耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌染色体盒的研究进展

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的产生是由甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）获得外源性的SCCmec所致。MRSA菌株可以产生一种新的青霉素结合蛋白PBP2a,PBP2a降低了与β-内酰胺类抗生素的亲合力,从而对β-内酰胺类抗生素产生耐药性。PBP2a由mecA基因编码,mecA基因存在于葡萄球菌盒式染色体（Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec,SCCmec）中,SCCmec是一种可移动的遗传元件,该元件还携带除mecA基因外的其他抗菌药物的耐药基因,造成多重耐药（Multidrug-resistance,MDR）。SCCmec目前主要分为8型,其中又分为若干亚型。SCCmec的基因型与MRSA的流行背景有关,不同地区的SCCmec基因分型分布可能不同。     

肌肉抑制素基因及在食用肉类生产中的应用前景

肌肉抑制素(Mstn)基因是TGF-β超家族的一种新基因,仅在骨骼肌特异表达并作为肌肉生长的负调控因子.由于该基因为单一开关基因,其缺失即导致肌肉量增加,同时Mstn基因天然敲除的肌肉加倍良种牛的存在,说明这种基因操作不会扰乱其他生长调控系统并带来不正常病理变化,因而Mstn基因是提高肉用动物肌肉产量的理想靶基因.     

双链RNA干涉技术(RNAi)在不同生物中应用的研究进展

双链RNA(double～stranded RNA dsRNA )干涉技术可通过降解靶基因的mRNA进行基因干涉,是研究多种生物基因功能的有效手段,目前已在拟南芥、秀丽新小杆线虫、黑腹果蝇、斑马鱼和小鼠等生物中应用,本文拟就其应用特点进行综述。 Abstract:Double stranded RNA could degrade mRNA of target gene.It is a useful way for studying gene function.It is used widely in different creatures,such as Arabidopsis thaliana,Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster,Zebrafish,Mouse.This review is mainly related to the application of dsRNA in recent years     

板栗MADS-box蛋白基因(CmMADS3)的克隆和表达分析

根据MADS-box基因保守区结构,设计简并引物,从板栗（Castanea mollissima）中分离出花特异表达基因的cDNA片段。并通过5’RACE方法获得了全长cDNA,命名为CmMADS3。该片段全长1016bp,包含一个729bp的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列（243个氨基酸）与拟南芥的SEPl、SEP2和SEP33类MADS-box蛋白有很高的序列相似性。系统进化分析同样将CmMADS3基因归入MADS-box基因家族的AGL2组。RT-PCR分析显示,该基因在板栗的花和幼果中表达丰度高,在茎中有微弱的表达,在叶中不表达,研究结果表明CmMADS3基因是板栗花器官发育中具有E功能的功能基因。     

流感病毒血凝素基因、神经氨酸酶基因在小鼠中的免疫效果观察

流感病毒血凝素基因,神经氨酸酶基因免疫BALB／c小鼠,获得特异阳性抗体反应,抗体滴度与基因免疫量呈正相关性,各实验组免疫小鼠抗同型流感病毒攻击存活率为100％,血凝素基因免疫小鼠抗异型流感病毒攻击存活率为100％,神经氨酸酶基因免疫小鼠抗异型流感病毒攻击存活率为75％,血凝素基因与神经氨酸酶基因联合免疫小鼠抗异型流感病毒攻击存活率为100％。     

Establishing a gene trap system mediated by T-DNA(GUS) in rice

Two plasmids, p13GUS and p13GUS2, were constructed to create a gene trap system containing the promoterless β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in the T-DNA region. Transformation of these two plasmids into the rice variety Zhonghua 11 (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv.), mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, resulted in 942 independent transgenic lines. Histochemical GUS assays revealed that 31 To plants had various patterns of the reporter gene expression, including expression in only one tissue, and simultaneously in two or more tissues. Hygromycin-resistant (hygr) homozygotes were screened and the copy number of the T-DNA inserts was determined in the GUS-positivs transgenic plants. The flanking sequences of the T-DNA were isolated by inverse-polymerase chain reaction and the insert positions on the rice genome of T-DNA were determined by a basic local alignment search tool in the GUS-positive transgenic plants transformed with plasmid p13GUS. Moreover, calii induced from the seeds of the T1 generation of 911 GUS-negative transgenic lines were subjected to stress and hormone treatments. Histochemical GUS assays were carried out on the calli before and after treatment. The results revealed that calli from 21 lines displayed differential GUS expression after treatment. All of these data demonstrated that this trap system is suitable for identifying rice genes, including those that are sensitive to induction.     

