibited transport. Glucose, however, stimulated glutamate, lysine and proline transport; fructose stimulated lysine uptake and 2-deoxy-D-glucose increased phenylalanine and methionine absorption. No evidence was found that the carbohydrates acted by binding to amino acid transport “sites.” Glucose inhibition of alanine, phenylalanine, and methionine uptake was linked to glycolysis. The rapid formation of alanine from glucose stimulated alanine release and, when glycolysis was blocked, glucose no longer inhibited alanine transport. Methionine and phenylalanine release was also stimulated by glucose. Glucose changed the ability of lysine, glutamate, and proline to inhibit each others’uptake, indicating that certain amino acids are preferentially absorbed by respiring cells. Analysis of free pool amino acid levels suggested that some amino acid transport systems in T. equiperdum are linked in such a way to glycolysis as to control the cell concentrations of these amino acids.     

人胃癌组织及胃正常组织氨基酸差异研究

对 2 2例胃癌组织及其癌边组织、胃正常组织氨基酸进行了测定。发现胃癌组织氨基酸总量低于癌边组织氨基酸总量 ,癌边组织氨基酸总量又低于胃正常组织氨基酸总量。癌中组织与癌边组织相比有 8种氨基酸明显降低 ,P <0 .0 1 ;其中三种为人体必需氨基酸 ,三种为生糖氨基酸。胃癌组织与胃正常组织相比 3种生糖氨基酸明显降低 ,P<0 .0 5。结果表明 :胃癌组织存在明显的氨基酸代谢异常