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1.
Piero Pollesello Renato Toffanin Erminio Murano Roberto Rizzo Sergio Paoletti Bjarne J. Kvam 《Journal of applied phycology》1992,4(2):149-155
Lipid extracts of the red algaGracilaria longa were studied by1H- and13C-NMR spectroscopy. Peaks in the13C-NMR spectra attributable to sterols, chlorophylls and carotenoids allowed free and acylated cholesterol, chlorophylla and lutein to be identified as the most abundant components of these classes. A content of 0.5 ± 0.1 μmoles of total cholesterol/g
wet alga was estimated from the1H-NMR spectrum, which also allowed the determination of the phosphatidylcholine/total lipid molar ratio (9.5 ± 0.5%). The13C-NMR spectroscopic experiments provided information on the position of the double bonds on the fatty acid residues. A comparison
between NMR spectra of lipid extracts obtained for wet and dried alga showed that the alga undergoes both a dramatic peroxidation
and some glycolipid degradation during the drying process. 相似文献
2.
W.H.M. Peters A.M.M. Fleuren-Jakobs J.J.H.H.M. De Pont S.L. Bonting 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》1981,649(3):541-549
(1) The neutral lipids and the free and bound fatty acids of a highly purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparation from rabbit kidney outer medulla have been analysed. (2) On a dry weight basis, the total lipid content is nearly the same as the total protein content, and consists for 66% of phospholipids and for 34% of neutral lipids and free fatty acids. In the latter category cholesterol is the main component (71%). (3) On a molar basis the enzyme preparation contains 382 mol phospholipids, 67 mol free fatty acids, 9, 16 and 12 mol mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, 249 and 19 mol free and esterified cholesterol per mol enzyme. (4) The fatty acid composition of each lipid and of the free fatty acid fraction, present in the enzyme preparation, is reported. (5) All cholesterol and part of the phospholipids can be removed by hexane extraction, leaving 66% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. Oxidation of all cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one by cholesterol oxidase leaves 85% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. These results indicate that cholesterol is not essential for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. 相似文献
3.
Suk Weon Kim Bon Cho Koo Jonghyun Kim Jang Ryol Liu 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2007,12(6):653-661
Whole cell extracts ofArabidopsis cell cultures maintained on various sucrose concentrations (0,3, and 6%) were analyzed by1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the comprehensive metabolic change in these cultures during sucrose starvation. The amount
of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the cells decreased to almost nothing after 12 h of culture in medium without sucrose.
In contrast, the total free amino acid content of the cells increased as the culture proceeded. Among the free amino acids,
phenylalanine and malic acid increased the most, followed by asparagine and alanine, whereas glutamic acid did not change
significantly. These results are in agreement with previous studies using HPLC.1H NMR spectroscopy enabled measurement of changes in the sugar and free amino acid content of whole cell extracts without
fractionation and complicated sample preparation. These results indicate that comprehensive metabolic changes in the cells
can be determined by a simple, rapid method using whole cell extracts and1H NMR spectroscopy. 相似文献
4.
J. A. Zygadlo R. E. Abburra D. M. Maestri C. A. Guzman 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1992,179(1-2):89-93
The alkane and fatty acid composition of the lipid extracts from leaves of 14 populations ofCondalia: C. microphylla f.xanthocarpa, C. microphylla f.erythrocarpa, C. microphylla f.melanocarpa, C. montana, andC. buxifolia, were determined by gas chromatography. Seventeen alkanes and 14 fatty acids were investigated and a predominance of nonacosane, hentriacontane, palmitic and linoleic acids in all species was found. 相似文献
5.
Fruiting bodies ofClitocybe geotropa andClitocybe nebularis were extracted with chloroform-methanol and the extracts were fractionated by chromatography. The title compound was isolated in pure form from both extracts. The structure was verified by NMR spectroscopy, sugar and fatty acid analysis, and FAB-MS.Abbreviations TMS
trimethylsilane
- DMSO
dimethylsulfoxide 相似文献
6.
Root and rhizome of fourHelleborus species:H. viridis, H. odorus, H. niger, H. foetidus were examined throughout a two-year period in order to determine the variation of lipid content and fatty acid composition during the ontogenetic cycle. In the deciduous geophytesH. viridis andH. odorus subsp.laxus the lipid content reaches its maximum during the quiescent phase, whereas in the evergreen geophyteH. niger the lipid content is highest during the main growth period. In the chamaephyteH. foetidus lipid content is always very low and it does not show variation throughout the year. In all species the fatty acids detected in the neutral fraction are myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. Palmitic and linoleic acid are always present in larger quantities. The pattern of the relative content of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids seems to be linked to the life form of these species. 相似文献
7.