湖北海棠的等位酶变异和遗传多样性研究

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对湖北海棠（Malus hupehensis)的9个野生居群和2个人工栽培居群的等位酶变异和遗传多样性进行了初步研究。通过对12个酶系统29个酶位点的检测,结果表明湖北海棠有25个酶位点的等位基因频率分布差异,,有10个居群发现稀有等位基因,并有11个（37．9％）重复位点;湖北海棠的遗传多样性水平很高,等位基因平均数A＝2．127,多态位点百分率P＝74．927,平均预期杂合度He=0.376;居群间的基因分化系数GST＝0．224。与其他苹果属植物相比,湖北海棠具有中等丰富的遗传变异水平。居群间的基因流仅为Nm=0.866,表明遗传漂变是影响居群遗传变异和遗传结构的一个重要因素。     

Novel polymorphisms in Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus,Rafinesque, 1818)

The Channel catfish is one of the most important freshwater fish species in North America. Conventionally their selection for genetic improvement is focused in growth related traits but not on quality traits as flavor and fatty acid deposition. The aim of this study was the sequencing of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2) genes, two of main genes in the biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, for novel variation discovering as a preliminary of marker assisted broader assessment. In SCD gene, two novel synonym polymorphisms (Exon 1 and 3) and a non-synonymous Serine coding polymorphism in exon 3, were found. In FADS2, two synonymous polymorphisms (Exon 1 and 3) and multiple polymorphisms in non-coding regions were discovered . Further association analysis of these novel variations could reveal punctual effect on fatty acid deposition traits and their utility for marker assisted selection purposes.     

Effects of NV gene knock-out recombinant viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on Mx gene expression in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

To determine whether the NV gene of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is related to the type I interferon response of hosts, expression of Mx gene in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in response to infection with either wild-type VHSV or recombinant VHSVs (rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP and rVHSV-wild) was investigated. A reporter vector was constructed for measuring Mx gene expression using olive flounder Mx promoter, in which the reporter Metridia luciferase was designed to be excreted to culture medium to facilitate measurement. The highest increase of luciferase activity was detected from supernatant of cells infected with rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP. In contrast cells infected with wild-type VHSV showed a slight increase of the luciferase activity. Interestingly, cells infected with rVHSV-wild that has artificially changed nucleotides just before and after the NV gene ORF, also showed highly increased luciferase activity, but the increased amplitude was lower than that by rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP. These results strongly suggest that the NV protein of VHSV plays an important role in suppressing interferon response in host cells, which provides a condition for the viruses to efficiently proliferate in host cells. In an in vivo experiment, the Mx gene expression in olive flounder challenged with the rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP was clearly higher than fish challenged with rVHSV-wild or wild-type VHSV, suggesting that lacking of the NV gene in the genome of rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP brought to strong interferon response that subsequently inhibit viral replication in fish.     

Expression of cryIA(c) gene of Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic chickpea plants inhibits development of pod-borer (Heliothis armigera) larvae

Two strains of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) ICCV-1 and ICCV-6, were used for transgenic plant generation. Embryo axis of mature seed devoid of the root meristem and the shoot apex was used as experimental material. The explants were cultured in medium containing MS macro salts, 4 × MS micro salts, B5 vitamins, 3.0 mg l–1 BAP, 0.004 mg l–1 NAA, 30 mg l–1 sucrose and cultured at 26 °C in dark, 24 h prior to bombardment. Gene delivery to the explants was carried out using a Bio-Rad Biolistic 1000/He particle gun. A chimaeric, truncated bacterial cryIA(c) gene construct was developed for plant expression with the CaMV35S promoter, nos terminator, an initiatory kozak sequence and a translational enhancer (STAR-P) sequence of tobacco mosaic virus. This cryIA(c) gene was cotransferred with a plasmid containing nptII gene as the selection marker. Transgenic kanamycin resistant chickpea plants were obtained through multiple shoot formation and repeated selection of the bombarded explants. Molecular analyses of the transformants revealed the presence of the transferred functional cryIA(c) gene in plant. Insect feeding assay indicated that the expression level of the cryIA(c) gene was inhibitory to the development of the feeding larvae of Heliothis armigera Hubner, the chickpea pod-borer     