Chun Ji Yin Suk Weon Kim Moon Soo Lee Jang Ryol Liu Won Joong Jeong 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2008,13(6):778-784
Transgene-tagged mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were generated by random insertional mutagenesis for screening of mutants of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. Approximately
2,500 insertion mutants tagged with the aph7″ gene were produced from one mutagenesis in three weeks. To establish a rapid screening system for numerous insertional lines,
whole cell extracts of 100 insertional lines were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography
(GC) analysis combined with multivariate analysis. Mutant lines 28, 67, and 90 showed dramatic differences in the carbohydrate
(1,000∼1,200 cm−1) and amide (1,500∼1,700 cm−1) regions of the FT-IR spectrum compared to wild type strain CC-124. Separate GC analysis also showed that 16:0 iso, palmitic
acid (16:0), and oleic acid (18:1) were the major fatty acids in the wild type strain. In mutant 80, the relative content
ratio of 16:0 iso in total fatty acids was significantly lower than in wild type, whereas the ratios of palmitic acid and
oleic acid to 16:0 iso were higher. In mutant 95, the ratio of 16:0 iso to total fatty acids was increased, whereas ratios
of palmitic acid and oleic acid to 16:0 iso were decreased. In particular, mutant 57 showed remarkably different fatty acid
patterns with novel peaks of long-chain fatty acids having more than 20 carbon atoms. The results of this study show that
FT-IR and GC combined with multivariate analysis enable rapid selection of mutants of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism
in C. reinhardtii. 相似文献
8.
Romuald Czerpak Alicja Piotrowska Paweł Dobrzyń Andrzej Tatur Monika Marczuk 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2003,25(3):271-278
The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of biochanin A, isoflavone characterised by estrogenic activity,
upon the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the cells of green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Chlorophyceae). On the 6th day of cultivation under the influence of 10−6 M biochanin A exerted the greatest biological activity and the most stimulating effect on the analysed parameters: growth
of the alga expressed by the cells number and the content of photosynthetic pigments in them. The total content of carotenoids
was stimulated on the 6th day of experiment in the range of 197 % but during the 9th day only in 179 % in comparision with the control group (100 %). At the same time content of carotenes increased to the level
of 123 – 119 % and xanthophylls to 208 – 178 %. Among the carotenes, β-carotene was characterised with the 3.7 times higher
content in regard to the content of α-carotene on the 6th day of cultivation and during the 9th day — the 5.7 times domination. The content of xanthophylls that contain two atoms of oxygene in molecule (oxygen — poor
xanthophylls) was intensively stimulated in the range of 224 %. Moreover, the oxygen — rich xanthophylls content reached the
value 179 % when compared to the control. The greatest stimulation of the content of chlorophylls and its isomers was observed
during the 3rd day of cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris when it rose up to 166 % and to 156 % on the 6th day. The content of chlorophyll b and its isomers was stimulated in 181 % on the 6th day of culture and 155 % during the 9th day of algal culture. The evidence on the stimulating effect of biochanin A as the main representative of isoflavones on
the growth and content photosynthetic pigments in eucaryotic alga C. vulgaris was demonstrated in these studies. 相似文献
9.
L. Saoudi-Helis J. -P. Dubacq Y. Marty J. -F. Samain C. Gudin 《Journal of applied phycology》1994,6(3):315-322
A continuous culture ofIsochrysis aff.galbana clone T.iso, used to feedPecten maximus larvae at IFREMER (Brest, France), was carried out in a chemostat at its optimum temperature for growth (26 °C). Changes in pigments, lipid class (neutral, glyco- and phospholipids) and degree of fatty acid unsaturation were studied at three different growth rates (0.33, 0.5, 1 d–1). As predicted by chemostat theory, a slow growth rate produced higher cell numbers and higher biomass per unit volume. These cells were low in chlorophylla and carotenoids, but rich in neutral lipids. In contrast, cultures with a fast growth rate yielded lower cell concentrations, buth higher chlorophylla, carotenoid and membrane lipid contents per cell. Changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid distribution were related to differences in algal growth rates. Neutral lipids contained mainly saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (C18:19) at low growth rates whereas they were enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially C22:63, at high growth rates. Therefore, it is suggested that the growth rate in continuous cultures be controlled so as to adjust the relative proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid classes of the diet meant for larval nutrition.Author for correspondence 相似文献
10.