SARS-CoV(BJ01)基因预测及功能推测

通过对有关SARS—Cov文献的调研,指出了有关基因预测和功能研究的不足。为制备有效的药物和疫苗,对SARS—CoV(BJ01)重新进行了基因预测和功能推测。比较12种基因预测方法对冠状病毒属中已知基因的预测优劣,选用Heuristic models、Gene Identification、ZCURVE—CoV和ORF FINDER4种较好的方法来预测基因,然后运用AT—Gpr分析第一起始密码子的可能性及是否符合Kozak规则,同时搜索转录调控序列,以提高基因预测的准确性。共预测出34个ORF,排除NCBI及有关文献中完全相同或有微弱差别的13个,得到21个大于50个氨基酸的可能新基因。对于预测出的蛋白质,运用ProtParam分析它们的物理化学特征,用SignaIP分析蛋白是否有信号肽,用BLAST、FASTA分析是否有相似序列,用TMPred、TMHMM、PFAM和HMMTOP分析结构域或模体,以提高基因功能推测的可靠性。根据4种基因预测方法使用情况、与其他冠状病毒属已知基因匹配分值、匹配预期值、已知基因与预测基因长度差别,将21个可能的新基因按出现可能性分为4类。同时对结果进行了讨论。     

6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6PGD) Gene Duplication in Kalimeris (Asteraceae)

Abstract The genus Kalimeris with a diagnostic character of short or inconspicuous pappus consists of two sections, Asteromoea and Cordifolium. As a result of 6PGD isozyme analysis, sect, Asteromoea, including 2 × and poly-ploid taxa from 5 × to 8 ×, show similar cytosolic isozyme multiplicity and share a monomorphic locus. The data suggest that gene duplication of polyploid members was derived from a common ancestor. K. miqueliana, belonging to sect. Cordifolium. also possessed a gene duplication in 6PGD, though significant differences were detected in electrophoretic mobility between the sections. The occurrence of gene duplication in East Asian diploid Astereae leaves intact the validity of the allopolyploid-origin hypothesis of n= 9, which was rejected by Gottlieb (1981a) in American Astereae.     

Transfer of proalpha2(I) cDNA into cells of a murine model of human Osteogenesis Imperfecta restores synthesis of type I collagen comprised of alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) heterotrimers in vitro and in vivo

The oim mouse is a model of human Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) that has deficient synthesis of proalpha2(I) chains. Cells isolated from oim mice synthesize alpha1(I) collagen homotrimers that accumulate in tissues. To explore the feasibility of gene therapy for OI, a murine proalpha2(I) cDNA was inserted into an adenovirus vector and transferred into bone marrow stromal cells isolated from oim mice femurs. The murine cDNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter was expressed by the transduced cells. Analysis of the collagens synthesized by the transduced cells demonstrated that the cells synthesized stable type I collagen comprised of alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) heterotrimers in the correct ratio of 2:1. The collagen was efficiently secreted and also the cells retained the osteogenic potential as indicated by the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity when the transduced cells were treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2. Injection of the virus carrying the murine proalpha2(I) cDNA into oim skin demonstrated synthesis of type I collagen comprised of alpha1 and alpha2 chains at the injection site. These preliminary data demonstrate that collagen genes can be transferred into bone marrow stromal cells as well as fibroblasts in vivo and that the genes are efficiently expressed. These data encourage further studies in gene replacement for some forms of OI and use of bone marrow stromal cells as vehicles to deliver therapeutic genes to bone.     

脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）在成肌细胞中的稳定表达

将ｂｄｎｆ基因克隆入逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＮＣＸ,构建得到ｐＬＮＣ／ＢＤＮＦ,经ＰＡ３１７细胞包装后,感染大鼠成肌细胞Ｌ６ＴＧ,Ｇ４１８筛选２周后,得到稳定表达ｂｄｎｆ基因的细胞克隆Ｌ６ＴＧ／ＢＤＮＦ。ＤＮＡ印迹结果证实ｂｄｎｆ基因已经整合入Ｌ６ＴＧ染色体中,ＲＮＡ印迹和斑点印迹结果分别从ｍＲＮＡ水平和蛋白水平证明了ｂｄｎｆ基因的表达,且Ｌ６ＴＧ／ＢＤＮＦ培养上清中ＢＤＮＦ的含量约为２５ｎｇ（１０６细胞数每ｍｌ每２４ｈ）。     

Functional divergence in protein (family) sequence evolution

As widely used today to infer function, the homology search is based on the neutral theory that sites of greatest functional significance are under the strongest selective constraints as well as lowest evolutionary rates, and vice versa. Therefore, site-specific rate changes (or altered selective constraints) are related to functional divergence during protein (family) evolution. In this paper, we review our recent work about this issue. We show a great deal of functional information can be obtained from the evolutionary perspective, which can in turn be used to facilitate high throughput functional assays. The emergence of evolutionary functional genomics is also indicated. The related software DIVERGE can be obtained form http://xgu1.zool.iastate.edu.     

Mapping the Naked Neck (NA) and Polydactyly (PO) mutants of the chicken with microsatellite molecular markers

The bulked segregant analysis methodology has been used to map, with microsatellite markers, two morphological mutations in the chicken: polydactyly (PO) and naked neck (NA). These autosomal mutations show partial dominance for NA, and dominance with incomplete penetrance for PO. They were mapped previously to different linkage groups of the classical map, PO to the linkage group IV and NA being linked to the erythrocyte antigen CPPP. An informative family of 70 offspring was produced by mating a sire, heterozygous for each of the mutations, to 7 dams homozygous recessive for each locus. Three DNA pools were prepared, pool PO included 20 chicks exhibiting at least one extra-toe, pool NA included 20 non-polydactyly chicks showing the typical phenotype associated with heterozygosity for the naked neck mutation, and pool NP included 20 chicks exhibiting neither of the mutant phenotypes. Typings were done on an ABI-373 automatic sequencer with 147 microsatellite markers covering most of the genome. An unbalanced distribution of sire marker alleles were detected between pool PO, and pools NA and NP, for two markers of chromosome 2p, MCW0082 and MCW0247. A linkage analysis taking into account the incomplete penetrance of polydactyly (80%) was performed with additional markers of this region and showed that the closest marker to the PO locus was MCW0071 (5 cM, lod score = 9). MCW0071 lies within the engrailed gene EN2 in the chicken. In the mouse, the homologous gene maps on chromosome 5, close to the hemimelic extra-toes mutation Hx. In the case of the NA locus, markers of chromosome 3 were selected because CPPP was mapped on this chromosome. Analysis of individual typings showed a linkage of 5.7 cM (lod score = 13) between the NA locus and ADL0237 in the distal region of chromosome 3q. These results contribute to connecting the former classical map to the molecular genetic map of the chicken, and open the way to the identification of the molecular nature of two developmental mutations of the chicken that are known to occur in many breeds of chickens.     

Heterologous expression of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (ZrGPD1) and glycerol dehydrogenase gene (ZrGCY1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We examined the effects of heterologous expression of the open reading frames (ORF) of two genes on salt tolerance and glycerol production in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in glycerol synthesis (gpd1Deltagpd2Delta). When the ORF of the Zygosaccharomyces rouxii glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (ZrGPD1) was expressed under the control of the GAL10 promoter, salt tolerance and glycerol production increased; when the ORF of the glycerol dehydrogenase gene (ZrGCY1) was expressed under the control of the GAL1 promoter, no such changes were observed. Zrgcy1p had a weak effect on glycerol production. These results suggest that Zrgpd1p is the primary enzyme involved in Z. rouxii glycerol production, following a mechanism similar to that of S. cerevisiae (Gpd1p). When the ORFs of the S. cerevisiae glycerol 3-phosphatase gene (GPP2) and ZrGPD1 were simultaneously expressed, glycerol production increased, compared with that in yeast expressing only ZrGPD1.     

Allozyme Variation in the Rare Gulf Coast Endemic Polygonella macrophylla Small (Polygonaceae)

Abstract Polygonella macrophylla Small is a rare, perennial, primarily gynodioecious plant species endemic to a narrow zone of coastal sand pine scrub habitat along the Gulf of Mexico from Carrabelle, Florida, to Gulf Shores, Alabama (U.S.A.). The species is comprised of a crimson-red flowered form ("rubra"), known from only two populations at the eastern distributional limit of the species, and a white/pink flowered form ("alba") represented by several populations throughout the remainder of the range of the species. An electrophoretic investigation revealed that commonly used measures of gene diversity are very close to expected values in "rubra" given the combination of ecological attributes displayed by the species; however, gene diversity in "alba" is much lower than expected. Population differentiation is high, with estimates of the coefficient of gene differentiation ( G _ST ) indicating that more than 30% of the diversity is among populations. Lack of gene flow among populations, estimated to be at most 0.6 migrating individuals per generation for the species, is a likely cause of greater population differentiation. High inbreeding, detected both within populations and within the species, is suggestive of high rates of self-fertilization in hermaphroditic plants and/or biparental inbreeding in small populations.