Michael J. Bakes Nicholas G. Elliott Graham J. Green Peter D. Nichols 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》1995,111(4):633-642
The lipid, fatty acid and fatty alcohol compositions were determined for muscle samples from six species of deep-sea oreo collected from Australian waters; namely Neocyttus rhomboidalis, Neocyttus sp., Allocyttus verrucosus, Allocyttus niger, Pseudocyttus maculatus, and Oreosoma atlanticum. Neocyttus helgae, landed in North Atlantic waters, was also analysed. Similar analyses were also carried out on the muscle and swim bladder of the orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus from both Australian and North Atlantic waters. Orange roughy is currently a major commercial species in southern Australia and is a new-fishery in the North Atlantic; there are four species of oreo of increasing commercial significance in Australia due to orange roughy quota reductions. It is therefore necessary to determine if the oreo fishing industry is capable of supplementing the current orange roughy requirements with respect to muscle and oil demand. In the oreos, the mean lipid content ranged from 0.5 to 3% of wet weight, with a mixed lipid composition including wax ester, triacylglycerol, sterol and polar lipid. The ratio of the monounsaturated fatty alcohols 22:1 to 20:1 allowed samples from the two geographical regions to be distinguished. Total wax ester in muscle from North Atlantic male orange roughy was much higher than in Australian fish (27 vs. 8.5% wet weight, respectively); females from both locations contained similar amounts of wax ester (4.5 vs. 3.3%, respectively). Selected swim bladders from North Atlantic and Australian orange roughy show similar wax ester content (90 vs. 82%, respectively). The ratio of 22:1 to 20:1 fatty alcohols in orange roughy from the two regions was 0.5 (Australian) and 1.4 (North Atlantic). Indeed differences exist between oreos from the two locations, but not between orange roughy and this requires further investigation. With respect to the nutritional value, the oreos are more attractive than the orange roughy however lipid levels remain much lower compared with other popular species. 相似文献
11.
The change in the pigment composition of the unicellular alga Dunaliella parva 19/9 during exposure to high light (4000 mol m-2 s-1) has been investigated. During photobleaching the carotenoids were lost at a greater rate than the chlorophylls. In these photoinhibitory conditions, -carotene and especially the minor carotenes, - and -carotene, were more susceptible to oxidative destriction than the xanthophylls. Lutein, the major carotenoid present, was the most stable of the carotenoids in these conditions. In addition to the direct photobleaching of carotenoids and chlorophylls, high light treatment induced the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxantin and zeaxanthin. Small amounts of zeaxanthin were present in cells prior to illumination but the amount increased 2.4 fold following high light treatment. The effects of extremes of temperature during exposure to high light intensities were also investigated. The destruction of chlorophylls was found to be more temperature sensitive than that of the carotenoids. The general pattern of loss for the individual carotenoids was similar to that found at 25°C, i.e., the carotenes were more readily degraded than the xanthophylls. 相似文献
12.
Joachim Strohhäcker Albert A. de Graaf Siegfried M. Schoberth Rolf M. Wittig Hermann Sahm 《Archives of microbiology》1993,159(5):484-490
Ethanol inhibition of glucose catabolism in Zymomonas mobilis was investigated using 31P NMR spectroscopy in vivo and of perchloric acid extracts from cell suspensions incubated with 0, 5 and 10% (w/v) ethanol. In vivo 31P NMR experiments revealed slower glucose utilization and decreased levels of nucleoside triphosphates in the presence of 10% ethanol as compared to controls. Using 31P NMR spectroscopy of perchloric acid extracts, intracellular accumulation of 3.4 mM 3-phosphoglycerate was found when 10% ethanol was present in the medium. No accumulation of this metabolite occurred in cells incubated with 0 and 5% ethanol. Enzyme assays confirmed that phosphoglycerate-mutase and enolase were inhibited 31 and 40%, respectively, in the presence of 10% ethanol in the test system. Therefore, under the conditions used the decrease in the fermentative activity of Z. mobilis at high ethanol concentrations is due to inhibition of phosphoglycerate-mutase and enolase.Abbreviation KDPG
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate 相似文献
13.
Primary structure of the majorO-glycosidically linked carbohydrate unit of human von Willebrand factor 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Bruno Samor Jean-Claude Michalski Claudine Mazurier Maurice Goudemand Pieter De Waard Johannes F G Vliegenthart Gérard Strecker Jean Montreuil 《Glycoconjugate journal》1989,6(3):263-270
A reduced tetrasaccharide chain was obtained from human von Willebrand factor (vWF) by mild alkaline borohydride treatment. The purification of thisO-glycosidically-linked oligosaccharide was achieved by serial affinity chromatography on immobilized concanavalin A andLens culinaris agglutinin and finally gel filtration. Its structure was determined by a combination of methylation studies and 500 MHz1H-NMR spectroscopy to be: NeuAc(2-3)Gal(1-3)[NeuAc(2-6)]GalNAc-ol.Abbreviations ConA
concanavalin A
- LCA
Lens culinaris agglutinin
- vWF
von Willebrand factor
- NeuAc
N-acetylneuraminic acid
- Gal
d-galactose
- GalNAc-ol
N-acetyl-d-galactosaminitol
- HMW
high molecular weight
- LMW
low molecular weight 相似文献
14.
Comparative study about the salt-induced oxidative stress and lipid composition has been realised in primary root tissues
for two varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) in order to evaluate their responses to salt stress. The root growth, root water content (WC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, lipid peroxidation, membrane stability index and the changes in the profile of fatty acids composition were
investigated. Salinity impacts in term of root growth, water content, H2O2 generation, lipid peroxidation and membrane destabilisation were more pronounced in primary roots of Aristo than in those of Arper indicating more sensitivity of the first variety. It was confirmed by gas chromatography that the composition of fatty acids
in roots of both varieties was constituted mainly by 16:0 and 18:0 as major saturated fatty acids and 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3
as major unsaturated fatty acids. Total lipid extracts from the roots of both varieties showed that the lipid saturation level
increased under salt stress, notwithstanding the increased proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The changes in lipid
saturation being predominantly due to decreases in oleic acid (18:1ω9) and increases in palmitic acid (16:0). However, Arper root extracts contained a lower proportion of saturated lipids than Aristo. The enhanced proportion of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids especially linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids was considered
to be the characteristic of the relatively salt tolerance in Arper roots. 相似文献
15.
R. M. Alvarez B. Rodríguez J. M. Romano A. O. Díaz E. Gómez D. Miró L. Navarro G. Saura J. L. García 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1992,8(2):214-215
Microbial lipids produced byRhodotorula glutinis grown in continuous culture with molasses under nitrogen-limiting conditions were evaluated and the effects of growth rate on fatty acid composition were studied. As the growth rate decreased, cell biomass, lipid content and lipid yield gradually increased. The maximum lipid content recorded was 39% (w/w) of dry cell biomass at a dilution rate of 0.04 h–1. The growth rate also affected fatty acid composition: oleic acid decreased with decreasing growth rate while stearic acid increased. 相似文献
16.
Margaret V. Merritt Sarah P. Rosenstein Christine Loh Rachel Hsui-sui Chou Mary M. Allen 《Archives of microbiology》1991,155(2):107-113
The fatty acid composition of two motile (strains WH 8113 and WH 8103) and one nonmotile (strain WH 7803) marine cyanobacteria has been determined and compared with two freshwater unicellular Synechocystis species (strain PCC 6308 and PCC 6803). The fatty acid composition of lipid extracts of isolated membranes from Synechocystis PCC 6803 was found to be identical to that of whole cells. All the marine strains contained myristic acid (14:0) as the major fatty acid, with only traces of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This composition is similar to Synechocystis PCC 6308. The major lipid classes of the nonmotile marine strain were identified as digalactosyl diacylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, identical to those found in other cyanobacteria.Abbreviations DGDG
Digalactosyl diacylglycerol
- MGDG
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
- PG
Phosphatidylglycerol
- SGDG
sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol
- gc
gas chromatography
- ms
mass spectrometry 相似文献
17.
Carotenoid and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were determined in endosperm, embryos and seedlings of wild-type and viviparous (vp) mutants ofZea mays L. Carotenoid concentrations were determined by absorption spectrometry following purification by high-performance liquid chromatography and ABA concentrations by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lutein and zeaxanthin were the terminal carotenoids in wild-type tissue. The carotenoid profiles ofvp-1 andvp-8 tissue were similar to that of the wild type; invp-2, vp-5, vp-7 andvp-9 carotenogenesis was blocked at early stages so that xanthophylls were absent. Except forvp-1, where the ABA content was similar to the wild type, the ABA content ofvp embryos was substantially reduced, to 6–16% of the corresponding wild type. Thus, the absence of xanthophylls was associated with reduced ABA content, which was in turn correlated with vivipary. Kernels ofvp-8 had a reduced ABA content although xanthophylls were present. Seedlings of carotenoid-deficient mutants rescued from viviparous kernels contained less ABA than did wild-type seedlings grown in the same way. Furthermore, the ABA concentration of such seedlings did not increase in response to water deficit. Conversely,vp-1 seedlings contained normal levels of carotenoids and ABA. Carotenoid-deficient seedlings did not contain appreciable amounts of chlorophyll so that chloroplast development was not normal. Thus ABA-deficiency could be associated with abnormal plastid development rather than the absence of carotenoids per se.Abbreviations ABA
abscisic acid
- DAP
days after pollination
- i.d.
internal diameter
- FW
fresh weight
- GC-MS
combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography
- MS
mass spectrometry
-
vp
viviparous 相似文献
18.
Comparison of growth and lipid composition in the green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, provided specific macroalgal diets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nelson MM Leighton DL Phleger CF Nichols PD 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2002,131(4):346-712
Lipid composition of abalone was examined over a one-year interval. A feeding trial was designed to cover a full reproductive cycle in young adult green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, consisting of five diet treatments: the macrophytic algal phaeophyte Egregia menziesii, rhodophyte Chondracanthus canaliculatus, chlorophyte Ulva lobata, a composite of the three algae and a starvation control. The lipid class, fatty acid, sterol and 1-O-alkyl glyceryl ether profiles were determined for foot, hepatopancreas/gonad tissues and larvae. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1(n-7)c, 18:1(n-9)c, 20:4(n-6), 20:5(n-3) and 22:5(n-3), as well as 14:0 for abalone fed brown and red algae. 4,8,12-Trimethyltridecanoic acid, derived from algae, was detected for the first time in H. fulgens (hepatopancreas complex, 1.2–13.9%; larvae, 0.5% of total fatty acids). Diacylglyceryl ethers were present in larvae (0.6% of total lipid). The major 1-O-alkyl glycerols were 16:0, 16:1 and 18:0. Additionally, 18:1(n-9) was a major component in hepatopancreas/gonad and larvae. The major sterol was cholesterol (96–100% of total sterols). Highest growth rates were linked to temperature and occurred in abalone fed the phaeophyte E. menziesii (43 μm·day–1, 56 mg·day–1 yearly mean), an alga containing the highest levels of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the highest ratio of 20:4(n-6) to 20:5(n-3). This study provides evidence of the influence of diet and temperature on seasonal changes in abalone lipid profiles, where diet is most strongly related to body mass and temperature to shell length. The allocation of lipids to specific tissues in green abalone clarifies their lipid metabolism. These results provide a basis for improving nutrition of abalone in mariculture through formulation of artificial feeds. 相似文献
19.
Roxanne Deslauriers Irena Ekiel R.Andrew Byrd Harold C. Jarrell Ian C.P. Smith 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》1982,720(4)
31P-NMR has been used to study the chemical nature of cytoplasmic components of live Tetrahymena in a non-invasive manner. The technique has further been used to characterize the physical behaviour of lipids extracted from this organism. In particular, we have shown the presence of large quantities of pyrophosphate and of tripolyphosphate in acid extracts of the organism. These are not detectable in the live cell due to the motionally rigid nature of the storage granules. We have characterized the distribution of phosphonic acids in the organism and followed the phase behaviour of the extracted cell lipids. Aqueous dispersions of extracted lipid show both bilayer and non-bilayer behaviour in the range of the growth temperature. The phosphonolipid in Tetrahymena appears to play a role similar to that of phosphatidylethanolamine in regulating the phase behaviour of the membrane. The high degree of unsaturation in the fatty acids of Tetrahymena is most likely responsible for the polymorphic phase behaviour observed near the growth temperature. 相似文献
20.
Salt-induced changes in lipid composition and membrane fluidity of halophilic yeast-like melanized fungi 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Turk M Méjanelle L Sentjurc M Grimalt JO Gunde-Cimerman N Plemenitas A 《Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions》2004,8(1):53-61
The halophilic melanized yeast-like fungi Hortaea werneckii, Phaeotheca triangularis, and the halotolerant Aureobasidium pullulans, isolated from salterns as their natural environment, were grown at different NaCl concentrations and their membrane lipid composition and fluidity were examined. Among sterols, besides ergosterol, which was the predominant one, 23 additional sterols were identified. Their total content did not change consistently or significantly in response to raised NaCl concentrations in studied melanized fungi. The major phospholipid classes were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by anionic phospholipids. The most abundant fatty acids in phospholipids contained C16 and C18 chain lengths with a high percentage of C18:29,12. Salt stress caused an increase in the fatty acid unsaturation in the halophilic H. werneckii and halotolerant A. pullulans but a slight decrease in halophilic P. triangularis. All the halophilic fungi maintained their sterol-to-phospholipid ratio at a significantly lower level than did the salt-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae and halotolerant A. pullulans. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy measurements showed that the membranes of all halophilic fungi were more fluid than those of the halotolerant A. pullulans and salt-sensitive S. cerevisiae, which is in good agreement with the lipid composition observed in this study.Communicated by W.D. Grant 相似文献